CORRELATION BETWEEN STUDENTS READING HABIT AND

THEIR ABILITY OF WRITING CAPTION ON INSTAGRAM

OF ELEVENTH GRADE AT SMK WIJAYA KUSUMA

IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2020/2021

Writen by:

Ika Nurjanah

16520034

A THESIS PROPOSAL

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION FACULTY

SLAMET RIYADI UNIVERSITY

SURAKARTA

2021
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

In chapter I, the researcher presents several a parts: Background of the

study, problem identification, problem limitation, problem statement, objectives

of the study and benefits of the study.

A. Background of the Study

English is an important language used in international affairs and is

also used a medium of information flow about technology, science and

culture. With the deictic changes in information, communication, and

technology, the role of teachers is changing and becoming more important in

a way that educators have to think about teaching students who are eager

about technology use (Leu, Kinzer, Coiro, & Cammak, 2004). In both school

and home settings, children have been exposed to electronic learning from a

young age and the knowledge received is not only based on textbooks but

also electronic sources and internet content.

Good and correct English proficiency is very important in this

digitalization era. English as a global lingua franca will further provide broad

insights and facilitate activities with the international world. In developing

countries such as Indonesia, there needs to be an effort to communicate using

English to build strong relationships with other countries so that we can

understand the mastery of science, technology and culture in the world. Even

English is used by many people in everyday life, and is a language that must

be taught in all schools, from Kindergartens, Elementary Schools, Junior

High Schools, High Schools, to Universities. It is important for students to

learn English especially about the four skills in an integrated manner,

listening, speaking, reading and writing. In learning English these four skills

are related to one another and cannot be separated. In this study, researchers

focused on reading and writing skills.

Writing is the most important part of communication, especially in

learning English, because through writing students can transfer thoughts,

information or knowledge to other people. Harmer (2001:79) says that

writing is a form of comunication to deliver throught or to express feeling

through written form. To make good writing requires some coordination such

as vocabulary, grammar, critical thinking skills, background knowledge. To

produce good writing requires cooperation between reading habits. It is by

Kessler (2006) cited in Farahzad and Emam (2010) stated that good writers

are good readers and good reading is the key to becoming a good writer.

Promoting reading habits is important, especially among the students, to

obtain information from school books or other resources which can help

students to understand or to solve the problems that they find in the learning

materials. According Harry Madox (1963:p76) said that reading is the most

important single skill in study.

Moreover, writing and reading are often said to have a relationship.

After reading, the reader can free to develop their ideas about what they have

read. They can rewrite the ideas that they get by reading before using their

language. Without reading, the writing process would not run well. As we

knew that writing was a process of producing a final product of student

proficiency in learning the language. Producing a writing product required

long process because writing had some sequential steps that should be passed.

Flower and Hayes stated that writing was a complex process of constructing

thought or idea to deliver meaning or message of the text (cited in Tuan,

2012: 489).

Reading habit has a big effect toward academic writing skill. The

quality of writing product showed how many times writer read. In academic

writing, reading references encouraged the writer to be a critical thinker so

that, the quality of writing product would be more acceptable. Moreover,

According to Gardiner, reading habit could promote students productivity and

creativity (Gardiner, 2005: 128).Academic writing skill was influenced by

students reading habit. The students who had a good reading habit they also

had good skill in academic writing. Reading habit could build up inspiration/

ideas, promoted critical analysis, enhanced knowledge, increased diction, got

detail information, strengthened theory, and improved writing quality, and so

on. It revealed reading habit was important for master degree program

because they were required to write journals.

Teaching writing in digital age is one of challenges in teaching

learning process. The students tend to access their social media plat form

regularly. They often chat with their friends, update their social networks, and

upload their pictures so they will be called as up to date person. Regarding to

the phenomenon of using social media, it is needed to make use of social

media platform in teaching and learning process of writing class. In teaching

writing, several approaches are able to be applied in classroom. One of the

approaches in which it has recently been implemented is a discourse and

genre approach. According to Richard (2015), contends that a discourse and

genre approach connects to the way on how to teach writing for particular

purposes and contexts. It shows that students need to write their text that fit to

the purpose and context of writing topics. Because of that an effective

teaching is much needed especially for learners who use English as a foreign

language especially on the media. An effective medium is needed in order to

make students more interest in learning English.

Nowadays, modern teenagers are more interesting in computer,

internet, and the ‘world’ within it. The teacher has to be able to follow the

new trend of teenagers and find an innovative idea in order to choose a media

which suits students’ interest. It is supported by Rockler (1988) who states

innovating teaching strategies are needed to increase the problem solving

capacity of the students. One of the phenomenal things in Internet ‘world’ is

social network. There are many social network sites we can visit, like Twitter,

Facebook, YouTube, and the most famous one is Instagram. The function of

those social network sites now has been transformed. They are not only used

to connect us with others, but further they can be used as a media of

entertainment, trade and even education.

Based on the observation in SMK Wijaya Kusuma, the difficult skill

to learn is writing. The researcher has observed, when students were working

on their writing, they seemed not understand the structure and the language

feature of the text. In addition, students also lack of knowledge in using

correct grammar and the way of arranging a good text. They lack of
vocabularies and they do not know how to make a good sentence. Some

students also have less interest in writing. Then, English teacher of SMK

Wijaya Kusuma said that some students less motivates in writing skill and

they always use their smartphone in learning process. Some statements from

students feel bored with English language learning in the classroom because

some English teachers only use media textbooks and LKS (Lembar Kerja

Siswa). Therefore, they got difficulty in learning genre text. Instagram is one

of the most popular social media channels for teens and tweens today. Kessler

(2013: 615) states that Instagram is works as a unique way for teachers and

students to connect and share information. In fact, Instagram is developing a

regular presence in classrooms around the world and teachers are finding

creative ways to put it to good use.

In this case, the researcher would focus on the correlation of

Instagram as one of the media to the students in writing ability especially in

writing caption. Caption is brief description, heading, or title that identifier or

introduces a document, graphic, photograph, or table. In the world of

entertainment caption is defined as a series of words superimposed on the

bottom of television or film like a frame. The researcher uses captions on

Instagram to improve the students’ ability on writing Recount text. Writing

recount text is an activity to write notes on past events. The events are

reported chronologically according to time and place setting using a number

of conjunction and sequence markers. Cavanagh (1998:11) defines “recounts

are retelling of past events.” They are usually written as a series of events in

the order in which they happen. In teaching recount text, Instagram is

considered as an appropriate media, because by using Instagram it is

supposed that students would more enthusiast and more motivate in writing

about Recount text.

Moreover, the teacher has to be creative in developing and using the

Instagram itself. The teacher can minimize student’s difficulty by leading

them to write the caption using Instagram. Therefore, students would feel that

it is something new in learning English. Moreover, using Instagram seems

like student’s favorite daily activity in this era.

However, at that time the researcher observed the problems in the

eleventh grade at SMK Wijaya Kusuma Surakarta in Academic 2020/2021,

the researcher found that a student did not have a shortcut to examine the

context in which a word was used and even observed students having

difficulty in creating the context. Based on the observation of problem

students have only think of a complicated idea so that they do not pay

attention to the use of grammar, punctuation, even missing the grammar to

the structure of writing so they produce ineffective and ambiguous sentences.

Based on the explanation above, the researcher will conduct a study

entitled "The Correlation between Students reading habit and their

ability of Writing caption on Instagram at Class XI Students of SMK

Wijaya Kusuma Surakarta in Academic Year 2020/2021".

B. Problem Identification

Based on the background of the study, there are some problems may occur

such as:
 1. In writing, the lack of vocabulary is one of the main problems that

causes the difficulties of students to express their idea. The only to

improve their vocabulary is communication, reading and writing.

2. To examine whether or not there is a correlation between reading habit

and writing ability of Caption. The writer chooses recount text in

writing Caption on Instagram, because the lack of vocabulary mastery

and general knowledge which can be acquired by reading, it will lead

the students to difficulties.

3. To encourage students to improve their reading habit in order to

broaden their knowledge and vocabulary mastery which will improve

their writing ability.

C. Problem Limitation

As stated above, there are various problems find by the researcher,

but in this research, the researcher has a limitation of the problem only on

the third problem.

This study is limited to the correlation study between reading habit

and writing skill especially in the use of caption on Instagram.

Therefore, this study focuses on developments in English such as

the habit of reading English and writing recount text through Instagram

captions of eleventh grade students of SMK Wijaya Kusuma Surakarta at

2020/2021 Academic Year

D. Problem Statement

Based on the background of the study, there are some problems that can be
 formulated as follows:

1. How is Reading Habit of the eleventh grade students of SMK Wijaya

Kusuma Surakarta in 2020/2021 academic Year ?

2. How is the Writing Caption on Instagram at eleventh grade of SMK

Wijaya Kusuma Surakarta in 2020/2021 academic year ?

3. Is there any positive correlation between Reading Habit and Writing

Caption at Eleventh grade students of SMK Wijaya Kusuma in

2020/2021 academic year ?

E. The Purpose of the Study

1. To find out reading habit of the eleventh grade students of SMK

Wijaya Kusuma Surakarta in 2020/2021 academis year.

2. To find out the writing caption on Instagram of the eleventh grade

students of SMK Wijaya Kusuma Surakarta 2020/2021 academic

year.

3. To find out the positive correlation between Reading Habit and

Writing Caption at Eleventh grade students of SMK Wijaya Kusuma

in 2020/2021 academic year.

F. Benefits of the Study

The correlation between reading habits with their ability of writing

caption, the researcher hopes about the result of the research to give some

contributions and will be useful, like :

1) For the teachers

Teachers will find effective techniques to teach writing recount

texts involving the use of media such as Instagram. The results of this

study are expected to contribute to the teaching and learning process,

especially in learning to write recount texts in high school.

2) For the students

The result of the research will motivate them to read more than

they did before and encourage them to learn English by reading a lot of

books to improve their vocabulary. Furthermore, by improving their

vocabulary mastery, they will be able to increase their writing ability.

3) For the other researchers

The results of the study can be a reference for other researchers

who want to know information about English reading habits in the digital

era, in addition to providing references for other researchers who want to

develop recount text writing materials based on Instagram captions for

Class XI students of SMK Wijaya Kusuma Surakarta in the academic

year 2020/ 2021.

 CHAPTER II

THEORITICAL REVIEW, RATIONALE, AND HYPOTHESIS

This Chapter is divided into several sections. The first is that researchers

review theoretical studies containing quotations and definitions of reading habits.

Second, that researchers review theoretical studies containing quotation and

definition of writing skills. Third is the framework or learning media used in

research which is interrelated.

A. Theoretical Review

1. Reading Theory

A. Definition of Reading

Reading is very important and has main role in our life.

Reading can enrich our experience and knowledge by reading.

Hence, reading moreover something significant and irreplaceable.

By reading, we are able increase our information approxmately

science, technology, and simple way to induce many data that’s

valuable for us. Reading is main skill to reach a successful study.

Students who only confine in what their teacher gives in the class

without having an effort to read much reference will not pass in the

time and success. More reading means more information.

Additionally, reading as a target language to create

vocabulary for English lesson. It is far realized that analyzing

reading skill or reading activity will open knowledge broadly and

give more greater vocabularies and data. The definition of reading

is proposed by several numerous experts. According to Leu and

Kinzer (1987: 9) reading is development, interactive, and global

process involving learned skills. The process specifically

incorporates and can be positively and negatively influenced by

nonlinguistic internal and external variables or factors.

Furthermore, according to Tarigan (2008:7) states that

raeding is a process carried out and used by a reader to acquire

message which is conveyed by a writer through words could be

seen and known by reader. Besides that, according to Tarigan

(2008:7) states that reading is a process carried out and used by a

reader to acquire massage which is conveyed by a writer through

words could be seen and known by reader. Basically, reading is the

activity of getting nutrition from words or some symbols and how

these competence are utilized to understand, recognize and

translate words.

From all the definitions above, it can be conclude that

reading activities are very important for students to achive high

studies or academics, besides this reading activity provides a very

large role such as readers getting a lot of information or vocabulary

that they don’t know much about and can improve their abilities in

understanding or translating a meaning in each sentence.

B. The purpose of reading

The main motive in reading is collecting and obtaining data

or notes concerning the content of the reading and the meaning of

the reading text.

Tarigan (2008:9) said that there are some important things about

the aim, as follow:

a. The readers try to find or know the experience of someone

what he has done or something that happens to him or the

way how to solve his or her problems.

b. Reading from main idea

The readers try to know what the topic interest and the

problem of the story.

c. Reading for sequence or organization

The readers try to know what happens in each part of

stories, action.

d. Reading to inference

The readers try to find out the conclusion from the action or

the idea in the text.

e. Reading to classify

The readers try to classify some information or actions of

the writer in the text or paragraph.

f. Reading to evaluate

The readers try to evaluate what the writer has done or what

he try to explain in his paragraph.

 g. Reading to compare or contrast

The readers compares the plot of story or content, whether

have similarity with him or even contrast.

From the review above that reading has a very important

role for readers. Reading as a goal for learning and also as the

organization of reading. Besides that we will understand that

reading is a flow or learning content.

2. Reading Habit Theory

At this point, the researcher will explain the definition of reading

habit, their benefits and purposes.

a. Definition of reading habit

Each individual certainly has certain pleasant behaviors such as

activities that are carried out repeatedly in everyday life. Activities

that are often done can be interpreted as a habit. Habits that are

done unconsciously and spontaneously. Nilsen (2012) defines habit

as-habit is behavior that has been repeated until it has become more

loss automatic, enacted without purposeful thinking, largely

without any sense of awareness. Habits can be done anywhere and

anytime, such as within the scope of school, students have

unconsciously carried out an activity such as gathering knowledge

to achieve an academic achievement through activities such as

reading habits. According to Gardiner, reading habit could promote

students productivity and creativity (Gardiner, 2005: 128).

 Habit in this research refers to the habit that students always do

in their spare time or intentionally spend their time for reading at

school or at home. According to (Grabe & Stoller, 1997:98) The

habit is necessary for a healthy intellectual growth and plays a

crucial role in enabling a person to achive language proficiency.

There are several aspects to reading habits such as vocabulary

mastery, language knowledge and reading techniques. Besides that,

reading habits are an effective way to make readers more proficient

in grammatical competence, good spelling, and vocabulary

mastery.

After seeing several definition of reading habits, it can be

concluded that it can form a feeling of pleasure that makes people

feel happy so that it can from good reading habits of students, not

only that they can also improve their mastery of good grammar and

in writing.

b. Type Of Reading Habit

Every student must have their own way to get superior

academics in the class, as well as reading habits there are several

kinds that are done by students. Ogbodo (2011) Distinguished

reading habit as hobby, recreational and concentration. A hobby is

an activity creates a sense of joy and pleasure while doing it. The

purpose of reading habit as a hobby is to make readers informed or

have very broad knowledge in various field such as education.

Unlike other hobbies, reading habit is one of the activities that is

 recommended to shape the competence of readers. In addition,

reading can improve the vocabulary of the readers and can support

the readers career in the future.

Good reading habits in spare time make a reader

accumulate more knowledge in school. Other than that, it aims to

calm the readers mind and ward off mental fatigue, such as for

example reading habits for relaxation such as reading newspapers

or magazine.

Concentration is a way of reading to know how their

process is to understand or recognize the meaning of the reading.

Reading to concentrate is usually recomanded to be used for school

purposes. The goal of this reading habit is an extraordinary

outcome of student success in class achievement.

c. The Aspect Of Reading Habit

To determine the level of a students reading habits, at this point

several aspect will be shown to measure reading habits based on

the researchers. Rosidi (1983) cited in Wahyuni (2014) proposed

two ways to measure someone reading habits.

1. The frequency of reading practice

The amount of time the reader spends reading can

indicate that the individual has a high interest in reading or

not. As akande (2007) in nurfadhilah (2015) disclose that

the majority of students at university spend reading

between 1-2 hours per day on reading. According nella

 (1988) article that reading quantity was asking about how

long respondents read a day. Aside from that, reading

frequency is the frequency that shows the person who read

some reading material in their spare time (gaona 2011).

Furthermore , according (e.g. Katsikas and Leontsini,

Anderson, Wilson, and Fielding, 1996) in Gaona (2011)

one of indicators to determine the presence of reading habit

is the amount of time reading or number of hours spent

reading. Not many people spend the least amount of free

time reading. The reason is because reading takes a long

time, especially reading a thick book. Even though reading

can take quite a short time, that is, if we know what is if we

know what is called a speed reading technique. With speed

reading technique, the time required can be cut faster than

half.

2. Motivation

Students feel compelled to read due two factors: it is

internal factors and external factors. Yoke, Anuar, and

Vasuthavan (2008) as cited in Nurfadhilah (2015) found

internal and external factors do play a role in nurturing the habit

of reading. Internal factor is the motivation generated from

within the person concerned. Meanwhile, external factors are

motivation arising from external stimuli or motivation caused

by factors from outside the learning situation, such as numbers,

levels, prizes, competition, opposition, insinuation, ridicule and

punishment. This motivation is still needed in schools because

not all subject match the interests and needs of students.

Internal factors comes from within According to Applegate

& Applegate (2004) Intrinsically motivated readers engage in

reading for its own sake and enjoy satisfying their own

curiosity. This indicates readers have very own willingness to

read regardless of what their reason for. Therefore, internal

factors in reading can direct students to push their goals.

According to Iftanti (2015) a habit of reading is not only

constructed in an individual but also is influenced by some

external factors such as environment, education, social

background and facilities. Environmental elements can have an

influence on student learning behavior including learning

methods. A well-organized learning method can build students

enthusiasm for reading. Besides that, the role of the teacher is

very influential in the reading habits of students such as making

students more active, increasing enthusiasm and enthusiasm of

students in reading. Not only the role of teacher but the facility

can also encourage students to build reading habits.

d. The Purpose Of Reading Habit

According to Ogbodo (2010), reading habit has four purposes.

Three of them reflect a positive attitude. One of them reflects

negative attitude. The first three purposes are listed as follows.

a. Hobby

A hobby is an interest done as it devires joy and

complacency. This aim of reading makes domeone to be

beneficial in expertise in lots of areas. Then, the person can

discussing knowledgeably with others. This kind of reading

as a nice one to gaining knowledge of now not only in

growing intellectual reasoning however additionally in

supporting the man or woman to meet his interest and

aspirations.

b. Recreational

Reading for recreation or relaxation is very general

among educational environment. This kind of studying

produces positive outcomes because it keep the students

hobby, helps them obtain extra understanding and makes

for disciplined lifestyles within the school. Average case in

general, it is effect in inducing sleep and rest after tedious

reading inside the classroom or the library adds to nice

helath habits.

c. Concentration
 The concentration of reading is the foremost

important one that gives the required result. The resulting

achievement comes from the reading orientation and

foundation. As expressed over, those three is the positive

purposes in reading habit. This final one is the negative

aimed in reading habit. The negative motive is known as as

deviational. The reader deviates from the actual reading and

pretending to read. It cause in loss of hobby in the

acquisition of expertise. It is miles a defense mechanism to

satify parents and teachers. It is due to by learing

malpractice, failure in exam, studying frustrations, loss self-

idea, school drop-out, and and so forth.

e. The Advantage of Reading Habit

The researcher collected several findings that illustrate the

advantages of reading habits cited by several researchers. First,

According Owusu-acheaw’s (2014) reading habit has influence

on academic performance. As explained above, that habits have

a huge impact on one’s academics. Second, the result of

Muawanah (2014) found that reading habit has positive impact

on reading comprehension. Besides academic, students will get

a very broad understanding of reading habits, because students

can more easily grasp the meaning of each sentence. Actually

not only understanding the meaning of sentence, but students

will be more creative in writing either narrative text,

descriptive text or even being able to write a poem in english.

Third, based on result of Maula (2015) there is a positive

realitionship between reading habit and writing narrative text.

With reading habits, someone will have the ability to

understand language so that communicating will be more

effective, where they are able to say messages well and have a

very good tone speech. According to Yang (2007) found that

reading habit promotes language proficiency and to be able to

communicate properly and in a more sophisticated structure.

By applying reading habits to students, it will provide benefits

such as language development so students are more skilled in

listening, speaking and writing. Based the result of Rodrigo

(2014) found that reading habit promotes language

development.

The conclusions of some of the researchers findings can

be concluded that reading habits mean seeing and

understanding the content of what is written either by speaking

or just in the heart, even the mind continues to work in

understanding what it is reading so that reading habits will

create superior academic values but also producing quality

students in various fields such as being writers, motivators,

resource persons etc.

3. WRITING THEORY

a. Definition of Writing

Writing is an art, for those former language students.

Writing is arranging each word for word to make sentence and

sentence by sentence into a writing. Writing is a medium for

Commuication that cannot be said directly. Besides writing, it can

also be said to be a form of a feeling because every words written

is how the writer describes a self-expression. So, that makes me

agree with the statement According to Tarigan (1985:5) writing is

productive skills, for writing an indirect communication and the

nature of the character is very different from that expressed by

speaking directly, therefore writing is includen an ability. Not only

that the writer also agrees with the statement According to Harmer

(2001:79) says that writing is a form of communication to deliver

throught or to express feeling through written form.

In addition to expressing yourself and communicating,

writing is also a means of conveying ideas, opinions, ideas or

suggestions in the form of a series of words and sentence. Besides

writing is a production process to produce a work that comes from

the mind so that the preparation of each sentence requires stages to

become quality writing. Suparno, Jonah (2006:14) Argues that

writing is a series of activities going on and involve several phases,

the preparatory phase, the content development and review as well

as revisions or improvements posts, not only that According Jonah

(2006:29) writing can be used as an indirect means of

communication to others to convey informarmation.

Writing is an activity that is very useful and in Indonesia

has implemented learning to write since childhood, if writing is

said to be a skill, therefore writing also plays an important role in

one’s academis, especially a student because from writing students

can get an achievement. As said (Shell, Duana F; Murphy, Carolyn

C; Bruning, Roger H. 1998) Writing achievement is measured by a

holistically scored writing sample.

According to Bernianger at al (2002) writing is considered

as an active creation of text involves on the one hand lower-order

transcription skills such as handwriting, punctuation and spelling.

And other hand, higher-order self-regulated thinking processes

such as planning, sequencing and expressing the content. Writing

is essentially an orderly thought process, so that what is written is

easy for the reader to understand. A writing is said to be good if it

has the characteristics of being meaningful, clear, round and intact,

economical and fulfills grammatical rules. A person is said to be

skilled at writing when he understands and applies the process of

expressing ideas and feelings in written language by considering

factors such as spelling and grammar, organization or composition

of writing, integrity, cohesiveness, goals and objectivies of writing.

According Widdowson (1978:62) that writing is the act of making

up correct sentence and transmitting them through the visual

medium as mark on paper.

In writing, students also try to use english in spoken form.

According to Zulfani (2001), writing can help students to make

stronger by adding more grammatical structures, idioms and

vocabulary, as the important thing in learning a language. Writing

can be fun if we master vocabulary, grammar, punctuation and

idioms. The writer must use the correct writing language, so that

the reader can understand the author’s ideas. In writing mastery,

students need guidance and conseling with the teacher. As long as

the writing of students is in accordance with the process described

above, the reader will more easily understand the author’s ideas.

To make a good writing, there are several aspects that the

writer needs to pay attention to so that readers can more easily

understand each sentence. According to heaton (1975), varied

skills are necessary for good writing which can be grouped into

five general components or main ideas.

1. Language use : The ability to write correct

and appropriate sentence

2. Mechanical skills : The ability to use correctly

those conventions peculiar to the written language, for

example punctuation and spelling

3. Treatment of content : The ability to think

creatively and develop and use language effectively

 4. Stylistic kills : The ability to manipulate

sentences and paragraphs and use language effectively

5. Judgment skills : The ability to write in an

appropriate manner for a particular purpose with a

particular audience in mind, together with an ability to

select, organize and order relevant information.

Based on some of the descriptions above, it can be

concluded that writing is an medium for expressing the thoughts,

feelings or ideas of the author in writing by considering several

aspects of writing and writing stages that must be considered so

that writing is clearly understood by readers.

b. The Process Of Writing

Writers have their own writing process as per their preference

and they follow those steps naturally. Whenever they get stuck

with some tough topics, they follow the steps which are familiar to

all to stimulate their ideas in a right manner. It starts with

prewriting and ends with publishing. However, 5 basic stages of

the writing process are prewriting, drafting, revising, editing and

publishing. Each stage is precisely discussed here to represent a

clear perception about the entire process of writing.

a. Prewriting : Prewriting is important as it is the first stage,

where a writer choose the topic and narrow down the

points as well as he determines the purpose of his writing.

 Additionally, the writer should consider his audience

whom he needs to address. Find your idea and them try to

develop your idea and accumulate pertinent information

that support your idea. The next step is to plan and

structure your idea.

b. Drafting : Drafting is nothing but putting your points and

ideas on paper and arrange these points in a readable

manner. Writers usually research about their topics at the

prewriting stage and then they accumulate the entire

information at this stage. First, the writers do a rough draft

and then they try to arrange their points in a best possible

way and gradually prepares a final draft.

c. Revising : Revising is another imperative stage, where a

draft is scrutinized thoroughly and points incorporated in

the draft are rearranged. At this stage, new points are

added and some points are replaced and removed as per

the requirements. However, revision is indispensable to

make the outlook of the writing catchy and cogent.

d. Editing : Fine the tone of the writing and check each line

thoroughly. Check spelling, grammar, punctuation,

sentence structure, document format and each other things.

Check the entire content as mistakes should not leave

behind. However, editing is the stage where writers can

 modify their lines as well as theme, it is always better to

give your writing to someone for editing.

e. Publishing : Publishing is the last stage where writers

submit their work to the publisher. Make sure your written

document should be completed before giving to the

publisher. However, each writer’s goal is to publish his

work and reach to the readers.

Every stage includes a specific type of task that a writer must

fulfill in order to build good work. Moreover, three other stages are

externally imposed on students by the teacher, namely responding,

evaluating, and post writing. So, the authors conclude that the

writing process is a writing writing process which consists of five

stages: pre-writing, planning, composing, revision and editing and

three other stages initiated by the teacher including responding,

evaluating and post writing.

c. Materials Of Writing

Writing skills are one of the skills that students find very

difficult to teach in learning english, mainly for students who do

not speak english, basically writing cannot be mastered naturally

rather than going through several steps of learning to write to

become a writer based on Richards and Renandya (2002:303) who

state that writing is the most difficult skill to be mastered by

foreign students. Then, Grenville (2001:iv) add that writing

becomes hard when the students should think about grabbing the

first interesting sentence, blank about what to write and relize that

writing is to find interesting stuff to write. The effect, there are

several obstacles in learning to write for students who are less able

to develop ideas and do not know how to attract readers by making

interesting sentence in english.

So a teacher needs a several material. Learning materials

can be taken from anywhere from books, magazine, foreign news,

newspaper and even from applications because Indonesia has

become a technologically advanced country. According to The

University of South Africa. Institute for Adult Basic education

(2015:7) states that the following are different types of print media:

maps, fashion magazines, catalogs, financial statements,

newspapers, deposit slips, information pamphlets from hospital,

banks and university, recipe books, application forms and so on.

According to the University of South Africa. Institute fot

Adult Basic Education (2015:7) Print media can be used for

teaching, informing and entertaining purposes, depending on the

objectives of the lesson that are set by the adult education specialist

or facilitator. In the journal above, the material submitted from the

author to the students is very simple. The author asks the students

to read the newspaper and answer questions from the author. Not

only that, the author also uses photos, they are asked to identify

what happened in the photo and are asked to write it in a sentence.

 So the conclusion above, in general the criteria for good

learning material are in accordance with the needs of students.

Teaching materials can be a source of learning and guidelines in

class activities that help students master their english, and can also

assist teachers in providing some learning activities. So, designing

good learning materials is needed, because it plays a very

important role in foreign language classes.

4. Definition of Recount Text

Recount is a kind of genre that has social function to retell

event for the purpose of informing or entertaining. Recount text is a

text which lists and describes past experiences by retelling events in

the order in which they happened in the chronological order (Knapp &

Watskin, 2005). The tense that used in recount text is past tense.

Social purpose of recount is to reconstruct past experiences by

retelling events in original sequence. We can look at the sample of

recount in personal letters, police report, insurance claims, and

incident reports. The events are reported chronologically according to

the setting of time and place with the use of a number of conjunction

and sequence marker.

Generally, a recount text starts with orientation that gives

background information about the characters, what happen with the

character, and also informs where and when the story took place.

Then, it is followed by the series of events that tells the events orderly.
Sometimes, in the end of a recount text, there will be a re- orientation.

It is an optional that states personal comment of the writer to the story.

5. INSTAGRAM

a. Definition Of Instagram

Instagram is certainly considered one among social

community systems where in the millenial era commonly use it to

percentage their non-public information, consisting of importing

their photos or movies and writing Instagram captions. Alhabash

and Ma (2017) state that Instagram is a photo-sharing mobile

application that allows users to take pictures, apply filters to them,

and share them on the platform itself. Mobile applications have

been positioned at the forefront of almost all parts of human life,

most importantly in the field of education. The total number of

smartphone users reached more than half of the population in

Indonesia or 56.2% were using smartphones in 2018. A year later,

as many as 63.3% of the people used smart phones. Until 2025, at

least 89.2% of the population in Indonesia has use smartphones,

including actively using social media including Instagram

(DataBooks,2020). Therefore, it makes sense that english teaching

scholars use Instagram as a learning medium in the classroom

(Aloraini,2018; Anggraeni,2017; Handayani et al, 2018; Listiani,

2016; Kelly,2015).

Instagram provides a fun and engaging alternative for

students to learn vocabulary. Instagram is an application for

editing and sharing photos on various social networking sites.

Learning vocabulary is a very important factor in learning english.

Technological developments in 2020 are very sophisticated and

dynamic, coupled with the character of students who really like

sophisticated things.

Until now, Instagram provides many functions such as

creating account, posting content (1-5 pictures or 15 second of

video), applying filters, adding text, tagging users, adding

location, adding hastags, liking content, adding comments,

browsing and following other account, check a feed generated by

followed accounts, and explore (search for) hastags/users

(Ali;2014). So the function of this Instagram feature has a lot of

benefits, and until now Instagram is most often used by many

millennial children and even our parents also use it.

Users create connection with each other, such as by

‘following’ each other’s profiles which allows them to view

content posted on these profiles and respond in the form of

comments or ‘likes’. Like is liking a photo or video that is posted,

a form os appreciation of the photo or video that other people like

the content. Once a user has followed another user, all posts from

this user will be collected and served in the user’s ‘News Feed’.

Instagram users can also message each other privately using

‘Direct Message’. This facility allows users to engage in

communication, both publicly and privately. Instagram users can

be set to Instagram profiles with the default settings publicly

viewable by anyone who visits the site and there are also privacy
settings that can restrict access to a person’s profile to only

approved followers.

According to Handayani (2016) Insatagram has specific

features which are commonly used by user. Instagram is very

impressive with its amazing features to support people’s goals

related to everyday needs and education. In addition, Instagram

can also be used as a learning medium because Instagram has

supporting features such as:

1. Share photos and videos

Instagram allows users to take pictures within the

app or use photos that are already in the user's camera

roll. Users can give their photos a title, which is both

useful and fun. The title itself can lead them to become

curious or interested in what is really going on in it.

2. Social

Instagram, like other social networks facebook or

twitter, basically has friends or followers. On

Instagram, users 'follow' people. At the top of the

profile (or anyone's profile) the user will see their

username, profile photo, how many photos they have

uploaded, how many followers the account has, and

how many they follow. When a user follows someone,

and enters their profile, the user will see a collection of

photo posts and even videos of long duration and short

 duration. the activities carried out here are 'liking' the

photos and commenting on them. This activity is highly

valued because users can automatically provide

education, or information. People ask questions in the

comments, like "where is this taken" or "what app did

you use it for?" Instagram users are currently very

friendly.

3. Community

The experience of people on Instagram is great.

Instagram connects people all over the world, such as

community leaders, artists, teachers, elementary school

aged children to students, even big figures in every

country. This is a very global community and has many

advantages for each other, therefore this community is

very good for student learning media, with the presence

of an diagram students can express their feelings by

writing something. This means that when students are

involved in a community, they will try to move rapidly

and provide advancement in knowledge, in this case,

the product is in writing recount text based on photos or

videos that are shared.

4. Education about Humanity

These Instagram features are a great opportunity to

develop or improve students' writing skills. Students are

involved in a good atmosphere in writing descriptive

texts because when working on a project they will get

good insights from the uploaded images because they

start from their observations. Pictures make them think

more broadly and will support them in compiling the

text in the space provided because what they write is

based on their personal life experiences.

 Figure 2.1 : Logo of Instagram

So the conclusion is that the Instagram feature is very

beneficial both for knowledge and for learning. Through Instagram

we can learn knowledge from various countries, and we are more

updated about information or events that occur in other cities or in

other countries because this application is worldwide.

b. The Definition of Caption

Caption is a word familiar to our hearing. This word has

become increasingly popular in recent times, because the word

caption is widely used by people in the use of social media that is

so prevalent among most people. Caption is brief explanation or

description accompanying the illustrations or photographs. In the

world of entertainment caption is defined as a series of words

superimposed on the bottom of television or film like a frame.

Caption is also defined as a short piece of text underneath the

picture in a book, magazine, or newspaper that describes and

explains what people say in it. The maXmum character count for

an Instagram caption (2.200 characters) is basically a formality.

 But the important thing to note is that captions cut off in users’

feeds after three to four lines of text. Users can see 100% having

to click “more.”

The definition of caption and its application and examples of its

use in our daily lives:

a. In the world of journalists

In accordance with the translation in Indonesian

write a caption id defined as a description/short article that

will describe an object or image displayed.

b. In data processing based on Ms. Word

The caption is a form of command used to add information

to an image, table, or other objects.

c. In Instagram

In Instagram, caption not unfamiliar to the

Instagram users, the use of this word commonly even

almost always used on every post image or video uploaded

to Instagram account.

c. The Use of Instagram Caption to Teach Students

Teacher can use Instagram as media when to teach recount

text. Instagram gives students access to thousands of photographs

every day and allows them to add their own photographs to the

mix. By taking and responding to photographs and make the

recount text as the caption, students learn to communicate in a

different way and have the opportunity to boost their critical

 thinking and creative skills. Teachers can also get in on the

Instagram action, using the photographs to share all of the great

things they are doing in the classroom and share their experiment

to other friends through Instagram.

For teachers who want to boost students’ creative and

critical thinking skills, Instagram can also be a helpful tool.

Instead of writing recount text or narrative essays, students can

share the results of their stories through photos. Kelly (2015: 89)

states that photo essays can be created in nearly every subject area,

with students posting photos to show their understanding of a

subject and adding captions to include key facts or other pieces of

information. The photos found on Instagram can also be used to

inspire creativity, having students choose a photo and then write a

short story, description their story or on what they see. Using

Instagram’s search feature, students can also search for photos by

hash tags and find photos to help them learn more about a

particular topic or to use as part of a report or research project.

5. Rational

In learning English, there are several difficulties faced by

students. Students at SMK Wijaya Kusuma experience problems in

learning English, especially reading and writing skills. One of them is

saturation in the teaching and learning process, as evidenced by the

results of learning researchers when msuaking observations at SMK

Wijaya Kusuma. Students have low writing scores and have a lot of

difficulty understanding English.

Instagram is used as a medium because Instagram has several

advantages, namely an effective medium for the writing skills of

Wijaya Kusuma Vocational School students. First, the application

offers a large amount of contextual visual data that can provide

assistance in language classes. Second, using Instagram in the

classroom can help create socially connected student communities, as

the tools themselves provide spaces for students to communicate and

socialize with each other outside the classroom boundaries. Third,

Instagram is a commonly used social media outlet where young

students are now almost completely accustomed to incorporating it

into their learning process which can be seen as a form of applying the

topics learned in class in a real life environment. Lastly, the ease of

access to Instagram and availability on most of the devices it handles

make it even more inviting to consider this platform for use in

language classes.

In addition, the use of Instagram in the classroom can be

effective in classes that lack vocabulary and sentence structure. With

recount text, researchers try to involve students' skills and explain

clearly about sentence structure.

As the topic of the research, is attempted to reveal whether or not

there is a significance correlation about reading habit and writing

caption on Instagram. Therefore, research with correlational statistics

 was conducted to determine the possible relathionship between two

variables.

6. Hypothesis

There is a Correlation between Students reading habits and their

ability of Writing caption on Instagram at Class XI Students of SMK

Wijaya Kusuma Surakarta in Academic Year 2020/2021".

 CHAPTER III

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

A. Places and Time of the Study

The reseach will take place in SMK Wijaya Kusuma Surakarta that

is located on Jl. Kutai Raya, Sumber, Banjarsari, Jawa Tengah 57138. The

school has 9 classes and each class consists of 15 to 25 students. The

research will conduct in the first semester of the academic year of

2020/2021. The research will carry out in the eleventh grade students of

SMK Wijaya Kusuma Surakarta.

B. Research Method

The researcher will conduct a correlation study between reading

habits and writing caption. The purpose of correlation is to investigate

there is any relationship between two variables (Sugiyono, 2009: 224).

There are two variables involve in this study. There are reading habits as

variable X (independent variable) and writing caption as variable Y

(dependent variable).

X Y

Figure 1: The Relationship between Reading habits (X) and Writing

caption (Y)

The researcher will use the quantitative research in conducting this

research. It means the researcher will collect and analyze the data

statistically from the students’ scores of variable to find out the correlation
 between students reading habits and their ability of Writing caption on

Instagram at Class XI Students of SMK Wijaya Kusuma Surakarta.

C. Population and Sample

1. Population

Arikunto (2006: 130) State a population is a set ( or collection) of

all elements processing one or more attributes of interest, Arikunto

(2010: 173) states that population is all subjects of the research. Based

on two theories, it can be concluded that population is all subjects that

will be analyzed in the research.

The population in this study is the eleven grades students of SMK

Wijaya Kusuma Surakarta in 2020/2021 academic year. The researcher

choose SMK Wijaya Kusuma because it provide complete facilities to

support teaching and learning process. Every body in this school has

already been familiar with the using of the internet. This school even

has its own website and this school allowed the students to bring

mobile phone.

2. Sample

Based on (Arikunto 2006:71). The sample taken was 10% from

population because if the population is more than 100 the researcher

should take the sample between 10%-15% or 20%-25% or more. The

writer applied random sampling technique in taking the sample. The

researcher take 15 students as sample of population.

D. Technique of Collecting Data

The instruments which were used in this study were aimed to

measure the students‟ reading habit and writing caption. Students‟ reading

habit was measured through questionnaire and writing test was used to

measure writing caption. The author uses a written form in giving a

reading habit questionnaire and a writing test on Instagram.

1. Questionnaire

Oppenheim (1992: 100) states that in a different way the word,

Questionnaire is sometimes used to distinguish a set of

questions, including perhaps some open-ended ones: from more

rigidly constructed scales or test.

Scoring system of questionnaire for reading habit

Qu

Positive Optio Scor Negative Option Scor

Statement ns e Statement s e
Strongly A 4 Strongly A 4

agree/always agree/always
Agree/often B 3 Agree/often B 3
Disagree/seldom C 2 Disagree/seldo C 2

m
Strongly D 1 Strongly D 1

disagree/never disagree/never
 2. Writing Test

The researcher given test as a technique of collecting

the data. The test is used to know the students’ writing skill

achievement after being given treatment. Writing test in

this research is used as media to get the primary data of the

students’ writing score of recount text. The aspects of

writing that are evaluated are mechanic, grammar,

vocabulary, punctuation, and organization skill. The

analysis was based on the scoring rubric suggested by

Hyland (2003: 243) The text is analyzed based on the social

function, generic structure, and significant

leXcogrammatical features. Then each of text is also

analyzed from these three aspects:

a. Format and content

b. Organization and coherence

c. Sentence construction and vocabulary

E. Technique of Analyzing the Data

A. Individual Competence

To measure the students‟ reading habit, the writer used questionnaire

and to find the result, she used the individual competence, (Arikunto

2006: 225) by the following formula:

n
P=
N
x 100

Where:
 P : The percentage of the student‟s

reading habit

n : The achieved score

N : The maXmum score in the test

Then to know the percentage of students‟ reading habit, Arikunto

(2006: 230) suggested these five categories.

Very good 81-100%

Good 61-80%
Fair 41-60%
Bad 21-40%
Very bad 0-20%

B. Validity of the Test

Validity is a measurement that shows the degree of instrument

validity. An instrument can be said as the valid one if it can show the

data from the research variable accurately (Arikunto 2006:168).

To measure the validity test, the writer used Product Moment Formula.

rxy=N ∑ xy−¿ ¿ ¿

In which:

rxy : correlation coefficient between X and Y

∑XY : the result of multiplying scores between X and Y for each

respondent

∑X2 : the score of squared in X (X is the score for each test

item)

∑Y2 : the score of squared in Y (Y is the total correct answer

score) N : the number of student taking the test

C. To know the Significance between two variables, the formula

follows:

r √ n−2
Tcount ¿
√ 1−r 2

Tcount : t value

r : Value of correlation coefficient

n : number of participants
D. To interpret the index score of “r” correlation, product moment (r xy)

usually used the interpretation such as bellow:

The Interpretation of Correlation “r” Product Moment

The score of “r” product moment Interpretation

(rxy)
0.00-0.19 There is a correlation between X and

Y, but the correlation is very weak or

little. So it is considered no significant

correlation in this rating

0.20-0.399 There is a correlation between X and

Y, but it is weak or little

0.40-0.599 There is a correlation between X and

Y, the value is medium

0.60-0.799 There is high correlation between X

and Y
0.80-1.000 There is a very high correlation

between X and Y

E. Statistical Hypothesis

1. If ro as same or highter that rt the Ha is accepted. It means that

there is a significant correlation between reading habit and

Writing caption

2. If ro is lower that rt the Ha is rejected. It means that there is no

significant correlation between reading habit and writing

caption.
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