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1. Discuss the following:

a- Drawworks: The principal parts of the drawworks are the drum, the drum brakes,
transmission, and cathead. This component converts a power source into a lifting operation.
It provides braking capacity to prevent and sustain the weight loss imposed when lifting a
drill string.
b- Monkey board : (Stabbing board) The platform on which the derrick man works when
tripping pipe.
c- Desander, Desilter Clay ejector.: The heavier particles are deposited out of the way as
they travel through the swirling liquid. The smaller particles follow their path and exit the
vortex through the center. If used as a desander or desilter, the waste product is deposited at
the bottom and the fluid moving trough the vortex finder is returned to the active system. If
used as a clay ejector, the under-flow contains barite particles which are returned to the
mud system, while the fluid moving out of the vortex is deposited as waste. The difference
between the various operations of the desander, desilter, and clay ejector relate to the size
of the cyclone.
Desander 6" or larger
Desilter 4" or larger
Clay ejector 2" or larger

d- Degasser: This vessel is used for gas contamination removal. It consists of a vessel which
has inclined flat surfaces in thin layers and a vacuum pump. The mud is allowed to flow
over the inclined thin layers which helps break out entrained gas in the mud. The vacuum
pump reduces the pressure in the vessel to about 5 psia which extracts the gas from the
mud. This device is about 99% efficient.
 e- Ram Preventers: This type BOP is used mainly as a backup to the bag-type preventer
or for high-pressure situations.
The two rams on opposite sides of the pipe are close by and move towards one another. If a
tapered string is being used to drill a well, such as a 5” drill pipe and a 3-1/2” drill pipe,
then two ram-type preventers must generally be used. This type preventer cannot allow the
pipe to be worked through it. The blind rams have a semicircular opening on their front
surface, which allows them to be used to seal an annulus without a pipe in the hole. The
shear blind rams are designed to cut through the drill pipe and seal the hole. this type of
preventer should only be used as a last resort.
f- Choke Manifold: This is a system of valves and lines which are attached to the choke
line, and in some cases, kill line. The manifold is used to help control a well that has kicked
by diverting the flow to various functions such as an adjustable choke. It is designed for
versatility in diverting the mud flow after experiencing a kick.
g- Adjustable Choke: The adjustable choke is usually hydraulically controlled from a
remote panel located on the rig floor. The purpose of the adjustable choke is to hold the
correct back pressure on a well when controlling a kick so as not to allow any more
formation fluid into the hole and/or prevent breaking the formation down while controlling
the well.
h- Underreamer: The underreamer is to increase the diameter of the hole without running
a full gauge tool into the hole. It is hydraulically operated. As the pump pressure increases,
a piston inside is driven down, thus forcing three arms with cones to extend. With arms
extended, the hole can be opened to the designated size.
2. List types of Derricks and define each type.

Types of Derricks:
Triple- has the capacity of pulling 90’ stands of pipe
Double- has the capacity of pulling 60’ stands of pipe
Single- has the capacity of pulling 30’stands of pipe (one 30-ft joint)

3. Write down a short History of drilling, sequence of using drilling fluids, and
directional drilling?

The first commercial oil well in Pennsylvania was drilled in 1859 using a technique known as Cable
Tool Drilling. This procedure involved drilling to a depth of 69 feet. In 1900, it took around a year to
reach the depth of the well. The technique that became known as rotary drilling was refined by Lucas.
In the 1920s, mud was used instead of water in order to circulate the cuttings out of a hole. In the
1930s, Directional drilling was introduced. Air drilling and Cable-Tool drilling became the norm in the
1950s. In the 1980s, directional and horizontal drilling became more prevalent.

4. List steps to drill s Gas/Oil well.

1. Complete or obtain seismic, log, scouting information or other data.

2. Calculate reserves or estimate from best data available.
3. If reserve estimates show payout, proceed with well.
4. Obtain permits from conservation/ national authority
5. Prepare drilling and completion program.
6. Ask for bids on footage, day work, or combination from selected drilling contractors based on
drilling program.
7. If necessary, modify program to fit selected contractor equipment
8. Construct road, location/platforms and other marine equipment necessary for access to site.
9.Gather all personnel concerned for meeting prior to commencing drilling (pre-spud meeting)
10. If necessary, further modify program.
11. Drill well.
12. Complete well.
13. Install surface facilities

5. Discuss most common types of Marine Rigs?

-A submersible rig is a barge that is designed to work in deeper water (to 50 ft deep). It has extensions
that allow it to raise its upper hull above the water level. semisubmersibles are usually anchored in
place. Most of the time, they require towing to get around.
-Platform construction is performed by anchoring a steel tubular framework to the seafloor. The rig is
used to drill and produce wells from the platform. jacking across skid beams is used to secure the rig to
the wellheads. After drilling, the rig is removed from the platform.
-Jackups are usually connected to the seafloor. The rig's weight and size make it possible to keep the
platform on location. The rig's legs can be jacked up to drill and jack up to a new location. A flotation
hull can be used to secure the jackup.
-A drill ship is a floating vessel used for offshore drilling. It is usually held in position by an anchor.
Its thrusters are used to keep the ship balanced as it faces incoming waves.

6. List some of the most common applications of Directional Drilling.

The most common of many applications of directional drilling are:
1. Multiple wells from single location (offshore drilling)
2. Reaching inaccessible target areas
3. Relief well drilling
4. Sidetracking
5. Bypassing potential problem zones
6. Offsetting to achieve minimum cost drilling
7. Drilling horizontally into the reservoir

7. List of some of the most common reservoirs candidate for Horizontal Drilling.

The reservoir rocks that are the most common candidate for horizontal drilling applications are:
1. Tight reservoirs (permeability < < 1 md)
2. Naturally fractured reservoirs
3. Economically inaccessible reservoirs.
4. Heavy oil reservoirs
5. Channel sand and reef core reservoirs
6. Coal bed reservoirs
7. Reservoirs with water/gas coning potential problems.
8. Thin reservoir

8. Horizontal drilling phase involves different concepts (types) that are generally
distinguished by their radius of curvature. Define each Type of Horizontal
Drilling?

1. Long Radius Method: Inclination build-rate is between one to six degrees per one hundred feet.
2. Medium Radius Method: Inclination build rate is between six to thirty degrees per one hundred feed
drilled.
3. Short Radius Method:Inclination build rate is between one to three degrees per foot drilled.
4. Ultra-Short Radius Method: No build section.
 9. Discuss Fishing, Workover, Sidetracking well, Dog-leg well, and Kick-off point?

-fishing is a process utilized to remove unwanted objects from a borehole. Some of these include
broken tools and equipment. Fishing tools are used to remove various types of fish. They are attached
to a fishing string and are lowered into a drill well.

-Dog-leg well refers for an abrupt change in direction in the wellbore, resulting in the formation of the
keyseat.

-Kick-off point is the location at a given depth below the surface where the wellbore is deviated in a
given direction. The point should be selected in anon abrasive homogeneous formation.

-Sidetracking well may be employed either to drill around obstructions or to reposition the bottom of
the wellbore for geological reasons. Drilling around obstructions, such as a lost string of pipe, is
usually accomplished with a blind sidetrack. Oriented sidetrack is required if a certain direction is
critical in locating an anticipated producing formation.

-Iworkover is a process utilized for extracting oil from a well using invasive techniques such as
wireline, coil tubing, or snubbing.