MP QM - Part 1 - Fall 2021

By
Wael Fikry Michal Gad

Professor of Solid State Electronics Assistant professor
Eng. Physics Dept. – Faculty of Eng. Eng. Physics Dept. – Faculty of Eng.
Ain Shams University Ain Shams University
waelfikry@yahoo.com - Room 223
10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 1

Computer History
• First Computer (1946) : The US-built (Electronic Numerical
Integrator And Calculator) ENIAC
• It covered 167 square meters of floor space, weighed 30 tons,

consumed 160 kilowatts of electrical power. Vacuum tube
technology. The original cost of the system was about $486,000.
Computer History
• PDP-12 Computer 1969

• It covered one square meters of floor
space
• Weighed 317 kg
• Power 2 kilowatts
• it sold for $27,900.

Computer History
• Today

Yesterday and Today
Vacuum tubes Discrete transistors
Small scale Integrated (SSI)

Medium scale Integrated (MSI)
circuits
Very Large scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits

LM 741
19 transistors

Bulk MOS -Transistor
Purpose of Miniaturization
* increase the packing density.
* improve the circuit performance -
The transit time along the channel by

employing a charge control analysis
Ttr is approximately equal to
2
Log Id
T  L Ion
V d
tr
V d
f 
L
2
Ioff
Vg
Vth

Yesterday and Today
Intel 4004 - 2.3x103 transistors Intel Pentium III - 45x106 transistors

Process 10,000 nm Process 130 nm
1970 2001
12mm2 81mm2
Yesterday and Today
Intel 4004 - 2.3x103 transistors Intel Pentium III - 45x106 transistors

Process 10,000 nm Process 130 nm
1970 2001
12mm2 81mm2
Yesterday and Today
Duo-core + GPU Iris Core i7 Broadwell-U - 1.9x109 transistors

Process 14 nm
2015
133mm2

Contents
• Course Objectives
• Course Syllabus
• Score Breakdown
• References

Course Objectives
• Understand the details of the scientific phenomena that could not be
explainable by classical mechanics (failure of Classical Mechanics):
– Photoelectric effect.
– Compton effect.
• Understand matter-wave duality for both matter and electromagnetic waves.
• Learn the principles of quantum mechanics and special relativity and how
they correctly model many scientific phenomena.
• Apply quantum mechanics to analyze metallic and semiconductor materials

(Band theory of solids).
• Understanding the thermal equilibrium and carrier transport phenomena in

semiconductors

Course Syllabus
No Topics
1 Failure of classical physics.
2 Basic concepts of special theory of relativity
3 Wave properties of particles
4 Particle properties of waves
5 Principles of quantum mechanics and Schrodinger equation

Applications to quantum mechanics: Quantum well, potential
6
barrier and tunneling phenomena
7 Band theory of solids
8 Metals, Semiconductors and Insulators

Score Breakdown
I - Credit
Final Exam 40
Practical Exam 10
Midterm 20
Quizzes and Participation 10
Student Lab reports 8

Activities
Assignments 12
Note: in any exam or quiz, a formula sheet is given.

Score Breakdown
Final Exam 60
Practical Exam 15
Midterm 15
Lab reports
Student 5
Activities Quizzes
5
Note: in any exam or quiz, a formula sheet is given.

References
• Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics by Serway
and Jewett, 9th edition, Brooks Cole Publishing, 2014.
• Concepts of Modern Physics, Arthur Beiser, Kent A. Peterson, 6th

edition, 2003.

The Course is
Self-contained and
Straight Forward

Part 1
Review and Failure of Classical physics
&
Concepts of Modern Physics

Classical Physics
In the CLASSICAL description of physics, an important distinction is
made between the concepts of PARTICLE and WAVE phenomena
Classical Particle Phenomena Classical Wave Phenomena
(Newtonian Mechanics)
• Ex: Motion of billiard ball - • Ex: Water waves - Sound waves-
Trajectory of a satellite Electromagnetic waves (light)
• Description of a particle: • Description of waves:

Mass (m), charge (q), position Amplitude, velocity, frequency,
(r(t)), velocity (v(t)) …….. wavelength,………..
• Newton’s 2nd law (Equation of • One Dimensional Wave Equation

motion):
  ¶ 2 y ( x ,t ) 1 ¶ 2 y ( x ,t )
 d p d ( mv ) - 2 =0
F= = ¶x 2
v ¶t 2
dt dt
displacement velocity

Classical Physics
Classical Particle Phenomena Classical Wave Phenomena
• If force and initial position/velocity • A general simple solution of
are given, the position and velocity at the wave equation:
anytime in the future can be predicted
with complete certainty. y ( x ,t ) = A cos( wt  kx )

y
• Physical observables of a particle,
such as energy, varies continuously. A
  x
Momentum : p = mv
p2 l ºWavelength
Kinetic energy: KE =
2m w = 2pf º A ngular frequency
k = 2p l ºWavenumber
v p = l T = lf º phase velocity

Special Relativity
In 1905, Einstein introduced the theory of special relativity, in which,
the mass of a moving particle (𝑚) is related to the particle’s rest mass
(𝑚 ) through:
mo
m
1 v 2 c 2
where (𝑣) is the speed of the particle and (𝑐) is the speed of light.
This theory expects that in general a moving particle behaves
heavier than it is at rest.
Was this verified experimentally?

What does this mean?

Mass – Velocity Relation
Bucherer – Wolz – Neumann Experiment (1914)
A small quantity of radium emits
energetic 𝛽 particles (electrons).
The electric force (upward):

Vd
Fe  e  e
d B
The magnetic force (downward):
Fm  evB
The magnetic and electrostatic forces
are oppositely directed, and hence we
have a velocity selector
Any electron that traverses the selector must have a velocity (Point A)
V
Fe  Fm v d ☺
Bd
With region of no electric field mv 2
 evB m ☺☺
r
The figure below shows the experimental results for the variation of the ratio (m/mo) for
many values of v from 0.3c to 0.9c, where mo is called the rest mass (the value of m
when v = 0) and c is the velocity of light (3 108 m/s
m
mo
v
c
All results are all consistent with the expression
mo
Relativistic m
Mass 1 v 2 c 2
This expression also follows from the Einstein theory of relativity.

Application to Relativistic Mass Relation
Cyclotron
It was invented and first operated in 1932 by Ernest Lawrence
Construction
•The "D" shaped electrodes (also called “dees")
are enclosed in a flat vacuum tank or chamber
•The chamber is installed in a narrow gap
between the two poles of a large magnet.
– The static magnetic field is applied uniformly in
perpendicular direction to the electrode plane
•Source of a heavy charged particle (protons – α

particles) located at the center of the two dees
•A high frequency alternating voltage which is
applied between the two Dees.

Principle of operation
A charged particle released from the source (S)
gets a push due to the applied potential and moves
in a semicircular path (indicated by the dashed black
line in the drawing) and arrives back at the gap.
mv 2 qB
 qvB v r
r m
The frequency of the applied potential difference is adjusted so that the
polarity of the dees is reversed in the same time interval during which the ion
travels around one dee.
v qB 1 qB
  2 f   f 
r m 2 m
The motion continues so that for each half-circle trip around one dee, the ion
gains additional kinetic energy equal to qV.
When the radius of its path is nearly equal to that of the dees, the energetic ion
leaves the system through the exit slit.
1 2 q2 B2 2 where R is the radius
K .Emax  mvmax  R
2 2m of the dee
Relativistic Mass Effect
In the nonrelativistic approximation, the frequency 1 qB

does not depend upon the radius of the particle's f 
2 m
orbit, since the particle's mass is constant.
When the energy of the ions in a cyclotron exceeds about 20 MeV, Observations
show that the moving ions do not remain in phase with the applied potential
difference and the cyclotron failed to work.
As particles approach the speed of light, their relativistic mass increases,

requiring either modifications to the frequency, leading to the
synchrocyclotron, or modifications to the magnetic field during the
acceleration, which leads to the isochronous cyclotron. The relativistic
cyclotron frequency can be rewritten as
1 qB 1  v c
2 2
f 
2 mo

Mass – Energy Relation
Consider a particle being accelerated from rest with a force F in the + x-direction. The
force on the particle can be written as:
d (mv) d  mo v  d  mo v  dv mo dv
F       
 dt (1  v / c ) dt
2 2 3/2
dt dt  1  v 2 / c 2  dv  1  v 2 / c 2
If no other forces act on the object, all the work done on it

through distance x becomes kinetic energy Thus, for any change
in mass of a particle or
x
 x
mo  dv v
mo vdv a system, there is a
KE   Fdx    2 3/2 
dx   change in kinetic
0 0
(1  v 2
/ c )  dt 0
(1  v 2
/ c 2 3/2
) energy.
mo c 2
  m o c 2
 mc 2
 m o c 2
  mc 2
Nonrelativistic
(1  v 2 / c 2 )1/2 Relativistic KE
KE = mc2 - moc2
KE
We therefore have, mc 2  mo c 2  KE or E  Eo  KE
KE/moc2
A particle of rest mass (mo) has a rest energy (Eo) equal to
moc2. If it is given a kinetic energy, its new total energy (E)
is mc2. An example of energy-mass equivalence is given in
Appendix II.

Energy - Momentum Relation
 mo 
m  m 2
(1  v 2
/c 2)  m o
2
 1 v / c 
2 2
m 2  m 2v 2 / c 2  m o2
Multiply by c4 m 2c 4  m 2v 2c 2  m o2c 4
E 2  p 2 c 2  Eo 2
Massless Particles (mo = 0)
Can a massless particle exist? To be more precise, can a particle exist which has no
rest mass but which nevertheless exhibits such particle-like properties as energy and
momentum?
In classical mechanics, a particle must have rest mass in order to have energy and
momentum, but in relativistic mechanics this requirement does not hold.
E  pc
Light and Gravity
• Starlight passing near the

sun is deflected by its strong
gravitational field.
• The deflection can be

measured during a solar
eclipse when the sun disk is
obscured by the moon.

Light and Gravity
A gravitational lens
Light and radio waves from a source such as a quasar are deviated by a
massive object such as a galaxy so that they seem to come from two or
more identical sources. A number of such gravitational lenses have been
identified.

Summary of Relations
Special Relativity (Einstein 1905)
KE
E  KE  m o c 2 KE  (m  m o )c 2
E  mc 2
E m
mo
E  ( pc )  (m o c )
2 2 2 2 m
1 v 2 / c 2
p v
m ov
p
1 v 2 / c 2

New observations and phenomena were not possible to be
understood, quantified, modeled, or predicted using classical
mechanics (Newtonian mechanics, wave nature of light) :
 Black body radiation
 Photoelectric effect
 X-rays
 Compton effect
 Discrete spectrum of gases
 Zeeman effect

What is Light? Classical Picture
One great achievement of the 19th century was due to Maxwell who formulated a
famous set of equations that can be used to describe the propagation of
ELECTROMAGNETIC waves (EMW).
  q
 E .dA  o
 
 B .dA  0
   d E 
 B . dl   o 

I   o
dt 

  d B E (x ,t ) = E o cos(wt - kx )
 E .dl  
dt
The intensity (L) of an EMW is the power
B (x , t ) = B o cos(wt - kx )
per unit area normal to the propagation Eo: the amplitude of the electric field.
direction. According to Maxwell’s theory, Bo: the amplitude of the magnetic field.
the intensity is proportional to to Eo2

Light as a Particle Phenomena
Photoelectric Effect (1902)
In a photoelectric experiment, optical radiation impinges upon a
metal (cathode) and electrons are knocked out due to interaction
of the light with the free electrons. Philipp Lenard
A German physicist and the winner of
the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1905
Observations:
 Some of the photoelectrons reach the anode when V = 0.
If positive battery terminal is connected to the anode:
Cathode Anode
 With small voltage, the current saturates.
 The saturation current is proportional to the incident light
intensity.
If negative battery terminal is connected to anode:
 Emitted electrons are repelled from reaching the anode and the I
current decreases monotonically. L1
 At a certain negative voltage, the most energetic electrons (with L2
KEmax) will be stopped by the opposing electric field. This is
f = constant
called the stopping potential (Vs).
L1 > L2
 The KEmax is independent of the intensity! {KEmax = eVs} V
Vs
I
 The stopping potential depends on the incident L= constant

frequency. The higher the incident light frequency,
f3 > f2 > f1
the higher the stopping potential.
V
Vs3 Vs2 Vs1
 There is a threshold frequency (fo) below which no
electron emits regardless of intensity!!
 The threshold frequency depends on the anode
metal type.
 The initial electrons are emitted within a
nanosecond or so – almost instantaneously
(no delay)!!!
Failure of classical wave theory

• KEmax should be proportional to the intensity (L) . { L = ½ocE2 }
• The electron emission should occur at any frequency as long as the intensity
of the light is high enough.
• There should be a time interval between the switching on of the light and the
emission of electrons.

Einstein’s quantum theory
• Light is composed of particles (photons) with energy E = hf
where h is Planck’s constant and f is frequency of light.
• Each photon energy is so concentrated that it can transfer
its whole energy to one electron contained in a solid.
Metal Vacuum
Zero kinetic energy
• The incident energy per second (power) = Np hf of electrons in
Electron energy
Maximum kinetic vacuum
where Np is the number of incident photons per energy of electrons
φ
inside metal
second
Surface
Work function (): the minimum energy required barrier
by an electron to be freed from the metal.
Conservation of energy: hf    KEmax Zero kinetic energy of

electrons inside metal
   eVs
KEmax = hf - φ
KE < KEmax
If hf =φ ie (electron just liberated) hf
 φ hf φ
The threshold frequency f o  & KE  0
h
If hf <φ (no emission of electrons)

• Let N be the number of electrons emitted per second from the cathode of the
photocell.
• In fact the incident photons Np will collide not only with the free electrons of the
cathode but also with the ion cores (which leads to no electron emission) and
accordingly we have to anticipate that N is less than Np and the relation between
them is given by:
Quantum yield (efficiency of cathode) =
• The reason for the presence of current when V = 0 is that the emitted electrons N
involve some electrons whose number per second is n (where n <N) that have
enough kinetic energy such that they can reach and hit the anode of the photocell
creating an electric current given by (I = ne).
• As V increases in the positive direction then n will increase until a certain value
for V is reached where all the emitted electrons N arrived to the anode. Any
further increase in V will not change the value of the current which is then called
the "saturation current" (I = Ne).

Compton Scattering (1922)
Compton measured intensity of scattered X-rays from a solid
target, as function of the wavelength for different angles. Compton
o is the incident monochromatic wavelength of the X-rays Nobel prize 1927
(source wavelength). The scattered radiation includes the
original wavelength (𝜆 ) and a new wavelength (𝜆′).
Result: the peak in the scattered radiation shifts toward a wavelength longer than (𝜆 ). The
shift (′ 𝑜) depends on θ (but not on the target material). Note that, at all angles there is
also an unshifted peak.
Classical picture: oscillating electromagnetic field causes oscillations in positions of
charged particles, which re-radiate in all directions at same frequency and wavelength as
the incident radiation (i.e. the radiation includes only 𝜆 ).
Change in wavelength of scattered light is completely unexpected classically
Incident light wave Oscillating electron Emitted light wave
Compton’s explanation: “billiard ball” collisions between particles of

light (X-ray photons) and electrons in the material
Scattered photon
Before collision After collision h
E \  hf \
& p\ 
Incoming photon \
E  hf o & p 
h θ
o
Electron
𝜙
Recoil electron
v=0, p=0, Eeo pe, Ee

Conservation of energy:
hf o  Eeo  hf   Ee 𝑓 : the frequency of the incident photon.
𝑓′: the frequency of the scattered photon.
1
hf o  mo c  hf    pe c  mo c
2 2 2

2 4 2
(1)
p
Conservation of momentum: 𝜙 
pe 2  p 2  p2  2 pp cos (2) pe p′
𝜃: the scattering angle of the photon.

𝜙: the recoil angle of the electron.
From (1) & (2) Compton derived the shift
𝑝 : the momentum of the incident photon
in the photon wavelength: 𝑝′: the momentum of the scattered photon.
𝑝 : the momentum of the recoil electron.
h
   o  1  cos   c 1  cos 
mo c
h
c  Compton wavelength   2.4 1012 m
mo c

The unshifted wavelength, λo, is caused by the x-rays scattered from the
electrons that are tightly bound to the target atoms.
Results of Compton work

• Reconfirmation of Einstein’s theory.
• Proof that photons (massless particles) posses linear momentum as a
normal mass particle, thus affirming the particle nature of
Electromagnetic waves.
• Interaction between Electromagnetic waves and matter can be well
explained in terms of classical mechanics laws (conservation of energy
and linear momentum) taking relativistic effects into account.

Light and Gravity
Red shift
The frequency of a photon emitted from the surface of a star decreases as
it moves away from the star.
f f/
Suppose a photon of initial frequency f is
emitted and moving away from a star of
mass M and radius R.
GMm
The gravitational potential energy of mass m on the star surface is: PE  
R
〖 and away from the star is 𝑃𝐸 𝐺𝑀𝑚/𝑟 0
let a photon with energy (hf) exert work to escape the star gravitational field. From the
conservation of energy, the photon energy (hf ′) at (𝑟 ∞) is:
GMm ph GMhf
hf   hf   hf 
R c2 R
f f  f  GM
Gravitational Red Shift:   2
f f c R

Light and Gravity
The shift is called (red shift)since the frequency of the escape photon (𝑓′) is
smaller than the original photon’s (𝑓)
Black Holes
An interesting question is, what happens if a star is so dense that GM/c2R = 1?
 GM 
hf   hf 1  2 
 c R
If this is the case, we see that no photon can ever leave the star, since to do so
requires more energy than its initial energy hf.
A star of this kind cannot radiate and so would be invisible-a black hole in
space

Appendix I
Review of Fundamental Physical

Concepts

Review of Fundamental Physical Concepts
1. Linear Momentum and Collisions
 If there are no external forces on the system, the system is isolated.
 Whenever two or more particles in an isolated system interact (collide) , the total
momentum of the system does not change.

 d p tot d   
F= = ( p1 + p2 ) = 0 ptot = constant
dt dt
   
p1i + p2i = p1 f + p2 f
  Law of conservation of
intial momentum final momentum linear momentum
( before collision ) ( after collision )
 An elastic collision is one in which the kinetic energy of the system is conserved.
 An inelastic collision is one for which the total kinetic energy of the system of
colliding particles is not conserved.
 A perfectly inelastic collision is one in which the colliding particles stick together
after the collision.

2. Uniform Circular Motion
During the time interval t, a particle (P) moves from the reference line (x-axis) and
covers a linear distance (s), while the radius vector covers an angular distance ().
ds d
bydefinition: v (linar speed )  and  (angular frequency ) 
dt dt
y
s ds d
 or s  r  r v  r v
r dt dt
P
A particle moving in a circle of radius r with constant
speed v is in a uniform circular motion r s
𝜽
d v x
  = constant O
dt r
reference line
 t t
Thus,  d    dt    dt
0 0 0
  t
For one complete revolution: θ → 2π & t → T (periodic time)

2 2 r 1  v
T  and f ( frequency )   
 v T 2 2 r

For uniform circular motion, the linear velocity vector 𝒗 has
y
v cos θ
constant magnitude and is changing in direction.
   θ
From the next figure v   v sin   i  v cos   j
v sin θ
then acceleration is given by:

 dv
a
dt
o x
 d    d 
   v cos  i
  v sin  j
 dt   dt 
 
   v cos   i   v sin   j
and is directed from P towards O, the center of rotation, see next

figure. For this reason this type of acceleration is called the
v𝜔 cos θ
centripetal (radial) acceleration. θ
The magnitude (ac) of this acceleration is given by: v𝜔 sin θ

2
v
ac  v  c o s   v  s in   v  
2 2 2 2 2 2

3. Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Magnetic Field
When a particle with charge (q) moves with velocity (𝑣⃗) in a plane perpendicular
to a uniform magnetic field (𝐵), it is affected by the magnetic force given by:
  
F B  qv  B
𝐵
 This force is always perpendicular to 𝑣⃗, so it cannot 𝑣
change the magnitude of the velocity, only its direction. 𝑞
𝐹⃗ 𝑟
𝐹⃗
“No gain or loss in kinetic energy ” 𝑣
𝑞
𝐹⃗
Since the particle moves in uniform circular motion,

Newton’s second law can be written as: 𝑞 𝑣
mv 2 v qB
FB  mac   qvB  
r r m
 The periodic time of the motion:

2 2 m
T  
 qB

x=0 x=d
4. Potential Gradient (assume one dimension for simplicity): +
E ‐
dV + ‐
E + ‐
dx +
+
‐
‐
For the uniform field inside a parallel plate capacitor +
+
v
‐
‐
0 d d +
q ‐
dV   Edx   dV    Edx   E  dx
Vo 0 0
 (0  Vo )   E (d  0) +
vi vf
Vo  Ed or E  Vo d
Vo
5. Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Electric Field
Consider a particle, of charge (q) and mass (m), starts to move at x = 0 with an initial
velocity (vi) as shown in the next figure. The electric force acting on the charge is:
FE  ma  qE
and the work done by the field to move the charge a distance dx is:
dv
dw  FE dx  madx  m dx  mvdv
dt 1J = 1C 1V
 FE dx  qEdx
The work done to move the charge across the capacitor
vf d
1 2 1 2
 mvdv   qEdx
vi 0 2
mv f  mvi  qEd  qVo
2
( KE )  qVo

6. Electron Volt
 It is a useful unit of energy commonly used in atomic physics and band theory of
solids.
 It is the kinetic energy given to an electron when accelerated in an electric field
between two points that have a potential difference of 1 volt.
1eV  1.6 1019 C 1V 1eV  1.6 1019 J

Appendix II
Blackbody Radiation

Introduction
• We are all familiar with the glow of a hot piece of metal, which gives off visible light
whose color varies with the temperature of the metal, going from red to yellow to white
as it becomes hotter and hotter.
• In fact, other frequencies or wavelengths to which our

eyes do not respond are present as well. Visible Light (µm)
• The spectrum of electromagnetic

radiation is shown in the figure
c = f
• Black body is one which absorb the entire radiation on it
• The best realization of a perfect black body is a tiny hole

(opening) in a cavity (enclosure) with rough walls.
− Any radiation enters the cavity is trapped by reflection back and
forth until absorbed
− If the cavity is heated, the radiation coming out of the hole is
called black-body radiation it is independent of the wall material

• Lummer and Pringsheim (1897) investigated the spectral emittance at different
Temperature as shown in the figure
− The spectral emittance f(,T) is the power (energy /time) radiated per unit area of the surface of
the black body per unit wavelength interval at a certain temperature T.
f(,T)
Characteristics of black body spectra

1) The black-body radiation spectrum curves are universal and depend only on the
temperature of the black-body and not its material.
2) The higher the temperature, the more the peak shifts to shorter wavelength.
3) The radiation intensity at a certain wavelength increases as the temperature increases.

• Black body laws
 Stefan-Boltzmann law (1884): Total energy emitted per unit area of a black
body per second is proportional to the fourth power of its absolute temperature
I  T 4
Where  is Stefan constant and its
value is 5.672×10-8 W/m2. K4
f(,T)
Total energy emitted per unit
area ≡ area under the curve
 Wien’s Displacement Law :

The wavelength corresponding to the maximum emitted radiation is inversely
proportional to the absolute temperature
1
max  or maxT  constant
T
Wien’s constant 2.898×10-3 mK

Classical physics explanation & failure
• Rayleigh and Jeans (1899) assumed that the atoms forming the cavity walls could be
treated as a set of oscillators that emit electromagnetic waves at all wavelengths and
these waves form standing-waves modes in the cavity.
• They calculated the number of modes with wavelengths from λ to λ+dλ to be
𝑑𝜆, where c is the speed of light.
• Classical physics tells us, the average energy per Rayleigh-Jeans law
mode is kT where k is Boltzmann’s constant.
Rayleigh-Jeans law for spectra emittance would by:

2 ckT
f ( , T ) 
4
 This theoretical expression could only fit the wavelength
experimental results in the infrared region.

 At short wavelength, the theoretical curve deviates completely from the experimental
one resulting in what is called ultraviolet catastrophe
 Rayleigh-Jeans law is inconsistent with Stefan and Wien laws.

Planck’s Quantum Theory (1900)
• Planck saw that he could get agreement between theory and experiment
if he quantized the energies of the oscillators.
− He assumed that the allowable energy of Planck’s quantum
theory
atomic oscillators are given by E = nhf
where n = 0,1,2,….
Classical theory
 (f,T)
• According to Planck, the spectra
T = 1600 oK
emittance would by:
 measured data
2 c 2 h
f ( , T )  5 hc /  kT
 e  1 2000 4000 6000
wavelength (nm)
• This expression is plotted as the solid line in the figure and is in excellent agreement
with the experiment over a wide range of  and T.
• The total energy emitted per unit area per second (area under the curve) can be found
by integrating f(,T)d over all wavelengths
 
2 c 2 h 2 5 k 4 4 Stefan-
I  f ( , T )d    5 hc /  kT d  T  5.67 108 T 4 W/m 2 Boltzmann
0  
Law
 1
2 3
0 e 15c h
Last integral represented another proof of the correctness of Planck’s approach since
the Stefan–Boltzmann law was known twenty years before Planck’s theory.

MP QM - Part 1 - Fall 2021

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By

Wael Fikry Michal Gad

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 1

• It covered 167 square meters of floor space, weighed 30 tons,

• PDP-12 Computer 1969

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 3

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 4

Vacuum tubes Discrete transistors

Small scale Integrated (SSI)

Very Large scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 5

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 6

* increase the packing density.

* improve the circuit performance -

The transit time along the channel by

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 7

Intel 4004 - 2.3x103 transistors Intel Pentium III - 45x106 transistors

Intel 4004 - 2.3x103 transistors Intel Pentium III - 45x106 transistors

Duo-core + GPU Iris Core i7 Broadwell-U - 1.9x109 transistors

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 10

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 11

• Understand matter-wave duality for both matter and electromagnetic waves.

• Apply quantum mechanics to analyze metallic and semiconductor materials

• Understanding the thermal equilibrium and carrier transport phenomena in

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 12

1 Failure of classical physics.

2 Basic concepts of special theory of relativity

3 Wave properties of particles

4 Particle properties of waves

5 Principles of quantum mechanics and Schrodinger equation

8 Metals, Semiconductors and Insulators

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 13

Student Lab reports 8

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 14

Note: in any exam or quiz, a formula sheet is given.

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 15

• Concepts of Modern Physics, Arthur Beiser, Kent A. Peterson, 6th

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 16

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 17

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 18

• Description of a particle: • Description of waves:

• Newton’s 2nd law (Equation of • One Dimensional Wave Equation

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 19

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 20

Was this verified experimentally?

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 21

The electric force (upward):

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 23

•Source of a heavy charged particle (protons – α

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 24

In the nonrelativistic approximation, the frequency 1 qB

As particles approach the speed of light, their relativistic mass increases,

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 26

If no other forces act on the object, all the work done on it

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 27

• Starlight passing near the

• The deflection can be

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 29

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 30

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 31

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 32

10/10/2021 Modern Physics & Quantum Mechanics - Part 1 33

 The stopping potential depends on the incident L= constant