AUTHOR ; ARINY AMOS, 32 YEARS- 2014

ARINY AMOS ;10 YEARS , 1992

TOPIC; DOUBLE ASTEROID REDIRECTION TEST (DART)

 FOREWORD.
Ariny Amos

I Ariny Amos was captured by the spirit of the Galileo Galilei , Albert Einstein, Apollo , EVAS
program when I was 3 years old. I had been following the space program through out Neptune
and Gemini flights, building model kits and watching the launches from my school admitted , 1987
Odoon Primary school and Nursery , 1990’S SwariaPrimay school in Soroti , Uganda . we had
above ground pool in the backyard, and I would put abrick in the back of the my swim trunks to
hold me down on the bottom , suckin air through a garden hose, and lay there with my arms and
lega adrift , pretending I was walking in space. I was off course eagerly anticipating the Apollo
missions to the moon, because that would give me more models to build but it wasn’t until the

February 2006,  notable events occurring in 2006 in spaceflight, including

major launches and EVAs. 2006 saw Brazil, Iran, and Sweden all get a
national into space for the first time, Ariny Amos was assigned to
operate on facebookwebsite,as an astronaut commander who guides in
any accident prevention, when I hope to convey with from the earth to
the moon is what Ariny Amos captured in connection with National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, that going to the moon was no
just a technological endeavor, but and artistic,Chemist, scientific
historian one ,like Albert Einstein on the Sinistine chapel ceiling . The
same kind of imagination that allowed Albert Einstein to produce the
crowning achievement of his era helped NASA’s engineers build their
moonships, just as Albert Einstein needed faith in his own abilities to
sustain him during the long year of his effort, so faith was at heart of
what it took to put men and their shoes and socks, and pictures of their
children on the surface of the moon.

Above all EVAS launches 2006 was a voyage of inspiration . the thing
that still fuels me in my day- to- day life, as explorer, and what I want to
convey to my children , and to the audience , is that if mankind can
figure out a way to put twelve men on the moon , then honestly , we can
solve anything. That why I believe the 2006 missions are of greatest
Astrophysics stories after.
 PREFACE

The eighty’s so called 1980’s were a time of cultural earth quakes ;the horror of the Bill Gates,
Carlos Slim,SadamHesein, Angella Merkel, Bill Clinton, Osama Bin Laden , Barack Obama and king
assassination, The arrival of five mop- topped singers from Washington D.C -USA, The din of
protests , and – most of all – the violent of the the war in Uganda And something else
extraordinary happened ont the night of February 2006 the space flight major launches 2006
EVA .2006.saw , International Space station, United states of America, Germany,Brazil,Sweden and
Iran get a national into space . Walk on the moon. In what seemed like a master of technology, I
witnessed it live computer monitor live on internet.i was at Makerkere University Kampala, in my
first years studies Bachelor of science in Agricultural land use and management. Across the world
that Billions of people who had worked to make it happen celebrated their triumph, TV
commentators and editorial writers proclaimed that twenty five years from now our century
would be remembered for those footsteps. When human beings left their planet to explore the
universe.

Ariny Amos.

(Astronomer or Computational Astrophysicist)

Dec / 2019
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Author , Ariny Amos thanks God of his Natural parents Father ;

Thomas Edison Alston (January 31, 1926 was a Major League
Baseball first baseman who played for the St. Louis Cardinals from 1954
to 1957, the first African-American to do so. A native of Greensboro,
North Carolina, he stood 6'5" (200 cm) and weighed 210 pounds (95 kg).

Alston was acquired by St. Louis via a trade with the San Diego
Padres of the Pacific Coast League, where he played in 180 games in
1953, on January 26, 1954, after team president Gussie Busch told
manager Eddie Stanky to find a black player. Not only did Busch think
excluding blacks from baseball was morally wrong, his
company 2%Anheuser–Busch, which had bought the team a year earlier
to keep them from moving to Milwaukee, sold more beer to African-
Americans than any other brewery, leading him to fear the effect of
a boycott.

Mother Kimberly Elise Trammel (born April 17, 1967) was

professionally known as Kimberly Elise, is an American film and
television actress. She made her feature film debut in Set It Off (1996),
and later received critical acclaim for her performance in Beloved (1998).

During her career, Elise has appeared in films such as John

Q. (2002), The Manchurian Candidate (2004), Diary of a Mad Black
Woman (2005), The Great Debaters (2007), For Colored
Girls (2010), Dope (2015), Almost Christmas (2016) and Death
Wish (2018). She received a nomination for Independent Spirit Award for
Best Female Lead for her performance in the 2004 drama film, Woman
Thou Art Loosed, and played the leading roles in a number of made for
television movies. Elise also starred in the CBS crime drama
series, Close to Home (2005–07), and in 2013 began starring in
the 1VH1 comedy-drama series, Hit the Floor. She is four-time NAACP

Image Awards winner and finally Ariny Amos thanks Gravitational

wave.
Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART

Abstract.

Amos Ariny (Astronomer) paper describes the evolution of the NASA Double Asteroid
Redirection Test (DART) mission design and navigation. Specifically, the mission has been
conceived as (1) a hydrazine bus on a ballistic trajectory, (2) a low-thrust bus launching from a
geostationary transfer orbit and spiraling to escape, and (3) a low-thrust bus that launches with a
small positive escape energy. This paper discusses the rationale in favor of the third concept, low
energy escape, and describes the key mission design and navigation studies. In an effort to be
compatible with an unknown co-manifest partner, the trajectory design must account for a large
range of launch energies, orientations, and dates.Participation in DART Mission studies been
since 1984, The navigation approach must account for sensitive regions in the trajectory and
plan for both low-thrust and chemical phases of flight. These findings are relevant to other
missions pursuing low-cost interplanetary rideshare concepts. the Demonstration of Autonomous
Rendezvous Technology (DART) spacecraft was successfully deployed from a Pegasus XL rocket
launched from the Western Test Range at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California.

Introduction,

The Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) is a NASA space mission aimed at testing a

method of planetary defense against near-Earth objects (NEOs). In September 2022,1984,1987
a space probe was set to deliberately crash into the minor-planet moon Dimorphos of the double
asteroid Didymos to assess the future potential of a spacecraft impact to deflect an asteroid on a
collision course with Earth through a transference of momentum.

In astronomy, Kepler's laws of planetary motion, published by Johannes Kepler between 1609
and 1619, describe the orbits of planets around the Sun. The laws modified the heliocentric
theory of Nicolaus Copernicus, replacing its circular orbits and epicycles with elliptical
trajectories, and explaining how planetary velocities vary. The three laws state that:

I. The orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci.
II. A line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal
intervals of time.
 III. The square of a planet's orbital period is proportional to the cube of the length of the
semi-major axis of its orbit.

The elliptical orbits of planets were indicated by calculations of the orbit of Mars. From this,
Kepler inferred that other bodies in the Solar System, including those farther away from the Sun,
also have elliptical orbits. The second law helps to establish that when a planet is closer to the
Sun, it travels faster. The third law expresses that the farther a planet is from the Sun, the slower
its orbital speed, and vice versa.

Isaac Newton showed in 1687 that relationships like Kepler's would apply in the Solar System as
a consequence of his own laws of motion and law of universal gravitation.

Sir Isaac Newton's law of universal gravitation is usually stated as that every particle attracts
every other particle in the universe with a force that is directly proportional to the product of their
masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centers.

Formula

F=G{\frac{m_1m_2}{r^2}}

F = force

G = gravitational constant
M1 = mass of object 1
M2 = mass of object 2
R2 = distance between centers of the masses

DART is a joint project between NASA and the Johns Hopkins Applied Physics Laboratory (APL).
It is being administered by NASA's Planetary Defense Coordination Office, and several NASA
laboratories and offices are providing technical support. International partners, such as the space
agencies of European Space Agency (ESA), Italian Space Agency (ASI), and JAXA Japan, are
contributing to related or subsequent projects

Importance of DART mission.

I. DART, NASA's test to stop an asteroid from hitting Earth

II. DART is the first planetary defense mission to test a method of deflecting an asteroid on
course to hit Earth.
III. The threat from asteroid impacts is small, but real — and preventable. Missions like
DART are essential to help us understand how to stop dangerous asteroids.
IV. The Planetary Society works to improve asteroid detection and reconnaissance, mature
deflection technologies and develop global response strategies.

Double Asteroid Redirection Test

The DART impactor and CubeSat just before impact

with Dimorphos (illustration)

Names DART

Mission type Planetary defense mission

Operator NASA  / APL

COSPAR ID 2021-110A

SATCAT no. 49497

Website nasa.gov/planetarydefense/dart
dart.jhuapl.edu/Mission/index.php

Mission duration 11 months (planned),

16 days and 23 hours (in progress)

Spacecraft properties
 DART impactor
Spacecraft
LICIACube CubeSat
Spacecraft type Double Asteroid Redirection Test
Bus DART
Manufacturer Applied Physics Laboratory
of Johns Hopkins University
Launch mass DART: 610 kg (1,340 lb),
LICIACube: 14 kg (31 lb)
Dimensions DART: 1.8 × 1.9 × 2.6 m (5 ft 11 in × 6 ft 3 in × 8 ft
6 in)
ROSA: 8.5 × 2.4 m (27.9 × 7.9 ft) (each)
Power 6.6 kW
Start of mission
Launch date 24 November 2021, 06:21:02 UTC
Rocket Falcon 9 Block 5, B1063.3
Launch site Vandenberg, SLC-4E
Contractor SpaceX
Dimorphos impactor
Impact date 26 September 2022 (planned)
Instruments
Didymos Reconnaissance and Asteroid Camera for Optical navigation
(DRACO)

DART mission patch

Solar System Exploration program
Europa Clipper →
 
Background

Originally, the European Space Agency (ESA) and NASA had independent plans for missions to test
asteroid deflection strategies, and by 2015 they struck a collaboration called AIDA (Asteroid Impact
& Deflection Assessment) involving two separate spacecraft launches that work in synergy. Under
the proposal, the European spacecraft, AIM, would have launched in December 2020, and DART in
July 2021. AIM would have orbited the larger asteroid to study its composition and that of its moon.
DART would then impact the asteroid's moon in September 2022, during a close approach to Earth.
[4] AIM would have studied the asteroid's strength, surface physical properties, and internal
structure, as well as measure the effect on the asteroid moon's orbit around the larger asteroid.

The AIM orbiter was cancelled, the full characterization of the asteroids will not be obtained, and the
effects of the impact by DART will be monitored from ground-based telescopes and radar.In June
2017, NASA approved a move from concept development to the preliminary design phase,and in
August 2018 NASA approved the project to start the final design and assembly phase.It was originally
planned for DART to be a secondary payload on a commercial launch to keep costs low; however, a
mission update presentation in November 2018 noted that the mission has a dedicated launch
vehicle.On 11 April 2019, NASA announced that a SpaceX Falcon 9 would be used to launch DART.

Scientists estimate 25,000 large asteroids are in the Solar System, though to date, surveys have
detected about 8,000; therefore, NASA officials think it is imperative to develop an effective plan
should a near-Earth object threaten Earth.

Spacecraft

The DART spacecraft is an impactor with a mass of 610 kg (1,340 lb), that hosts no scientific payload
other than a Sun sensor, a star tracker, and a 20 cm (7.9 in) aperture camera called Didymos
Reconnaissance and Asteroid Camera for Optical navigation (DRACO). DRACO is based on the Long
Range Reconnaissance Imager (LORRI) onboard New Horizons spacecraft, and will support
autonomous navigation to impact the asteroid's moon at its center.
DART spacecraft uses the NEXT ion thruster, a type of solar electric propulsion.[6][12] It will be
powered by 22 m2 (240 sq ft) solar arrays to generate the ~3.5-kW needed to power the NASA
Evolutionary Xenon Thruster–Commercial (NEXT-C) engine.

The spacecraft's solar arrays use a Roll Out Solar Array (ROSA) design, and this was tested on the
International Space Station in June 2017 as part of Expedition 52, delivered to the station by the
SpaceX CRS-11 commercial cargo mission.

Using ROSA as the structure, a small portion of the DART solar array is configured to demonstrate
Transformational Solar Array technology, which has very-high-efficiency solar cells and reflective
concentrators providing three times more power than current solar array technology.

Mission/impact

It is estimated that the impact of the 500 kg (1,100 lb) DART at 6.6 km/s (4.1 mi/s) [19][20] will
produce a velocity change on the order of 0.4 mm/s, which leads to a small change in trajectory of
the asteroid system, but over time, it leads to a large shift of path. Over a span of years, the
cumulative trajectory change from such a small change in velocity could mitigate the risk of a
hypothetical Earth-bound asteroid hitting Earth. The impact will target the center of figure of
Dimorphos and should decrease the orbital period, currently 11.92 hours, by roughly 10 minutes.

The actual velocity change and orbital shift are uncertain. There is a poorly understood "momentum
enhancement" effect due to the contribution of recoil momentum from impact ejecta. It is expected
that the final momentum transferred to the largest remaining fragment of the asteroid could be up
to 3-5 times the incident momentum, and getting good measurements of the effects, which will help
refine models of such impacts, is one of the main goals of the mission. Initial estimates of the change
in binary orbit period should be known within a week. A detailed reconnaissance and assessment
will be performed a few years later by a spacecraft called Hera, approved by ESA in November 2019.

Secondary spacecraft

LICIACube

The Italian Space Agency (ASI) will contribute a secondary spacecraft called LICIACube (Light Italian
CubeSat for Imaging of Asteroids), a small CubeSat that will piggyback with DART and will separate
10 days before impact to acquire images of the impact and ejecta as it drifts past the asteroid.[27]
[29] LICIACube will communicate directly with Earth, sending back images of the ejecta after the
Dimorphos flyby. LICIACube is equipped with two optical cameras, dubbed LUKE and LEIA.

Follow-up mission

In a collaborating project, the European Space Agency is developing Hera, a spacecraft that will be
launched to Didymos in 2024 and arrive in 2027 (5 years after DART's impact), to do a detailed
reconnaissance and assessment. Hera would carry two CubeSats, Milani and Juventas.

AIDA mission architecture

Host Secondary
Remarks
spacecraft spacecraft

 By the Italian Space Agency

 6U CubeSat
DART LICIA
 LUKE (LICIACube Unit Key Explorer) Camera and LEIA
(LICIACube Explorer Imaging for Asteroid) Camera
 By GomSpace and GMV
 6U CubeSat orbiter
Juventas  Camera, JuRa monostatic low-frequency
radar, accelerometers, and gravimeter 
 Will attempt to land on the asteroid surface
 By Italy/Czech/Finnish consortium
Hera  6U CubeSat orbiter
 VIS/Near-IR spectrometer, volatile analyzer
Milani
 Will characterize Didymos and Dimorphos surface
composition and the dust environment around the system
 Will perform technology demonstration experiments
 By JAXA
SCI
 Optional

Mission profile
Target asteroid

The mission's target is Dimorphos in 65803 Didymos system, a binary asteroid system in which one
asteroid is orbited by a smaller one. The primary asteroid (Didymos A) is about 780 m (2,560 ft) in
diameter; its small satellite Dimorphos (Didymos B) is about 160 m (520 ft) in diameter in an orbit
about 1 km (0.62 mi) from the primary.[6] The mass of the Didymos system is estimated at 528
billion kg, with Dimorphos at 4.8 billion kg.[11] DART will target the smaller asteroid, Dimorphos.
Didymos is not an Earth-crossing asteroid, and there is no possibility that the deflection experiment
could create an impact hazard.

Preflight preparations

Launch preparations for DART began on 20 October 2021, as the spacecraft began fueling at
Vandenberg Space Force Base in California.[42] The spacecraft arrived at Vandenberg Space Force
Base (VSFB) near Lompoc, in early October after a cross-country drive. DART team members have
since been preparing the spacecraft for flight, testing the spacecraft's mechanisms and electrical
system, wrapping the final parts in multilayer insulation blankets, and practicing the launch
sequence from both the launch site and the mission operations center at APL. DART headed to the
SpaceX Payload Processing Facility on VSFB on 26 October 2021. Two days later, the team received
the green light to fill DART's fuel tank with roughly 50 kg (110 lb) of hydrazine propellant for
spacecraft maneuvers and attitude control. DART also carries about 60 kg (130 lb) of xenon for the
NEXT-C ion engine. Engineers loaded the xenon before the spacecraft left APL in early October 2021.

Starting on 10 November 2021, engineers mated the spacecraft to the adapter that stacks on top of
the SpaceX Falcon 9 launch vehicle. The Falcon 9 rocket without the payload fairing rolled for a static
fire and later came back to the processing facility again where technicians with SpaceX installed the
two halves of the fairing around the spacecraft over the course of two days, November 16 and 17,
inside the SpaceX Payload Processing Facility at Vandenberg Space Force Base in California and the
ground teams completed a successful Flight Readiness Review later that week with the fairing then
attached to the rocket.
A day before launch, the launch vehicle rolled out of the hangar and onto the launch pad at
Vandenberg Space Launch Complex 4 (SLC-4E); from there it lifted off to begin DART's journey to the
Didymos system and it propelled the spacecraft into space.

Launch

Early planning suggested that DART was planned to be deployed into a high altitude, high
eccentricity Earth orbit designed to avoid the Moon. In such a scenario, DART would use its low
thrust, high efficiency NEXT ion engine to slowly escape from its high Earth orbit to a slightly inclined
near-Earth solar orbit, from which it would maneuver onto a collision trajectory with its target. But
because DART was launched as a dedicated Falcon 9 mission, the payload along with Falcon 9's
second stage was placed directly on an Earth escape trajectory and into heliocentric orbit when the
second stage reignited for a second engine startup or escape burn. Thus, although DART carries a
first-of-its-kind electric thruster and plenty of xenon fuel, Falcon 9 did almost all of the work, leaving
the spacecraft to perform only a few trajectory-correction burns with simple chemical thrusters as it
homes in on Didymos's moon Dimorphos

Discussions.

This paper discusses the rationale in favor of the third concept, low energy escape, and
describes the key mission design and navigation studies. In an effort to be compatible with an
unknown co-manifest partner, the trajectory design must account for a large range of launch
energies, orientations, and dates.Participation in DART Mission studies been since 1984, The
navigation approach must account for sensitive regions in the trajectory and plan for both low-
thrust and chemical phases of flight. These findings are relevant to other missions pursuing low-
cost interplanetary rideshare concepts. the Demonstration of Autonomous Rendezvous Technology
(DART) spacecraft was successfully deployed from a Pegasus XL rocket launched from the Western
Test Range at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California.

Conclusions

In response to the Vision for Space Exploration to the Moon, Mars, Asteroids and beyond, NASA

has entered a new and exciting period in its history where exploration is a primary

objective. Autonomous spacecraft rendezvous, proximity operations, and capture

capabilities will continue to be critically important to successful space exploration. As

the DART project evolved, its planned mission clearly supported that vision. While

DART’s transition to such a high-visibility and important project did not proceed as

planned, the lessons learned from the mishap will help enable the future development of

autonomous capabilities.

Johannes Kepler's laws improved the model of Nicolaus Copernicus Amos Ariny (Astronomer) ,The
planetary orbit is a circle with epicycles,The Sun is approximately at the center of the orbit,The
speed of the planet in the main orbit is constant.

Recommendations.

(1) A hydrazine bus on a ballistic trajectory,

(2) A low-thrust bus launching from a geostationary transfer orbit and spiraling to
escape, and
(3) (3) A low-thrust bus that launches with a small positive escape energy.

Award for Amos Ariny (Astronomer)

References

I. DART at Applied Physics Laboratory Johns Hopkins University

 II. Planetary Defense: Double Asteroid Redirection Test (DART) Mission NASA 2017 This article
incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
III. Brown, Geoff; University, Johns Hopkins. "NASA plans to test asteroid deflection technique
designed to prevent Earth impact". phys.org.
IV. Asteroid-deflection mission passes key development milestone 7 September 2018
V. "NASA Awards Launch Services Contract for Asteroid Redirect Test Mission". NASA. 12 April
2019. Retrieved 12 April 2019. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the
public domain.
VI. "SpaceX ready for first launch with NASA interplanetary mission". Spaceflight Now. 22 November
2021. Retrieved 24 November 2021.
VII.  "DART Launch Moves to Secondary Window". NASA. 17 February 2021. Retrieved 24
November 2021.   This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
VIII.  AIDA DART Home page at APL

IX. "Asteroid Impact & Deflection Assessment (AIDA) study". Archived from the original on 7 June
2015.