Assignment computer system

INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT

AND TECHNOLOGY
MUKTINAGAR,BHARATPUR-11
CHITWAN

ASSIGNMENT:01

LEARNER NAME ASSESSOR NAME

BAL KRISHNA SHARMA Jiban pandit

DATE ISSUED COMPLETION DATE SUBMITTED DATE

15-01-2013 21-01-2013 27-01-2013

QUALIFICATION UNIT NUMBER AND TITLE

HND IN COMPUTING AND UNIT 16 computer system
SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT
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On the basis of size the computer is divided into

four groups-
1 micro computer

2 mini computer

3 mainframe computer

4 super computer

Micro computer-
Microcomputers are the most common type of computers used by people today, whether
in a workplace, at school or on the desk at home. The term “microcomputer” was introduced with the
advent of single chip microprocessors. The term "microcomputer" itself is now practically an anachronism.

These computers include:

 Desktop computers – A case and a display, put under and on a desk.

 In-car computers (“carputers”) – Built into a car, for entertainment, navigation, etc.
 Game consoles – Fixed computers specialized for entertainment purposes (video games).
A separate class is that of mobile devices:

 Laptops, notebook computers and Palmtop computers – Portable and all in one case.

Varying sizes, but other than smartbooks expected to be “full” computers without limitations.
 Tablet computer – Like laptops, but with a touch-screen, sometimes entirely replacing the
physical keyboard.
 Smartphones, smartbooks and PDAs (personal digital assistants) – Small handheld
computers with limited hardware.
 Programmable calculator– Like small handhelds, but specialised on mathematical work.
 Handheld game consoles – The same as game consoles, but small and portable.
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t
hese are the diagrams of micro computers.
Mini computers-
. Minicomputers (Midrange computers)

A minicomputer (colloquially, mini) is a class of multi-user computers that lies in the middle range of the

computing spectrum, in between the smallest multi-user systems (mainframe computers) and the largest
single-user systems (microcomputers or personal computers). The contemporary term for this class of
system is midrange computer, such as the higher-end SPARC, POWER andItanium -based systems
from Oracle Corporation, IBM and Hewlett-Packardg.- Laboratory computers
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Mainframe computer-
The term mainframe computer was created to distinguish the traditional, large,
institutional computer intended to service multiple users from the smaller, single user machines. These
computers are capable of handling and processing very large amounts of data quickly. Mainframe
computers are used in large institutions such as government, banks and large corporations. They are
measured in MIPS(million instructions per second) and respond to up to 100s of millions of users at a
time.
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These are the diagram of main frame computers.

Super computers-
A supercomputer is focused on performing tasks involving intense numerical calculations
such as weather forecasting, fluid dynamics, nuclear simulations, theoretical astrophysics, and complex
scientific computations. A supercomputer is a computer that is at the frontline of current processing
capacity, particularly speed of calculation. The term supercomputer itself is rather fluid, and the speed of
today's supercomputers tends to become typical of tomorrow's ordinary computer. Supercomputer
processing speeds are measured in floating point operations per second or FLOPS. An example of a
floating point operation is the calculation of mathematical equations in real numbers. In terms of
computational capability, memory size and speed, I/O technology, and topological issues such as
bandwidth and latency, supercomputers are the most powerful, are very expensive, and not cost-effective
just to perform batch or transaction processing. Transaction processing is handled by less powerful
computers such as server computers or mainframes.

These are the examples of super computers.

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Classification of computers on the basis of logic.

1 Analog computer
2 Digital computer
3 Hybrid computer

1 Analog computer-
An analog computer is one which can perform multiple calculations at
once and can cope with infinite fractions of numbers. The term analog does not relate to how
the computer is powered and it is possible to have electronic analog computers. The
characteristics of an analog computer mean it can be better than a digital computer at particular
tasks.
A computer is simply a machine which processes data in a set fashion or, to put it another way,
calculates. Today most computers are digital and work by reducing all data to binary numbers
before processing. Analog computers go back thousands of years but vary from digital
computers in only two fundamental ways.
The first is that an analog computer works in parallel. This means it can carry out multiple tasks
simultaneously. A digital computer, even though it may work considerably faster, can only
perform one calculation at any one instant. The only way around this in a digital computer is
parallel computing, where a single machine has multiple processors. Even then, programs must
often be rewritten to take advantage of this.

The second difference is that an analog computer handles continuous variables, while a digital
computer works with discrete numbers. The difference between these is that continuous
variables can include every conceivable number, even irrational numbers. These are ones with
infinite decimal fractions such as pi.
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Digital computers-
A computer that stores data in terms of digits (numbers) and proceeds in discrete
steps from one  state  to the next. The states of a digital computer typically involve binary digits which
may take the form of the presence or absence of magnetic markers in a storage medium (see memory),
on-off switches or relays. In digital computers, even letters, words and whole texts are represented
digitally. Unlike analog computers, digital computers can only approximate a continuum by assigning
large numbers of digits to a state description and by proceeding in arbitrarily small steps. A computer
that performs calculations and logical operations with quantities represented as digits, usually in the
binary number system.

A digital computer is an electronic computing machine that uses the binary digits (bits) 0 and 1 to
represent all forms of information internally in digital form. Every computer has a set of instructions that
define the basic functions it can perform. Sequences of these instructions constitute machine-language
programs that can be stored in the computer and used to tailor it to an essentially unlimited number of
specialized applications. Calculators are small computers specialized for mathematical computations.
General-purpose computers range from pocket-sized personal digital assistants (notepad computers), to
medium-sized desktop computers (personal computers and workstations), to large, powerful computers
that are shared by many users via a computer network. The vast majority of digital computers now in
use are inexpensive, special-purpose microcontrollers that are embedded, often invisibly, in such
devices as toys, consumer electronic equipment, and automobiles. 

Hybrid computers-
Hybrid computers are computers that are designed to provide
functions and features that are found with both analog computers and digital computers. The idea
behind this combined or hybrid computer model is to create a working unit that offers the best of
both types of computers. With most designs, the analog components of the equipment provide
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efficient processing of differential equations, while the digital aspects of the computer address the
logical operations associated with the system.

By creating this type of integrated computer, the benefits of both analog and digital computing are
readily available. A hybrid computer is extremely fast when it comes to managing equations, even
when those calculations are extremely complicated. This advantage is made possible by the
presence of the analog components inherent within the design of the equipment.

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