1. Number of Bricks in 1 ft3? 13.
5 bricks support for the vertical members of
with mortor
2. 1 secro =100 ft3 = 1350 bricks with
mortor by considering size of Pakistani
bricks
3. 1m3=500 bricks with mortar with
Pakistani and standard size.
4. Nominal size of bricks
5. 20 cmx 20 cm x10 cm
6. 1m3= 35 .32 ft3
7. Without mortor 19 x 9 x9
8. Old size /Pakistani brick size with
mortor 9 inch x 4.5 inch x 3 inch
9. Old size /Pakistani brick size without
mortor reduce 0.25 inch
10. Formula for number of bricks = Volume
of the wall /volume of one brick with
mortor
11. 500 without wastage with wastage 550
12. What is facing? The outer surface of
wall exposed to weather is called Face
and materials used in the face of wall
is called facing.
13. What is backing? The surface of wall
not exposed to weather or inner
surface of wall is called back and the
materials used on the back is called
backing.
14. Hearting? The inner portion of wall
between facing and backing is called
hearting and filling
15. What is cornice? It is Horizontal
moulded ornamental projection
provided near top of building at the
junction of wall and roof or ceiling.It
can be interior or exterior.
16. Coping – It is covering placed on
external wall exposed to atmosphere
in order to protect it from rain.
17. Corbel – A projected structural
architectural stone which is usually
provided to carry a weight of balcony
or weather shed or anything above it
etc
18. Sill- A horizontal member of stone,
concrete or wood provided to give
wooden window is called sill. Sill level
is bottom most level of window.
Commonly 3ft from floor level
19. Frog- The depression at the top face of
a brick is called frog .2 reasons – a
keyed joint between brick and mortor
and marking of company.
20. Jamb- The vertical sides of a finished
opening for a door or window is called
jamb
21. Reveal- The exposed vertical surface left
on the sides of the opening after the
door or window frame has been fitted
in position are known as reveals.
22. Rebate- Depression made inside door
frame to receive door .
23. Horn- Horizontal projection of head or
sill beyond the frame.
24. Frieze- A course of masonry provided
immediately below cornice for support
25. Blocking course- A course of masonry
provided immediately above cornice.
26. String course – A continuous horizontal
course of masonry projecting from the
face of the wall for shedding the rain
water off the face is called string
course.
27. Drip Course-To facilitate the drainage
of water from the coping, a groove is
cut on the underside which is called
drip course
28. Parapet -It is a low wall built round a
terrace in the case of buildings with
flat roofs. Or also on balcony for
protection.
29. Gable – A triangular shaped portion of
masonry at the end of a sloped roof is
called gable.
30. What is king closure-It is a brick cut in
such a way that width on its of end
becomes half of that of full brick while
width on other end is equal to full width
of brick .It is obtained by cutting out a
triangular portion such that half header
and half stretcher is obtained.
31. What is closer? A portion of brick used
to close up the bond at end of the brick
course is called closer.
32. Queen Closer- It is portion of brick
obtained by cutting a brick in length
wise into two portions of equal width.
33. Bevelled closer- It is the portion of brick
obtained by cutting the brick in such a
way that half width is maintained at
one end and full width at other end.
34. Mitred closer- It is portion of brick
obtained by cutting the triangular
portion of the brick through its width
making an angle of 45 to 60 with length
of brick.
35. A bond used in brickwork consisting
of alternate courses of stretchers
and headers is English bond.
36. English bond is stongest bond
37. For all wall thickness
38. In English bond there is queen
closer after every quoin header in
heading coarse.
39. Flemish bond- Each course consists
of alternate header and strechter .
40. Double Flemish bond same
appearance in face and back while
in single Flemish bond Flemish
facing,backing english
41. Flemish bond gives more pleasing
appearance
42. English bond stronger than Flemish
for wall more than 1.5 brick thick
ness
43. Gillafi work ..Facing burn brick rest
sundried brick
44. Facing bond/ English garden bond
one heading course after several
stretcher course. Not structurally
good.
45. Retrofitting is the process of addition of
new features to older buildings, heritage
structures, bridges
etc. Retrofitting reduces the
vulnerability of damage of an existing
structure during a near future seismic
activity. ... Retrofitting helps to increase
the strength, resistivity and overall
lifespan of the structure.
46. Flemish Garden/ Scothc or succexx
bond one header after several
strechting in same course
47. Raking bond bricks are laid at any
angle other zero or 90
48. Dutch bond modified English bond
,header is introduced next to three
quarter bat in every stretcher course,
49. English cross bond (Andrew bond)
header and stretcher laid in
alternative course and a header after
every quoin stretcher in every
alternative stretching courase.
50. Half brick wall is 4 inch
51. 1 brick wall is 9 inch
52. 1.5 brick wall is 14 inch
53. 2 brick wall is 18 inch
54. 2.5 brick wall is 22 inch
55. Bull nose- A brick moulded with a
rounded angle is called bull nose.
56. Bat The portion of brick cut across the
width is called bat.
57. Strecther is longest face of brick as seen
in the elevation of wall
58. Header is shortest face of brick as seen
in elevation of wall.
59. Bed is lowest surface of brick when laid
flat.
60. Perpends is imaginary vertical line
running along the vertical joint between
two adjoining bricks.
61. Lap is horizontal distance between
successive courses
62. Course is layer of stones or bricks Its
thickness is equal to thicknes of stone
 or thickness of brick plus one mortor
joint.
63. Arises is edges formed by intersection
of plane surfaces of bricks.
64. Quoin- It is corner or external angle on
the face side of the wall .They are
generally at right angles.
65. Lintel is horizontal member of stone
brick,concrete or rcc used to support
the masonry or load above opening.It is
top most part of window or door.
Common lintel level is 7 ft from floor
level
66. Plinth level is carpet level of the ground
floor of the building usually kept at
450mm above the existing ground
level.plinth height is essential to protect
the super structure from the dampness
which may seep in due to direct contact
of ground also prevents the storm
water from direct entering in building in
case of heavy rainfall. Plinth height is
difference between finished floor of
building and existing ground level.
67. Min plinth height is 15 cm
68. Plinth is always above ground or road
level
69. Plinth area/Built up area is carpet area
plus wall thickness. It doesn’t include
empty spaces around the building
70. 1. Terrace Area
71.      2. Open staircase
72.      3. Loft area
73.      4. Lift room
74. Are not included in plinth
area
75. Carpet area is the area that can be
used to spread carpet it is net usuable
area of the building it is 70 prcnt of
built up area
76. The empty space around the building
are set back areas
77. Super Built Up Area is the built up
area plus proportionate area of
common areas such as the
Swimming pools, Staircase, lobby,
lifts, open verandahs etc.
The term Super built up area is
generally used in Real Estate (while
buying property) .
78. Why black cotton soil is not suitable
for foundation? Black cotton
soil is not suitable for
foundation because it swells
excessively when wet and it shrinks
excessively when dry. So it is not
suitable because of its property to
undergo a volumetric change due to
variation of moisture content.
79. Which type of foundation is suitable
for black cotton soil? Piles specifally
under reamed piles
80.   An under-reamed pile is a pile of
shallow depth (1 to 6 m) having one
bulb a its lower end
81. Pier Foundatuon also used in black
cotton soil
82. Pier foundation  Piers are dug at
regular interval and filled with cement
concrete
83. CAA full form Citizenship Amedment Act
84. NRC- National Registration of Citizens
85. Non Structural cracks These are small
less that 3mm in diameter cracks,
that do not at the moment threaten
the integrity of your home. They
appear in your foundation. 
Weather conditions, temperature
changes and moisture content
naturally cause your foundation to
experience these cracks.
86. Structural cracks -There are a number
of different issues that cause structural
cracks, like swollen soil, poor soil
bearing, poor construction sites and
overloading.  You can tell if you have
structural cracks, because you will
have problems on the inside of your
home, like sloping floors and windows
sticking when you close
 them.Generally, structural cracks
appear wider than 3mm in length.
They can appear in the wall beams,
foundation walls or slabs. And they
usually extend to the upper floor of
your house. They can be vertical,
horizontal, diagonal or run like a
staircase.
87. How to calculate Crack? Crack Guage
88. Min width of door should not less than
0.75 m or 2.5 ft
89. Normally 3 ft x 7 ft
90. Min height of door is 88 inch or 6.66 ft
91. Difference between rubble and ashlar
masonry- In Rubble masonry stones
of irregular sizes are used.while in
ashlar masonry the square or
rectangular blocks of stone are used.
92.  The Dressing of stone is defined
as “The process of giving a proper
size, shape and finish to the roughly
broken stones as obtained from the
quarry.
93. A place where exposed
surfaces of good
quality natural rocks are
abundantly available is known
as “quarry,” and the process
of taking out stones from the
natural bed is known as
“quarrying.”
94. Hydration -The water causes the
hardening of concrete through a
process
called hydration. Hydration is a or 9 feet
chemical reaction in which the major
compounds in cement form
chemical bonds with water
molecules and become hydrates
or hydration products. It is
exothermic reaction between cement
and water .
95. Why 28 days strength is
considered? Concrete gains
strength with time after casting. It
takes much time for concrete to
gain 100% strength and the time
for same is still unknown. The
rate of gain of concrete
compressive strength in higher
during the first 28 days of casting
and then it slows down.
96. The 28 day strength of concrete is
the reference strength used in the
design of (reinforced) concrete
structures and is also the required
strength in the quality control of
concrete production.
97. 1 day 16 3 day 40 7 day 67
14 day 90 and 28 day 99
98. Area of Trapezoid is top witdh
plus bottom width whole
divide by 2 multiply by height
99. Largest dam in the world -t 50
stories high and with a span of more
than a mile, one of the world's
largest feats of modern engineering
is not a skyscraper. It's a
hydroelectric dam. At 1.4 miles wide
(2.3 kilometers) and 630 feet (192
meters) high, Three Gorges Dam is
the largest hydroelectric dam in the
world. Yangtze River
100. 22.15 billion cubic meters/40
km3
101. Cement reaction starts
immediately after water is added.
102. Min height of ceiling from
floor should no t be less than 2.75 m
103. Batrooms 2.4 m
104. Tarblea dam is earth fill dam
along the indus river in KPK 143 m
height or 470 feet height length 9000
feet capacity 13.7 km3
105. Shear force max at supports
and min at centre and B.m max at
centre and min at support in case of
simply supported beam. While in
cantilever case max at fixed support
and min at free end .Shear force
max at fixed end and min at free end
with opposite signs
106. Brexit is an abbreviation
for "British exit," referring to the
U.K.'s decision in a June 23,
2016 referendum to leave
the European Union (EU)
107. A referendum (plural: refere
ndums or less
commonly referenda) is a direct and
universal vote in which an entire
electorate is invited to vote on a
particular proposal and can have
nationwide or local forms.
108. The EU is an economic and
political union involving 28 European
countries. It allows free trade and
free movement of people, to live and
work in whichever country they
choose.
109. The Organisation of Islamic
Cooperation (OIC) is an international
organization founded in 1969,
consisting of 57 member states. The
organisation states that it is "the
collective voice of the Muslim world"
and works to "safeguard and protect
the interests of the Muslim world in the
spirit of promoting international peace
and harmony".The OIC has
permanent delegations to the United
Nations and the European Union. The
official languages of the OIC are
Arabic, English, and French. Its
Headquarters is in Jeddah, Kingdom
of Saudi Arabia.Search Results’
110. The Karakoram Highway
often just called KKH, is a
highway that runs about 1.300km
(800 miles) from Abbottabad in
Pakistan to Kashgar in the
province of Xinjiang in west
China.
111. BRICS is the acronym coined
for an association of five
major emerging national
economies: Brazil, Russia, India, Chin
a and South Africa.
112. headquarter is situated at
Shanghai chINA
113.  The BRICS members are
known for their significant influence on
regional affairs; all are members
of G20
114. The Group of Seven is an
international intergovernmental
economic organization consisting of
the seven largest IMF- advanced
economies in the world: Canada,
France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the
United Kingdom and the United States
115. The "Group of 20" (G20) is
made up of the finance ministers
and central bank governors of 19
countries and the EuropeaUnion
116. How many seismic zones are
in Pakistan? According to
it, Pakistan is divided into
five seismic zones (Zones 1, 2A,
2B, 3, and 4) considering the
severity of seismic hazard; zone 1
is the lowest, and zone 4 is the
highest seismic zone
117. Sindh zone is 2A
118. Precuatioary measures taken
in construction of building in seismic
zone Buildings should be found on
hard bed rock not on loose soils
because loose soils settles with
earthquake vibrations.
119. Raft foundations are
desirable
120. Different parts of building
should be tied together so that whole
structure should vibrate at once
121. Roofs should be made of rcc
122. Shock absorbers in
foundation/of flexible foundations
123. Cross bracing in structure
124. Shear walls should be used.
125. Moment resisiting frame
should be used.
In construction, cross bracing is a
system utilized to reinforce building
structures in which diagonal supports
intersect. Cross bracing can increase
a building's capability to withstand
seismic activity.
126. Total dams in Pakistan is 150
127. Mangla Tarbela Hub Diamer
Bhasha some of dams of Pakistan
128. 3 dams in Sindh Darawat adjacent areas of the
Dam Jamshoro,Chotyari Dam
Sanghar,Nai Gaj Dam Dadu. structure.
129. Darawat Dam is 135. Historically, the
concrete gravity dam across Nai
Baran River near Village
Chotiari was a complex
of Jhangri in Jamshoro of deep lakes and
district of Sindh, Pakistan.[1][2]
riverine Makhi forests
130. Construction of dam started in
March 2010 and its completion was
with a rich ecosystem.
inaugurated by Former President of 136. An initiative of the
Pakistan Asif Ali Zardari on 9 March
2013.[3] Its estimated cost was PKR 9.3 Water and Power
Billion.[4] Development Authority
131. The dam is 250 metres (820 ft) (WAPDA), the
in length and 43 metres (141 ft) in
height, which would store about 150 conversion of the
million cubic metres (120,000 acre ft)
of water to help irrigate 10,000
Chotiari wetland into a
hectares (25,000 acres) of land man-made water
132. 1 hecatre =2.47 acre
133. ‫ٹ‬
Chotiari Dam (Urdu: ‫چ و ی اری ب ن د‬ )
reservoir was done
is an artificial water reservoir situated through raising the
35 km away from the Sanghar town
in Sanghar District, Sindh, Pakistan. It elevation of levees on
was constructed in December 2002, at its eastern and western
the total cost of Rs 6 billion. The main
purpose of constructing this dam is to side
discharge saline water of the Left 137. The main purpose
Bank Outfall Drain (LBOD). The dam
is extended to 24,300 acres (9,800 ha) of the reservoir
with storage capacity of 750,000 acres
(300,000 ha) feet.[4]
construction was to
134. A fresh study jointly store water during the
done by Pakistan and monsoon period and
the United States has supply it mainly for Rabi
termed the conversion crops (winter crops) in
of the Chotiari wetlands Sindh’s Sanghar and
into a reservoir has Umerkot districts.
ultimately turned into a 138. The study’s
disaster due to the findings reveal that
resultant water logging, water logging has
soil salinity and negative turned thousands of
vegetation in the acres of fertile
agricultural land acres
 into “unproductive salt- 155. 3 barrages Guddu
,Kotri,Sukkur
affected soil 156. Length of indus river =3 180
139. 4 rivers in Sindh km
Indus,lyari,Hub and Malir. 157. Kotri barrage has 44 gates
140. 14 canals length of kotri 1.6 km Q 25
141. 7 sukkur 3 kotri 4 guddu thousand cumec
142. Total 07 canals From sukkur 158. Sukkur barrage has 66 gates It
143. 04 from left side is called lyod barrage because was
144. 1. Nara canal built during british raj .Length of
145. 2. Abul Wah Canal sukkur barrage is 1.6 km Q= 33
146. 3. Rohri canal thousand cumec
147. 4. Mirwah Canal 159. Guddu barrage has 64 gates .
148. 03 from right side Guddu barrage is on indus river near
149. 1. Rice canal kashmor in Sindh . It is used to control
150. 2. Dadu canal water flow in the river for irrigation and
151. 3. Kirthar canal floor control purposes .It has span of
152. Guddu- right Pat feedr desert fedr 1400 meters.capacity of 34 thousand
beghari feeder left ghotki fedr gudu cumec
153. Kotri right Kb feeder right akram 160. In simple Barrage is built for
wah canal,new and old phulleli, diverting water and dam is built for
154. storing water.
161. In Punjab
 162. Jinnah barrage on indus pushes into its foundation or
163. Then chasma abutments.
164. Kalabagh was supposed to be 169. A dam is a high impervious barrier
built between two constructed across a river valley to form a
165. Then Taunsa Barrage deep storage reservoir. The surplus water is
166. 19 barrages in Pakistan not allowed to flow over the dam, but it
flows through the spillways provided at
167. On indus 6 some level built into the dam.
170. A weir is an impervious barrier
constructed
across a
river to
raise the
water level
on the
upstream
side. The
water is
raised up to
the required
height and
the water
then flows
over the
weir. In a
weir the
water
overflows
the weir,
but in a
dam the water overflows through a special
Area between Indus and Jehlam is Sindh place called a spillway.
sagar doab
Area between jehlum and Chenab is jech 171. Spillway is a passage for
doab surplus water from a dam
Area between Chenab and ravi rachna doab
Between ravi and Sutlej bari doab
172. The answer is really very
168. A dam is a high impervious simple. weirs are usually found in
barrier constructed across a river rivers, made and used to slow
valley to form a deep storage (regulate) and control but not stop
reservoir. And that stored water the flow of water at periods of - for
can be used for multipurposes. example, heavy rain. They are often
A barrage is constructed to found in areas of and responsible
regulate the flow and divert the for cottage industry.
natural flow . An arch dam is a 173. A dam is a barrier across
concrete dam that is curved (usually) a valley, thereby holding
upstream in plan. The arch dam is back and storing water so that we
designed so that the force of the
can continue to have same even in
water against it, known as
hydrostatic pressure, presses times of drought. But very
against the arch, causing occasionally you will find a weir on
the arch to straighten slightly and the top of a dam.
strengthening the structure as it
174. Or Simple Dam is highly 190. President Azad Kashmir
impervious hydraulic structure Sardar Masood Khan
constructed to store the water which 191. Chief Justice Gulzar Ahmed
is used for multipurposes while 192. Chief Justice of Highcourt
barrage is also a hydraulic structure Sindh Ahmed Ali shaikh
but it is constructed to control the 193. Chief Army Staff Qamar
flow of water or divert the flow of Javaid Bajwa
water with the help of gates. 194. Chairman Nab Javeb Iqbal
195. Chairman Senate Sadiq
175. Bridge is structure built to Sanjrani
cross the obstruction without 196. Number of Seats in NA 342
stopping the flow.. 197. Number of seats in Senate
114
198. Current FM of Pak is Shah
176. Beam. Mehmood Qureshi
177. Truss. 199. Tallest building Burj Khalif
178. Arch. 828 m
200. Largest Artificial Lake Lake
179. Cantilever. Kariba
180. Suspension. 201. Largest Mosque Masjidul
181. Cable Stayed. Haram
202. Biggest Libraray library of
182.
congress us
183. Current President of Pak is
203. Tallest Minnar Qutab Minar
Arif Alvi
Delhi
184. “The President,
204. Longest River River Niel
Vice President and all Civil Officers
6690 Km located in Africa continent
of the United States, shall be
pass through egyt sudan and
removed from Office
discharge in mediterian sea
on Impeachment for, and
205. Largest island Greenland
Conviction of, Treason, Bribery, or
206. Highest moutains Himalaya
other high Crimes and
207. Largest River in flow rate
Misdemeanors.
Amazon River
185. 4 martial laws in Pakistan
208. Largest planet Jupiter
First Ayub in 1958,2nd Yahya in
209. Birghtest Venus
1969,3rd zia in 1977 and 4rth
210. Smallest mercury
musharaf in 1999 .
211. Russia is largest country of
186. 35 years of dictatorship
world
187. Cm of Sindh Syed Murad Ali
212. Largest Muslim Country
shah. Cm of Punjab- Sardar Usman
Indonesia by population by area it is
Buzdar.CM of KPK is Mahmood
kazakhistanl
Khan Cm of Balochistan Jam Kamal
213. No of continent seven
Khan 214.  Africa, Antarctica, Asia,
188. 2 autonomous territories Australia/Oceania, Europe, North
Gilgit Balistan and azad jammu and America, and South America
Kashmir 215. Largest continent Asia
189. Governors Sindh Imran 216. Smallest continent Austrailia
Ismael, Balochistan Amanullah 217. Largest Population China
Khan, Kpk Shah Farman , Punjab 218. Deepest lake lake Baikal
Chudry M. Sarwar, Gilgit Balistan 219. Deepest ocean Pacific ocean
Raja Jalal Hussain.
220. Highest mountain peak Mount 244. P trap has the shape of letter
Everest 8 thousand 848 meter (Nepal P .Legs of P trap are at right angle to
and China Himalyas) each other.In this outlet is fixed to wall
221. Height of k2=8 thousand 611 245. Q trap has the shape of letter
meter (north western karakoram range Q legs of Q trap are at an angle other
in gilgit balistan) Pak China border than right angle .It is used at floor
222. Largest Desert Sahara other than ground floor.
223. Deepest river amazon largest 246. S trap has the shape of Letter
(south America brazil ,peru,Columbia) S legs are parallel ,in this outlet is
length 6 thousand 400 Km and fixed to floor.
discharge discharge is 3 lakh 40 247. Nahni Trap under wash basin
thousand cumec 248. Gully trap outside building so
224. Costiler City Singapore that foul gases from sewage should
225. Seven seas not enter house
226. 5 oceans Arctic ,Atlantic 249. Intercepting trap at last main
,Indian Pacific and Southern hole of building.It has deep water seal
227. Smallest ocean arctic of 10 cm
228. Difference between P and S 250. Lead is the average
trap and uses?
horizontal distance b/w site of
229. Size of Block uses in inches 4
x 8 x 12 earthwork (borrow pit) and the
230. 4*8*12. 5*8*12. 6*8*12 area of disposal. The lead is
231. Difference between solid and generally measured in terms of
hollow blocks? Solid is used oftenly
hollow for insulation purpose.
50m distances.
232. They are precast blocks 251. Lift is the average vertical
233. Ratio 1:4:4 distance b/w level of excavation
234. 500 to 600 psi upon client and the to the place of spreading
requirement and C.A aggregate size is
10 mm or heaping. The unit of lift is 2.00m
235. Blocks are used cuz of well for first lift and one extra lift for
finish,efflorescene resistant, no of every 1.0m.
joints are less ,material consumption 252. For example, when earth is
is less.
236. Per block it is expensive than to be lifted for 4.5m,
brick but overall building consumption four lifts are to be paid to the
is less contractor.i.e.
237. F.a 23/cft. C.a 36/cft
253. - Upto 2.0 - 1 lift
238. Cement 680/bag
239. Brick 8-10. Block 24-27  - 1.0 - 1 Lift
240. Small dumper capacity 400cf  - 1.0 - 1 lift
241. Large dumper fy 1000cft  - 0.5 - 1 lift
242. Capital of india new delhi
254. Bitumen is petroleum by
243. What is trap? A trap is
depressed or bent sanitary fitting product .It is black in colour and
which always remain full of water it is completely soluble in CCL4 and
also called as water seal The function CS2 (Carbon tetra chloride and
of trap is to prevent the passage of
foul air or gases through it but at the
carbon di sulfide)
same time it allows the sewage to flow 255. Difference between
through it. bitumen and asphalt is that
bitumen is artificial while asphalt is
 natural occurring bitumen. Bitumen
has no impurities minerals while
there is excess amount of
impurities and minerals in asphalt.
256. Penetration test is perform on
bitumen to grade the bitumen in terms
of hardness .Instrument name is
pentrometer consist of needle
assembly weighing 100 gram it is
performed at 25 degree needle is
penetrated for 5 seconds needle dia is
3 mm it is measured in 1/10 th of mm
means if penetration value came as
4.1 mm 4.2 mm then it is term as 40
grade bitumen. Higher value indicates
softer bitumen so in warmer region
low penetration grades will be used. If
material is too soft then bitumen is
checked by orifice viscometer or by
float test.
257. Softening point of bitumen is
the temperature at which bitumen
attains equal viscosity or it is
temperature at which standard ball of
9.5mm dia having weight of 3.5 gram
falls through bitumen at height of 2.5
cm. Instrument used is ring and ball
apparatus .Note the temp when ball
touches the bottom of plate.Bitumen
with higher softening point should
used in warmer temperature. Range is
35 to 70 degree
258. Flash point of bitumen is
lowest temperature at which vapour of
substance momentarily takes fire in
form of flash. While Fire point is lowest
temperature at which material gets
ignited and burns for 5 seconds.
259. Flash point for all grades of
bitumen is 175 degree
centigrade.Appartus name is cleave
and land ) or pensiky martens
260. Both flash and fire point is
safety test.
261. Ductility of bitumen measure
of adhesive property of bitumen and
its ability to stretch .Ductility test is
perform to know the elastic property of
bitumen which helps us to know the
deformation to be recover when load
is applied.Apparatus name is Birquette
mould.It is checked at 27 degree .
262. Ductility is measure in
centimeter when bitumen is streached
at 50 mm /mint and It is a distance
between end and point of breaking.50
Cm ductility is limit. If bitumen have
low duciltiy than it can be crack in cold
region.
263. Too thick and too thin bitumen
is not satisfactory.
264. Penetration test is not used for
cutback and tar .For that orifice
viscometer.
265. Specific gravity of bitumen is
from 0.97 to 1.02 . SG of bitumen is
needed in marshal mix design and
also become source to identify mineral
impurity in bitumen.
266. S.G can be defiend as weight
or mass of bitumen of given volume
divided by same volume of water
.Checked at 27 degree checked by
pyconometer or balance method.
267. SG of cutback bitumen is less
than Sg of bitumen.while SG of Tar is
greater than SG of bitumen i.e 1.10 to
1.29
268. In Cold Regions viscocity of
bitumen is high so bitumen is mix with
volatile dilutent which evaporates
later. While combination of both is
called cut back bitumen.
269. Bitumen emulsion is
combination of bitumen ,emulsifier and
water . Emulsifier is a stabilizer to
maintain the particles of bitumen from
settling. It is used in maintainance and
patch work .It can be used in wet
weather.
270. Tar is obtained by destructive
distillation of coal or wood. Destructive
distillation means burning in absence
of air or oxygen. There are 5 grades of
tar .
271. RT 1 is used in surface paiting
under cold wether and has low
viscocity. While RT5 is used in
grouting having highest viscosity.
272. Difference between bitumen
and tar is that bitumen is obtained
from petroleum and tar from wood or
coal.Bitume is soluble in ccl4 and cs2
while tar only in toluene. Bitumen has
superior durability and water resisting
 capacity while tar has inferior
properties.
273. Density of brick masonry is
1920 kg/m3 while stone is 25 KN/m3
and PCC 24 KN/m3 RCC 25 and
Timber 6
274. Search Results
275. Plain concrete is 2200 kg. /
cubic meter. R.C.C. is 2400 kg. /
cubic meter
276.
277. Max size of aggregate in DPC
is 10mm
278. Glass area in room should not
be less than 15 percent.
279. Most common DPC material is
bitumen.
280. Horizontal DPC 40 mm while
vertical DPC is 20mm
281. Pointing is operation of
finishing mortor after completiong of
masonry wall.
282. In Marshal Mix Design we pre
heat aggregate sat 175 to 190 degree
then we heat bitumen at 121 to 125
degree then we mix both at 154 to
160 degree C .
283. 4 percent voids are left in
bitumen so to prevent bleeding also
for economy purpose.
284. The aim of marshal mix design
is to obtain optimum bitumen content
which gives us sufficient stability (load
to be carried),sufficient durability (all
temperature or wether), sufficient
flexibity and workabilkuty
285. OBC is obtained by taking
average of bitumen obtained for max
stability for max density and at 4
percent voids.
286. Tests on bitumen
penetration test (to know hardness or
softness of bitumen), ductility test
(measure of adhesive property and
ability to stretch), specific gravity test
(to identify source and mineral
impurity) ,flash and fire point test
(Safety Test), softening test
(temperature susceptible), solubility
test (to check purity of bitumen),
viscosity test (to check resistance to
flow).
287. Desirable properties in
bitumen are ease of mixing,desired
stability and drurablitity (anti
strepping).
288. the state or fact of being
likely or liable to be influenced or
harmed by a particular thing is
susceptibility.
289. Loss on heatinig allowed 1
percent bitumen
290. Water content should not
exceed 0.2 prcnt by weight
291. why pm didnot attended kaula
lumpur summit? Because of Saudi
pressure as saudi n uae had
reservations against the kuala lumpur
summit due to they assumed that the
parallel to OIC organization may be
created. Pakistan being under
pressure and fear of loss of 40 lacs
pakistani workers doing job there,
abandoned the summit and fear of
Saudi taking back his money from
Pakistani accounts
292. Saudi is rival of Iran .and In
OIC Saudi has much influence that’s
why he don’t want that new
organization should be created.
293. Upper house is senate and a
senator is elected for 6 years
294. Lower house is national
assembly and a member is elector for
5 years term
295. An upper house is one of
two chambers of a bicameral
legislature
296. the other chamber being
the lower house.
The house formally designated as
the upper house is usually smaller
are and often has more restricted power
than the lower house.
297. A bicameral legislature has
legislators in two separate assemblies,
chambers, or houses
298. The term “bicameral
legislature” refers to any lawmaking
body of government that consists of
two separate houses or chambers,
299. The main purpose for the
creation of the Senate of Pakistan was
to give equal representation to all
 the federating units since the 330. Field tests like Plate bearing
membership of the National Assembly test, Standard penetration test,
was based on the population of each Pressuremeter test and Field vane
province. Equal provincial shear test are
membership in the Senate, thus, generally used to determine
balances the provincial inequality in bearing capacity of soil.
the National Assembly. (104) seats 23 331. Tests on Sand Plate Load
for each 8 for FATA and 2 for Test
Islamabad. 332. Plate load test is field test
300. NFC National finance used to perform to check the
commission supporting capacity of soil and to
301. KKH karakorm highway know the modulas of subgrade
302. OIC orgnization of islamic reaction which is used in design of
cooperation pavements.
303. CNG comprrssed natural gad 333. 75 Cm standard dia plate is
304. LPG liquefied petrolm gas applied load through hydraulic jack
305. NPG natural petrolm gas and at the deflection of 1.25 mm the
306. load is checked. 2 corrections are
307. FATF financial action task applied one moisture and other size.
force 334. The modulus of subgrade
308. FBR fedral board of revenue reaction (k) is used as a primary input
309. ASEAN assosiation of south for rigid pavement design.  It estimates
east asian nations
the support of the layers below a rigid
310. The ASEAN pavement surface
Headquarters is located in Jakarta, course (the PCC slab). 
Indonesia. 335. The reactive pressure to resist a
311. IMF international monitry fund
load is thus proportional to the spring
312. CCI(the council of comon
deflection (which is a representation of
interest)
313. NRC (national registr of slab deflection) and k
citizens) 336. CBR is California Bearing Ratio
314. Seven wonders It is performed to know the soil strength
315. Taj mahal india and used in design of pavements.
316. Great pyramid of giza egypt 337. The California Bearing
317. Great wall of china Ratio(CBR) test is a measure of
318. Statue of liberty NY
319. Effile tower paris resistance of a material to
320. Leaning tower of pisa itlay penetration of standard plunger
321. Colosseum itlay under controlled density and
322. Pacfic ocean = largest and
deepest oceans in the world
moisture conditions
323. Atlantic ocean = 2nd largest 338. CBR of a soil which varies
and deepest from 0 to 100 gives an idea about
324. Panama canal= connect pecfic
the quality of a material
and atlantic
325. Suez canal = connect compared to that of an excellent
mediterrean sea to the red sea material for which CBR is
326. Recep Tayyip Erdoğan assumed to be 100 percent .
Turkey President 339.  The California Bearing
327. Turkey in western asia
Ratio Test (CBR Test) is a
328. Pm of Malaysia is Mahathir
penetration test developed
Bin Muhammad
329. China President Xi Jinping by California State Highway
 Department (U.S.A.) for
evaluating the bearing capacity of
subgrade soil for design of flexible
pavement.
340. It is a ratio of force required
to penetrate a soil mass with a
standard circular piston at rate of
1.25 mm/min to that required for
corresponding penetration for
standard material.
341. Load is checked at
settlement of 2.5 mm and 5 mm
then divide by standard values of
1370 kg and 2055 kg and
expressed in percentages.
342. Mostly 2.5 mm comes
higher and is used if 5 mm higher
than repeat test if again 5 mm
higher than use 5 mm.
343. Plunger is of 50mm
344. CBR= Test load/Standard
load x 100
345. Impeachment is removal of
president or prime minister through
legislative body for committing any kind
of criminal act like mis use of power
,taking bribery .etc.
346. Trump impeachment inquiry
started from sept to November and trump
has been impeached from the lower
house .Now upper house i.e senate would
decide the impeachment of trump if trump
gets 2/3rd vote against him then he would
be impeached.
347. Trump was alleged to mis use his
power to stop the funds against the
Ukraine country through phone call which
were approved by legislative body
Because trump wanted to defame the
democratic party presidential candidate
Joe Bidan by showing is involment in
money laundering in ukrain in the oil gas
company. This phone call was leaked and
inquiry against trump was started as a
result lower houses voted against trump i.e
he should be impreached.
348. Leaning tower of pisa, The
evident tilt of the tower was first noticed
during the initial phase of construction
which began in 1173 AD (11 th century) It
HAS ONLY 3 M FOUNDATION .when
measurements revealed that the top of
the tower was actually moving at a rate
of around 0.05 inch a year. It was
constructed on very soft silty soil. An
English geotechnical engineer, who
discovered that the primary cause of the
tilt was a fluctuating water table which
would perch higher on the tower’s north
side, causing the tower’s characteristic
slant to the south
349. Height of power is 56 m and
have 4 degree lean to south
350. Constructed in 12th century
current lean is 3.97 degree
351. Solution to this problem was
then to reinforce the soil and to make
room for the tower to compress some of
the soil on the north
352. It was straighten by harnessing
the monument by steel cables and
pulling the steel cables, reinforcing the
foundation with concrete pillars ,digging
wells and removing soil and draining
water.
353. In 2001 it was reopened again.
354. Aggregate must posses strength
( Resistance to crushing), Hardness
( Resistance to abrasive action)
,Toughness ( resistance to impact) ,
Durability ( resistance to weathering
,adhesion to bitumen, and proper shape
( Not too elongated not too faky)
355. Difference between abrasion and
attrition is abrasion is Stone to tire rubbing
while attrition is stone to stone rubbing.
356. Tests on aggregates are crushing
test,abrasion test,impact test,soundness
test,Shape test, Angularity number,
Bitumen adhesion test,Specific Gravity
test, Grading test, Fineness modulas,
Water absorption Test,Moisture content
test.
357. In Aggregate Crushing Test ,
strength of aggregate is checked .Test is
performed by passing aggregates from
12.5 mm sieve and retained on 10 mm
sieved they are put in container in 3
layers tamping for 25 times and weight i.e
W1 after which load is applied 4 tones
/mint to the max of 40 tones after loading
Aggregates are passed through 2.36 mm
sieve and weighed i.e W2 then aggregate
crushing value is calculated by W2/W1 x
100. Low value indicates high strength
 aggregates. Recommend value is not
greater than 45 percent for base course
and 30 percent for wearing course.
358. Abrasion Test is performed to
checked the hardness of aggregate against
the abrasive action of vehicles.It is
perforemed by los angeles abrasion
machine. Machine consists of cylinder
having length of 50 cm and dia of 70 cm
running at rate of 30 to 33 rpm meaning
(500 to 1000 rotations). Aggregates
passing 12.5 mm and retaining on 10 mm
are checked. Steel balls have dia of 4.8mm
and weight of 390 to 445 gram. Test is
performed on 2 rotations i.e 500 or 1000 it
dpends upon grading of aggregate. After
rotations. Aggregates are passed through
1.76 mm sieve and weight.
359. Hard aggregates have low
abrasion los angeles value.
360. Recommend Is not greater than
30 percent for any course.
361. Thus los angeles test can be
define as it is measure of degradation of
mineral aggregate of standard grading
resulting a combination of action abrasion
impact and grinding in a rotating steel
drum.No of sphers are 12.Los angeles test
for good aggregate for cement concrete is
16 prcnt.
362. Impact test is done to check
toughness or resistance to fracture under
repeated impacts. Hammer of 14 kg with
15 blows. Same 12.5 10mm and 2.36 mm
sieve are used. Good aggregate have low
impact value 30 prcnt 35 for bitumen
macadam and 40 for WBM.
363. Soundeness test is done to check
duability against action of weathering.
Loss of weight is noted after cycles of
alternate wet and dry cycles .solutions
used are Sodium Sulphate and Magesium
Sulphate. Pour aggregate in solution for
16 to 18 hours and dry .Perform for 10
cyes. Loss of weight should not exceed 12
percnt when done by sodium sulphate and
18 prcnt when done by magnesium
sulphate. This test represent natural cycle
of 12 months.
364. Flakiness test least dimension is
less than 0.6 times of mean dimensions.
Elongnation is largest dimension is greater
than 1.8 times of m.d. This test is perform
only for aggregate greater than 6.3 mm.
value is 15 percent.
365. Angularity number is done to
check voids in aggregates. Air voids in
excess of 33 percent is angularity number.
AN value is 0 to 11. 0 for perfectly round
11 for perfectly angular. This test is
necessary to check interlocking property.
366. Bitumen adhesion test.
Hydrophilic aggregates mean water loving
aggregate are not good. Check by static
immersion test.agg coated with bitumen
soacked for 24 hours. Stripping value is
w2 /w1 x 100 shound not be more than 25
percent.
367. S.G is measure of strength and
quality. Water Absorption givs idea of
strength of stone more W.a more porous
less strength. Avg S.G is 2.68
368. W.A is measure of porosity and
measure should not be greater than 0.1
prcnt or 0.6 prcnt or 2 prcnt different
books.
369. Right of way is the area of land
acquired for construction and future
development of a road symmetrically
about the centre alighment is called right
of way.
370. Formation width is the top width
of highway embackment or bottom width
of highway cutting excluding side drains
.It is summation of width of carriage way
including seperators and width of
shoulders on either side of carriage way.
371. Carriage way is the portion of
road surface which is used for vehicular
traffic its length should be 3.75 m for
single lane road and 3.5 m for two way
lane.
372. Camber is rise of the centre of
carriage way about its edges .or tranverse
slope of the pavement provided for
drainage of rainwater ..It is called cross
slope or cross fall. Barrel camber has
continuous curve of parabola or elliptical
used by high speed traffic.
373. Sloped camber consist of two
straight slopes joining at centre.
374. Shoulder slope should should be
atleast 2.5 m shoulder should be 0.5 prcnt
steeper thanand camber slope
375. Min 1.7 percent to 2 percnnt
maximum 3 to 4 percent
376. A curb (American English,
Canadian English),
or kerb (Australian English, British
English, New Zealand English; see
spelling differences), is the edge
where a raised sidewalk (pavement
in British English; pavement or
footpath in Australian English)
or road median/central reservation
meets a street or other roadway.
377. A shoulder, or
hard shoulder is an emergency
stopping lane by the verge of
a road or motorway,  391.
378. It serves as a lateral
support to the highway
pavement.
379. It provides a means of
protecting the highway surface
from the intrusion of water, one of
the great destroyers of our
highways
380. A transition curve whose radius
gradually changes from an infinite value
to a finite value for the purpose of giving
easy change of direction of a road is called
transiton or spiral or easement curve.
381. To obtain gradual transition from
tanget to cicular curve .to obtain gradual
incrase of super elevation Types are true
spiral ,Cubic spiral,cubic parbola,To
obtain gradual increase of curvature i.e
radius.
382. Ideal transition curve is true spiral
where radius of curvature at any point is
inversely proportional to the distance of
the point from the beginning of curve.
383.
384. Super elevation is inward tilt
provided to road to counter centrifugal
force. When a vehicle negotiate to a
curved path it is subjected to an outward
force known as centrifugal force.In order
to resist this force outer edge of the road is
generally raised above the inner edge
.This is called superelevation or cant or
banking.
385. Max value of SE is 1/15shou
386. The slope in longitudinal
direction is called gradient.
387. Minimum Gradient is essential
gradient provided for easy drainage about
0.4 prcnt
388. Maximum or limiting gradient is
steepest gradient that is permitted on road
surface.
389. Ruling gradient a suitable
gradient which may be normally provided
where vehicle may negotiate without
much fatigue.
390. Exceptional Gradient the gradient
less than minimum gradient or more than
maximum gradient is called exceptional
gradient.
392. Values are 3.3 percent to 7
percent.
393. Difference between flexible and
Rigid pavement . Flexible pavement is a
pavement which consists of a mixture of
asphaltic or bituminous material and
aggregate placed on a good quality and
compacted granular material is termed as
flexible pavement. While the pavement
consistsing of a Portland cement concrete
slab is called rigid ..while cemented
grouted roads are semi rigid.
394. Essential difference between
flexible and rigid are flexible pavement
have low or neglible flexural strength and
have self healing properites .temp
variation do not produce stresses in
flexible. Structural capacity of flexible is
effected by strength of sub grade cost of
flexible is less.
395. While rigid possess noteworthy
flextural streghth. They do not have self
healing property .temperature variations
effect them .Structure capcity of subgrade
do not effect..cost is high.
396. Structure of road is sub grade-sub
base-base-wearing course.
397. Min thickness of base is 10 cm
and max is 30 cm .
398. Concrete pavement are provided
reinforcement about 50 cm below the
surface of pavement.
399. Crazing of pavement is when
exposed surface dires more than
underlying concrete as a result surface
shrinkage cracks may develop .
400. Motorways are controlled
access highways. Access is limited
 to motor vehicles only. In
motorway boundary is provided
No zebra crossing or intersections
made for high speed. Traffic is
divided from that which runs in the
opposite direction, and they are
not normally accessible from minor
roads, but usually only from major
roads via graded intersections
401. A freeway is a motorway
without tolls. Hence the
name FREEway.
402. Highway is generally used to
mean major roads connecting large
cities or towns. A highway may have
intersections zebra crossing and
have less speed as compared to
motorway.
403. Motorway is British word
Express way is Us word
404. A road built for high speed
traffic, but not up to motorway
standards or designated a motorway
405. A divided highway where
intersections and direct access to
adjacent properties have been
eliminated.
406. The central portion of road
for high speed vehicles is known as
express way or motorway ..These are
provided with divided carriage way
controlled access fencing .parking
loading unloading of goods are not
permitted on the express way.
407. Prime Coat: Prime coat is an
application of low viscous cutback
bitumen to an absorbent surface like
granular bases on which binder layer is
placed. It provides bonding between
two layers. Unlike tack coat, prime coat
penetrates into the layer below, plugs
the voids, and forms a water tight
surface.
408. Tack Coat: Tack coat is a very
light application of asphalt, usually
asphalt emulsion diluted with water. It
provides proper bonding between two
layer of binder course and must be thin,
uniformly cover the entire surface, and
set very fast.
409. Seal Coat: Seal coat is a thin
surface treatment used to water-proof
the surface and to provide skid
resistance
410. Double surface treatment is we
are applying bitumen and kerosine oil
above sub base base
411. And triple we apply above sub
grade sub base and base
412. Sub grade 98
413. Subbase 95
414. Base 100
415. And wearing 20
416. difference lies in their
engineering concept. Suez canal was built
by french engineers in 1869. It connects
red sea with Mediterranean sea. In suez
canal, they just have to dredge the sand
and it was easy to construct a canal there.
However, when the same French
engineers tried to construct Panama canal
to join Atlantic ocean with Pacific ocean,
they faced innumerable difficulties. First
of all, level of both oceans differ by 20cm.
Secondly, Unlike, Suez canal, topography
was different. At Panama, the location
was mountaineous; therefore, it was
difficult to cut the land. Though Fench
engineers tried but failed miserably.
417. after 2 to 3 decades Americans
adopted the project from french and
changed tge design. Instead of cutting the
land they designed the grid locking
system.
418. It is kind of a stair provided with
gates. Ships cross one gate to another with
different levels of water.
419. Panama Canal connects south
America and north America .Fuel and
Time saving as previously ships have to
travel 24 thousand km and 1 month more
time now 10 thousand. Started by French
first but they failed then America took up
this project and completed. Panal Canal
length is 77 km .The fuctionining of canal
is different it has 6 lock chamber 3 locks
from taking ships from ocean to lake
gatun and 3 from lake gatun to ocean
 .Lake gatun was artificially created by
charges river.
420. Suez Canal connects meditarian
sea and red sea under Egypt started 1859
to 1869 and length is 193.3 km .by French
engineers
421. SBR is a material that we used in
construction to join previous concrete with
new one. For eg, when column is poured
halved one day and if you have to connect
it with new concrete, first SBR wil be
provided
422. styrene butadine rubber
423. SBR Latex waterproofing is
modified Styrene Butadiene Rubber
emulsion specially designed for use
as a bonding agent. It is suitable as
an admixture for
obtaining waterproof concrete,
plasters and mortars it is also
suitable for preparation of repair
mortars
424. A point where designer needs to
shift from bottom rebars to top rebars or
vice versa. It actually divides the beams
with respect to rebars placement either in
top or bottom and practically designer
must take care for shear when it changes
direction as this may be failure point in
case of shear stresses
425. At point of contra-flexure,
as bending moment changes it's
sign, hence tension and
compression side flip there sides.  surface across which the mineral is
So requirement of tension
reinforcement also changes the
side of the member
426. A point where bending moment
changes its sign or where bm is zero is
called point of contraflexure.it occurs
ususally in overhanging beam.
427. Point of inflection is
the point in beam at which shear
force changes its direction i.e. from
+vre to -ve and vice versa.
428. In preventive measures we must
need to change shear stresses and
torsional stresses as when moments turns
their signs they may brings torsional
effects at that point which could lead to
failure or beams must be additionally
strong over this point.
429. 3 pillar of state Judiciary
Economic
430. Legislation and media
431. Bloating-Bloating of
bricks is spongy swollen
mass over the surface of
burned bricks. Presence of
excess carbonaceous matter
and Sulphur in brick-clay is
the main cause of bloating
432. Presence of drying
grey or white powder
patches on the brick surface
is the efflorescence
indicator. This defect is
caused because of alkalis
present in bricks. When
bricks come in contact with
moisture, water is absorbed
and the alkalis crystalize
433. Streak - The streak of a
mineral is the color of the powder
produced when it is dragged across
an un-weathered surface. ... The
dragged is called a "streak plate",
and is generally made of unglazed
porcelain tile
434. Refractory brick- Refractory
bricks or fire bricks are the type
of bricks which can withstand high
temperature as
a construction material. The color
of fire bricks is usually white, or
yellowish white, and they weigh
about 3 kg each. They must have a
high fusion point. Fire clay is used
for making this type of bricks 900
to 2000 degree density 2400
kg/m3 size 23 cm x 11.3 x 6.5 cm
435. in 1 kN/m3 = 101.9716 kg/m3
436. used in lining furnaces, kilns,
fireboxes, and fireplaces
437. Buttress- A buttress is an
architectural structure built against
or projecting from a wall which
serves to support or reinforce the
wall. A buttress is a structure built
against another structure in order to
strengthen or support it.
438. Terra cota- Baked earth used for
making flower pots and glazed sculptures.
439. When clay is fired to a high
temperature it becomes a kind of
pottery or ceramic.
440. Clay is from geology,
ceramics is when it is fired, also
called pottery (older word in
English was crockery), terrracotta is
one sort of clay and pottery
441. Clay- A raw material ,which
is used to provide plasticity to the
Ceramic Product.
442. Terracotta- It is a type of a
ceramic product which can be
define as- “These wares are
generally made of red or buff
burning clays fired at
comparatively lower temperature
than other type of ceramic product.
It can be scratched by hard steel.
Its color varies from light yellow to
red, reddish , brown”
443. Ceramic- It can be define as
inorganic and non-metallic
material by firing clay at high
temperature.
444. Shoring
445. "form" means the mould into
which concrete is poured;
"formwork" means a system of
forms connected together
446. shoring" means the
structural supports and bracing used
to support all or part of a form.
447. Shoring is construction of
a temperory structure required to
support an unsafe structure.
448. Underpinning is an
arrangement of supports provided
underneath the existing structure
without disturbing its stability.
449. Scaffolding is a temperory
structure usually of timber having
platforms raised for the workers
to work .
450. Shuttering refers to the
method of forming the mold using
plywood while formwork is more of
a broader term that's used to denote
the process of creating a mold using
a variety of materials.
Both formwork and
shuttering accomplish the same
task, with the main difference being
the materials used to accomplish the
task
451. Mini height of skyscraper 330 ft
452. FDI foreign direct investment
453. One of the friend shared that
mock interview panel corrected him with
long and short column ratio as greater or
less than 22 but almost on every place it is
written 12 can any one correct me??
454. A structural member subjected to
axial compressive force is called strut.strut
may be horizontal vertical or inclined.but
a vertical strut used in buildings is called
column
455. A short column will fail by
crushing
456. Long column will fail by
buckling,crippling
457. Euler made first attempt to study
stability of long column he derived
equation for buckling load in aspect of
bending stress and direct stress was
neglected.
458. Direct stress is resistance
provided by the material of a member
to resist the change in dimensions due
to direct axial loading,
459. Whereas the bending stress is
resistance provided by the material of
member to resist the change in
curvature of a beam due loading on it,
 load may be of any type concentrated, x Cross Sec Area of Column Divide by 1
moment couple, distributed etc + rankines constant x square of S.R
460. The effective length /equivalent 476. Value of a for mild steel is 1/7500
length of a column is the length of an 477. Rankine holds good for both long
equivalent pinned-pinned column. and short column.
461. P=pi2EI/Cl2 478.  The distance
462. C=1for columns both hinged between two columns of size 9”x9”
463. C=4for colum one end free other should not be more than 4m centre
end fixed to centre of column
464. C=1/4 both fixed 479. Structurally effective length
465. C=1/2 one fixed other hinged. of column is defined as height
466. Vertical colums will have two between the points of contraflexure
moment of inertia .Column will tend to of the buckled column i.e. between
buckle in the direction of least moment of two floors basically.
inertia therefore least of two will be used. 480. Side embackment slope.
467. The ratio of the effective length 481. breast wall. : a wall built to
of a column to the least radius of sustain the face of a natural bank of
gyration of its cross section is called earth — compare retaining wall.
the slenderness ratio 
482. Retaining wall . A wall built to
468. Radius of gyration is defined as
resists the pressure of earth filling.
the distance from the axis of rotation to a
483. A stone wall provided to
point where the total area of the body is
supposed to be concentrated, so that
protect the slopes of cutting in
the moment of inertia about the axis may natural ground from the action of
remain the same. Simply, gyration is the weather is called breast wall.
distribution of the components of an
object. It is denoted by K. In terms of
484.  Breast walls are
radius of gyration, the moment of inertia
of the body of Area A is given as,
constructed on hill
469. Radius of gyration is radius other
than circular
side and retaining
470.
471.
K=undertoot I/A
Slenderness ratio less than 80 for
walls are constructed
short and more than 80 for long for steel on valley side of road 
and 22 for Rcc column
472. Short column are those whose (confirm it_
ratio of effective length /least lateral
dimension is less than 12 (indian book) 485. Breast walls are designed
..they are subjected to compressive keeping in view surcharge loading
stress .radius of gyration is more.fails by whereas retaining walls don't bear
crushing. earth above the its top level .
473. Long column are those fails by 486. Median- The median strip or
buckling radius of gyration is more .less central reservation is the reserved
load capacity. area that separates opposing lanes
474. As moment of inertia of
of traffic on divided roadways, such
particular shape is calculated from shape
as divided highways, dual
to a reference axis .So M.I would be
carriageways, freeways, and
different for all different shapes.so Radius
cof Gyration is imaginary distance from motorways. (5m ) or 3 or 1.22 or 1.5
the axis of reference where all area is to be m
concentrated or where M.I is same for all. 487. Exit pole- Voter is asked just
475. Ranking formula for crippling immediately after voting that to whom
load = Crushing stress of column material voter voted is called exit pole.
488.
489.
OMC
ASTM- American Society for
testing and materials.
490. ACI- American Concrete Institute
491. Because we have to maintain
compaction percentage of each layer nd
compaction percentage is ratio of dry
density at field to ratio of max dry density
at laboratory
492.  RODDING
493. It is a method of poking
with 2m long, 16 mm dia rod at
sharp corners and edges. The
thickness of layers for rodding
should be 15 to 20 cm
494. . TAMPING
495. It is a method in which the
top surface is beaten by wooden
cross beam of cross section 10 cm
x 10 cm. both compaction and
leveling are achieved
simultaneously. It is mainly used
for roof slabs and road pavements
496. New seven wonders -1
great wall of china ,Christ the
redeemer statue,macho picho peru
,chichen itza mexico ,roman
colosseum,taj mahal
497. The Seven Wonders
of the World are the Taj
Mahal Shah jahan agra,
the Colosseum rome Italy
ampithetre, the Chichen
Itza Mexico, Machu Picchu
Peru South america,
Christ the Redeemer
BRazil, Petra Jordon, and
the Great Wall of China.
The Great Pyramid of Giza
is considered to be an
honorary candidate
although it is not
technically a wonder of
the world.
498. The Colosseum or Coliseum 
(/ˌkɒləˈsiːəm/ KOL-ə-SEE-əm), also
known as the Flavian
Amphitheatre (Latin: Amphitheatrum
Flavium; Italian: Anfiteatro
Flavio [aɱfiteˈaːtro
ˈflaːvjo] or Colosseo [kolosˈsɛːo]), is an
oval amphitheatre in the centre of the
city of Rome, Italy. Built
of travertine limestone, tuff (volcanic
rock), and brick-faced concrete,[1] it
was the largest amphitheatre ever
built at the time and held 50,000 to
80,000 spectators. The Colosseum is
situated just east of the Roman
Forum. Construction began under the
emperor Vespasian in AD 72[2] and
was completed in AD 80 under his
successor and heir, Titus.[3] Further
modifications were made during the
reign of Domitian (81–96).[4] These
three emperors are known as
the Flavian dynasty, and the
amphitheatre was named in Latin for
its association with their family
name (Flavius).
499. Petra is a famous
archaeological site in Jordan's
southwestern desert. Dating to around
300 B.C., it was the capital of the
Nabatean Kingdom. 
democracy va autocracy?- Democracy is
government of the people, by the
people and for the people.
Autocracy is government of the people,
by a single ruler (“autocrat”), against the
people.
500. An autocracy is a system
of government in which a single
person (the autocrat) possesses
supreme and absolute power. 
501. Democrats are elected
while autocrats are imposed..
502. Democracy
1). Political power is distributed
or shared, e.g. direct or
representative government.
503. 2). Society is governed
through the rule of law.
504. 3). Society can be either
homogenous or heterogeneous.
505. 4). Political legitimacy is
premised on the basis of
consensus building and
representative institutions.
506. 5). Order and stability are
maintained largely on an appeal
to reason and experience.
507. (such as Saudi Arabia, the
United Arab Emirates, Eswatini,
Brunei, and Oman) and
dictatorships (such as
Turkmenistan, Eritrea, Equatorial
Guinea, Belarus, and North
Korea) are the main modern-day
forms of autocracy.
508.
509. Difference between
conference and summit?
510. Summit leaders of different
govt ji wich men
511. Aen conference khn b
group of peoples ji gadjani khy
Summit is talkn on one major issue
512. S.I.TE-Sindh Industrial
Trading Estate
513. Full form wapda
(Water and
Power Development Authority)
nepra (The National Electric
Power Regulatory Authority) &
fatf
Determine Tariffs for generation,
transmission and distribution of electric
power. NEPRA will regulate the electric
power sector to promote a competitive
structure for the industry and to ensure the
co-ordinated, reliable and adequate supply
of electric power in the future.
a tax or duty to be paid on a particular class
of imports or exports.
514. Pemra - Pakistan
Electronic Media Regulatory
Authority 
515. National Transmission &
Despatch Company
chairman
516. 9.which are countries of
pakistan neighbor-chairman (india
Afghanistan china iran)
517. India shares longest
border with Pakistan about
2870km.
518.  India to the east,
Afghanistan to the west, Iran to
the southwest, and China in the
northeast.
519. The four countries are
Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and
South Africa. Botswana has
no access to a large water body
like a sea or ocean
520. The largest landlocked
country by area is Kazakhstan.
The smallest by area is Vatican
City. The largest landlocked
country by population is
Ethiopia, which has a population
of over 101 million people.
521. 11. Charter of Madina-
constitution (The Medina
Charter, written and promulgated
by Prophet Muhammad for the
multi-religious ten thousand-
strong citizens of the city-state of
Medina in 622 A.D is truly a
remarkable political-constitutional
document.)
522.
523. 18. Coffer dam and types
524. 19. If i want to go to all
boundaries countries of pakistan
from which points i will stamp my
passport (chairman)
525. 20. Wagha is in pakistan or
India – (Wagah or Wahga is a village
and union council located in the
Wahga Zone of Lahore, Punjab,
Pakistan. The town is famous for the
Wagah border ceremony and also
serves as a goods transit terminal and
a railway station between Pakistan
and India.)
526. 22. OPEC full form-
Organization of pertroleum
exporting countries Iran ,Iraq
Kuwait and S.A and Venunzula
controls price of petrol
527. OPEC had
its headquarters in Geneva,
Switzerland,
528. 24.Which is the first qibla -
al-Aqsa Mosque in Jeruslem
16 TO 19 MONTSH PRAY
ARE GOING TO MADINA
529. 25.Who was companion of
prophet that killed during war of
Ahud (Hazra Hamza)
530. Pile driving is a process by
which pile is forced or driven into
the ground without excavation or
boring. Hammer used are drop
hammer,steam hammer,diesel
hammer.Pile driver is a crane with a
hammer.
531. Coffer dam is temperory
structure constructed in a river lake
etc for excluding the water from a
given site to enable the building
operation to be performed on a
dry surface is called a coffer dam.It
may be made of timber or steel
sheet or earth materials,or
combination etc.
532. Cofferdam can be
defined as the temporary
structure that is built to keep
the water away from the
execution site, so that the
structure can be built on the
dry surface
533. Types are earthen
cofferdam,Rockfill coffer
dam,single walled
cofferdam,Double walled
cofferdam,Braced
cofferdam,cellular
cofferdam.
534. Caisson is a water tight
structure constructed in
connection with excavation
for foundation of bridges
piers . types are box ,open or
well caisson and pneumatic
caissons.
535. A box caisson is open
at the top closed at bottm
.box is used when bearing
stratum is available at
shallow depth.Open caisons
 are open at top and bottom
.they are also called well
caisson used for building
and bridge foundations.
536. The main difference
between the two is that
a cofferdam is a temporary
structure which is removed after
completion of the work, whereas
a caisson is built to remain in
place as part of the completed
structur
537. Caissons are the
permanent structures and also
water tight boxes which act as a
substructure in the main
construction.
538. Where as cofferdams are
also water tight boxes but these
are temporary structures built
during under water constructions.
539. UNESCO, United Nations
Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization
540. SUPARCO,Space and Upper
Atmosphere Research Commission
541. ISRO The Indian Space
Research Organisation
542. OIC,Organization of the
Islamic Co peration
543. FATA,Federally Administered
Tribal Area
544. INTELSAT,International
Telecommunications Satellite
Organization
545. APTEC,All Pakistan
Technology Engineers Council.
546. Which Prophet Is Said to Be
"Abu-al Bashar"........ADAM (A.S)
547. GRAND TRUNK ROAD.
BY SHER SHAH
SOOORI.......2500km long.... strtzz
from bangladesh and goess to
jalalabad kabul.
548. indias president? Ram Nath
Kovind 
549. Area - Total 796,095 km2
550. Sindh area 140,914 km2
551. . 
552.   SAARC -The South Asian
Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC) is the
regional intergovernmental
organization and geopolitical
union of states in South Asia. Its
member states are Afghanistan,
Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the
Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri
Lanka. H.Q Katmandu Nepal
553. SAARC provides a
platform for the peoples of South
Asia to work together in a spirit of
friendship, trust and
understanding. It aims to promote
the welfare of the peoples of
South Asia and to improve their
quality of life through accelerated
economic growth, social progress
and cultural development in the
region.
554. Since its creation, its
member nations have contributed
to a total of thirteen General
Secretaries. Pakistan's Diplomat
Amjad Hussain B. Sial is
the current Secretary-General,
having assumed charge on 1
March 2017
555. The Association of Southeast
Asian Nations ASEAN is a regional
intergovernmental organization
comprising ten countries in Southeast
Asia, which promotes
intergovernmental cooperation and
facilitates economic
556. Headquarters: Jakarta,
Indonesia
557. Membership. 10 States ―
Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia,
Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia,
Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore,
Thailand, and Vietnam. ...
558. NATO (the North Atlantic
Treaty Organization) is an
international alliance that consists
of 29 member states from North
America and Europe. It was
established at the signing of the
North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April
1949.
559. Headquarters: Brussels,
Belgium
560. NATO's purpose is to
guarantee the freedom and
security of its members through
political and military means.
POLITICAL - NATO promotes
democratic values and enables
members to consult and
cooperate on defence and
security-related issues to solve
problems, build trust and, in the
long run, prevent conflict
561. NADRA: National Database
And Registration Authority
562. RADAR: Radio Detection
and Ranging
563. PTA: Pakistan
Telecommunication Authority
564. WHO: World Health
Organisation
565. The United Nations Industrial
Development Program, UNDP
566. United Nations
Environment Programme UNEP
567. International Court of
Justice ICJ  its headquarters at The
Hague, Netherlands
568. United Nations Children's
Education Fund UNICEF
569. International Civil Aviation
Organisation ICAO
570. Asian Development Bank
ADB
571. Asia Pacific Economic Co-
operation APEC
572. The Asia-Pacific Economic
Cooperation, an inter-governmental
forum for 21 member economies in
the Pacific Rim, promotes free trade
throughout the Asia-Pacific region
573. International Criminal
Police Organization. INTERPOL
574. The National
Reconciliation Ordinance (NRO)
by Pervez muharaf 2007. Chief
Justice Iftikar cancelled it on
2009
575.  It granted amnesty to
politicians, political workers and
bureaucrats who were accused of
corruption, embezzlement, money
laundering, murder, and between 1
January 1986, and 12 October 1999,
the time between two states of martial
law in Pakistan. It was
declared unconstitutional by
the Supreme Court of Pakistan on 16
December 2009, throwing the country
into a political crisis.[2][3]
576. The United Nations Industrial
Development Organization, UNIDO
577. CSS= Central Superior
Services.
578. Provincial
PCS== 
Civil Services
579. The National Assembly has
272____ general seats, __60___
women seats and ___10__ non-
muslims seats? 
580. Qasim Khan Suri was
elected as the Deputy Speaker 
581. Asad Qaiser current
speaker of N.A
582. 1. I.Q. = Intelligence Quotient
583. 2. a.m = Ante Meridiem
584. 3. p.m = Post Meridiem 
585. ...4. e.g. = Exempli Gratia
586. 5. i.e. = Id Est (That is to say)
587. 6. SIM = Subscriber Identity
Module 
588. 7. OK = Objection Killed
589. 8. NEWS= North East West
South
590. Bone: there are 206 bones in
human body.
591.  The white and dark green
field represents Minorities & Muslim
majority,respectively.
592. * The crescent on the Flag
represents progress.
593. * The five-rayed star
represents light and knowledge.
594. Hazrat jibreal
messages,Hazrat Mikaeel
weather,Hazrat Izrael Death,Hazrat
Israafeel trumpet, grave angles
munker nakeer, Kiraman Katibeen
or raqeeb ateed deeds , heaven
ridhwan, hell malik protection
hafadha.
595. Who is your Lord? What is
your religion? What is your faith
about this person (Muhammad)?
596. Books toorat hazrat musa,
Zabur hazrat duad, Injeel hazrat
Esa,
597. Ten promised jannah.
1Hazrat Abu bakr,2Hazrat
umar,3hazrat usman, 4Hazrat Ali,
5Hazrat Talha,6Hazrat Zubair,
7HAzrat Abdur rehman bin awf,
8Hazrat saad bin waqas,9 Hazrat
Saeed bin zaid, Hazrat abu ubaida
bin alh jarrah.
598. The pillars of islam are
kalmia
shahdat,namaz,fasting,hajj,zakat,jih
ad.
599. Literal meaning of zakat to
grow or to purify,
600. Nisab 7.5 tola gold or 52.5
tola silver.
601. 2.5 percent per annum
602. Fuqara,Maskin,Officials,New
muslims,To free slaves,those in
debt,in the cause of Allah.
603. User is the religion tax
collected on agricultureal
products.Litral meaning is tenth
part.
604. Khums is kind of Islamic
tax.one fifth of wealth should go to
ALLAH,HIS messenger,relative of
messenger,orphan,needy and
perso who Is away fro mhome.
605. Jazia is tax given by non
mulsim in inslamic state who are
permanent resisdent
606. Khiraj is land tax.
607. 5 pillars.
608. Meaning of nimaz is
mercy,craving forgivents and
uterring praises of ALLAH.
609. Islam is
an Arabic word meaning "submi
ssion" and in the. religious
context means "submission to the
will of God". "Islam" is derived
from the Arabic word "sal'm"
which. literally means peace.
The religion demonstrates peace
and tolerance.
610.
611. Fasting mean to refrain,to
abstain
612. Meaning of hajj is to go out
towards a definite object.
613. Literal meaning of tauheed
is to know believe as one
614. Bunyadi aqeeda.5Basic
creeds are
tauheed,prophethood,iman on all
nabis,angels,revealed books and
day of judgment.
615. Nabi continuous previous
missinon it is called prophet.
616. Messenger is rasul with new
mission.
617. Born: April 22, 571
AD, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
618. Died: June 8, 632
AD, Medina, Saudi Arabia
619.  The prophet died on his
63rd birthday.
620. Last sermon at 10 A.H 9th of
zilhaj at place of arafah.
621. Current Islamic date 22
RABI AWAL 1442
622. Muharam 2-Safar 3-rabiul
awal-4 rabi us sani 5-jama dil ula 6-
jama dul sani -7- Rajab 8- Shaban
-9- Ramzan 10-Shawaal 11
zulqaidah 12 zulhaj.
623. he Battle of Badr (Arabic: ‫غزوة‬
‫)بدر‬, fought on Tuesday, 13 March 624
CE (17 Ramadan, 2 AH in the Islamic
calendar) in the Hejaz region of
western Arabia (present-day Saudi
Arabia), was a key battle in the early
days of Islam and a turning point
in Muhammad's struggle with his
opponents among
the Quraish[1] in Mecca.  life of the Prophet Mohammed (PBUH)
624. The Army of Truth,
Prophet Muhammad (PBUH’s)
armed force was just 313 in
number. Against them stood
Abu Jahl’s armed force, three
circumstances as greater, right
around 1000 officers to battle
the Muslims.
625. After the fight was over,
just 14 Muslims out of 313 lost
their lives, while 70 agnostics
were slaughtered and another
70 were caught.
626. As indicated by the
Islamic law the detainees of war
get to be slaves of the Muslims
and everybody of them is
required to work as per his
ability. Taught people are
utilized on teaching others and
industrialists give direction in
the field of industry.
627. It is around 70 miles
from Madinah 
628. The Battle of Badr is
alluded to in several verses in
the Qur’an, it is mentioned by
name is Surah Aal-‘Imran:
629. 5,000 angels helped the
Muslims achieve victory over
the Quraysh who were better
equipped in terms of
weaponry, camels and war-
horses. Allah says in the
Qur’an:
630. The Muslims fought the total
of twenty nine (29) battles during the
from which some were fought by the
Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) himself
and from which some were lead
and/or participated by the Prophet
Mohammed (PBUH) which are 
Twenty seven (27) battles from the
twenty nine (29) battles were fought
with the attendance of the Prophet
Mohammed (PBUH) himself not as a
fighter, but rather a leader or something
else with only nine (9) of them being
fought by the Prophet Mohammed
(PBUH) himself using his sword which
are :
631. The battle of Badr (2
Hijri).
632. The battle of Uhud (3
Hijri).
633. The battle of Al-
Khandaq (5 Hijri).
634. Hudai biya 6 hijri
635. The battle of Khaybar
(7 Hijri).
636. Fath Mekkah (8 Hijri).
637. The battle of Haneen
(8 Hijri).
638. Tabook 9 hijre
639. The Battle of
Uhud (Arabic: ‫ )غزوة أحد‬was
fought on 23 March 625 (3
Shawwal 3 AH in the Islamic
calendar) at Mount Uhud, in what
is now north-western Arabia.
It occurred between a force from
the Muslim community
of Medina led by Muhammad,
and a force led by Abu Sufyan
from Mecca, the town from which
many of the Muslims had
previously emigrated (hijra). The
Battle of Uhud was the second
military encounter between the
Meccans and the Muslims, after
the Battle of Badr in 624, where a
small Muslim army had defeated
the larger Meccan army.
640. Hamza was killed in
the Battle of Uhud on 22 March
625 (3 Shawwal 3 hijri) when he
was 59 (lunar) years old. He was
standing in front of Muhammad,
fighting with two swords and
shouting, "I am Allah's lion!"
Jubayr ibn Mut'im bribed the
Abyssinian slave Wahshi ibn
Harb with a promise of
manumission if he killed Hamza.
641. n A.D. 625, the Muslims
of Madinah learned a difficult
lesson during the Battle of Uhud.
When attacked by an invading
army from Makkah, it initially
looked like the small group of
defenders would win the battle.
But at a key moment, some
fighters disobeyed orders and left
their posts out of greed and pride,
ultimately causing the Muslim
army a crushing defeat.
642. hey set out from Makkah
with an army of 3,000 fighters,
led by Abu Sufyan. The Muslims
gathered to defend Madinah from
invasion with a small band of 700
fighters, led by Prophet
Muhammad himself. 
643. The Prophet Muhammad
assigned about 50 archers to
take up post on a nearby rocky
hill to prevent the vulnerable
Muslim army from attack at the
rear. This strategic decision was
meant to protect the Muslim army
from being surrounded or
encircled by the opposing
cavalry.
644. The archers were under
orders to never leave their
positions under any
circumstances unless ordered to
do so.
645. At that critical moment,
many of the archers disobeyed
orders and ran down the hill to
claim the spoils of war. This left
the Muslim army vulnerable and
shifted the outcome of the battle.
646. Nearly 70 prominent early
Muslims were killed in the Battle
of Uhud, including Hamza bin
Abdul-Mutallib and Musab ibn
Umayr. They were buried on the
battlefield, which is now marked
as the graveyard of Uhud. The
Prophet Muhammad was also
injured in the fighting.
647. 3 miles from north of
madina
648. First time women
participated in battle of uhad
649. 300 went to qureish
hypocrites.
650. The battle of the Trench
is also known as Ghazwa
Khandaq, it was the 30-day long
fight of Yathrib by Arabian and
Jewish tribes.
651. The defenders of
Medinah were Muslims led by
Prophet Muhammad PBUH, he
ordered a Trench to be dug
after taking a suggestion from
Salman Farsi (RA). These
trenches gave Muslims the
benefit of defeating enemy
armies of suffering fewer
casualties.
652. This story is also
mentioned in the Holy Quran in
the Surah Al Ahzaab.
653.  Muslims were just 3,000
and enemy forces were 10,000
yet Muslims only suffered 1 to 5
casualties while the opponents
ended up losing 80% of their
army.
654. After that Muslims
further conquered Banu
Qurayza neighborhoods and
ruled over these tribes proudly
as more people from these
tribes accepted Islam and later
Islam flourished in this region.
655. Battle of Trench took place in
5 AH. It started in the last week of
Shawwal and continued till
Ramadan.
656. Salman Farsi RA gave the
suggestion of digging the trench
around the city of Madinah, these
trenches were dug in 6 days.
657. Miracle took place at Jabir
RA’s house.
658. North of Madina should be
protected by trench
659. Mount Dhubab (Also
known as Mount Ra’yah) was
the place where Prophet
Muhammad PBUH was stuck
under a large rock, which was
broken down into pieces and
emitted light. After seeing this
light, Prophet PBUH
congratulated Muslims for
upcoming victory over Persia,
Yemen, and Syria. It was the
place where Masjid Ra’yah is
located.
660. The treaty of
Hudaybiyyah also known as
Sulah Hudaibiya was one of the
events that took place during
the initial stages of Islam.
661. It was a treaty between
Madina, represented by Prophet
Muhammad PBUH and Makkah,
Quraish tribe on March 628 (as
per Islamic date, Dhu Al Qudah
6th AH).
662. This treaty helped to
resolve the conflict between
two cities, Makkah and
Madinah, ensuring a 10 years
peace clause which was
 authorized by Muhammad
PBUH’s followers to come back
following years in peaceful
pilgrimage, which is also known
as The First Pilgrimage of Islam.
663. t was Ali (RA) was the
person who wrote it for Prophet
Muhammad PBUH. and
Prophet Muhammad PBUH
signed the treaty himself.
664. Umar RA has asked
Prophet Muhammad PBUH to
carry arms as it isn’t safe to visit
Makkah without arms.
665. Right after two years
after the treaty polytheists of
Makkah had violated the first
article of Treaty (abandoning
the war), because Banu Khuza’a
tribe were allied with Muslims
and Banu Bakr were with
Quraish, but during a battle
between the two in 8/629-630,
some men from Quraish’s tribe
killed some men of Banu
Khuza’a. This was the breaking
of the Hudaybiyya treaty. They
went to apologize with Abu
Sufyan to Prophet Muhammad
PBUH but his apology was not
accepted, then Prophet SAWW
gathered a great army and
moved towards Makkah to
expand Islam.
666. Huddaybiyyah is still very
important in Islam. After signing
this treaty Qraish no longer
thought Prophet Muhmmad
was a Rebel from Makkah.
Quraish also accepted Madinah
as the Islamic state.
667. This shows that one
should work with diplomacy not
with war. This treaty helped
Islam to flourish in Arabic
peninsula.
668. IN 8 AH (630 CE),
the Qureish of Makkah
broke their pact of
Hudaibya with Prophet
Muhammad (PBUH) by
killing some of the men of
the Khuza tribe, with
whom the Prophet had a
treaty, inside the sacred
surrounds of the Kaaba.
669. . On Muharram 10, AH
8, the Prophet set out, along
with his allied tribes, with his
forces of 10,000 men: the
largest force to set out of
Madina so far.’
670. While they camped
outside Makkah, the Prophet
asked the men to spread out
and light a fire each. The
10,000 fires became visible to
the Makkans who were
overawed. Abu Sufyan, the
leader of the Qureish, and
some other men came
running to the camp and met
the Prophet. When the call to
prayer was sounded at dawn,
Abu Sufyan, the Prophet’s
bitterest enemy, was so
moved that he sought the
Prophet and recited the
kalima:
671. Battle of Khyber 681. The word "Jihad" means
between jews and muslims in struggle, or to be specific, striving in
7 hijri the cause of God
672. The Messenger of God 682. Sharia is the comprehensive
protected Madinah from the Muslim law derived from two
polytheists by signing the treaty sources, a) the Quran b) the Sunnah
with them. However, the north side or traditions of Prophet Muhammad
(where Khaybar Jews lived) was (Peace be upon him).
still deprived of security. It was 683. Shortest Surah of
necessary for the acceleration of
the Islamic development to make Quran?- Al-Kawthar ‫ ْٱل َك ْو َث َر‬:( THE
the north secure. ABUNDANCE) is the shortest
673. Besides, the greatest trade surah of Al-Quran. It is
destination for Arabs was Makki Surah. It has 3 ayat.
Damascus. The Jews were on this
way and started to develop as a
strong element. It was a danger in
terms of Islamic development. 
674. All of those reasons made it 684. Total no of Ghazwat
necessary for Muslims to settle the
issue of Khaybar.
is 27?
675. Moreover, God Almighty
had promised Muslims the 685. Total no of massagers
conquest of Khaybar in the chapter send by GOD ?-
of al-Fath while returning from the
Expedition of Hudaybiyah. Prophet Muhammad further
declared that God has sent no less
676. than 124,000 prophets to mankind
677. The Expedition to Tabuk, throughout history (Ibn Hanbal,
also known as the Expedition of Musnad, 5, 169) of which only 26
Usra, was a military expedition that
was initiated by Muhammad in are mentioned in the Quran
October 630 AD (AH 9). Muhammad
led a force of as many as 30,000[1]
[2]
 north to Tabuk, near the Gulf of
Aqaba, in present-day 686. The name of surah
northwestern Saudi Arabia.[2] has no ‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحيم‬.Is
678. Tabuk between Muslims surah toba.
and Qaiser of Rome with Syrian
army after conquest of
687. The name of surah
Makkah.Tabuk is name of Fort
has two times ‫بسم هللا الرحمن‬
679. A broader meaning of the
word "Islam" is to achieve peace by ‫الرحيم‬.Is surah naml
submitting to the will of God.
680. The word "Muslim" means
one who submits to the will of God.
 688. Difference between 701. Gazwa hunain 8 hijri
the namaz of eid and 702. Biggest Surah Of
namaz of juma, Quran name is ?
 (Al-Baqara)
689. First hajj is performed
by Hazrat Abu Bakr 703. List the faraiz of
(Abdullah ibn Abi Quhafa)( wazoo , gussel and namaz?
ٰ ‫)رضی ہللا‬
‫تعالی عنہ‬ 704. There are four fards of
wudu:
705. 1 – To wash the face
690. Fatah Makkah was once...
done on 8 hijri? 706. 2 – To wash the hands up
the elbows, including the elbows...
707. 3 – To wash the feet
691. Which Prophet Is Said including the heels...
to Be "Abu-al Bashar"? 708. 4 – To rub one-fourth of the
Hazrat Adam head with wet hand..
709. There are three fards of
ghusl:
692. Total rukus, Sajde in 710. 1 – To rinse the mouth with
Quran? water,
711. 2 – To sniff water into the
There are 540 rukus in Quran.
nose and blow it out,
693. There are 114 surahs in the 712. 3 – To wash the whole
body.
Quran, 86 are classified as Makki,
while 28 are Madini. E 713. Remember dua Dua
694. 6236 ayats Qunoot ,six kalmaz?
695. Hazrat usman first
hafiz 714. There are 14 sejjdas
696. Surah yaseen is heart in Quran
of Quran
697. Allah is mentioned 715. Umar e Sani is called
135 times in quran and by Hazrat umer bin abdull
Prophet Muhammad is kathab .
mentioned 5 times
698. Quba mosque is 716. Namaz-e-janaza is a
oldest fer z-e-kafaya.
699. Surah fateh is last 717. There are 14 fard parts for
surat revealed
the salah to be valid and
700. 7 manzils
these fourteen fard parts of salahs
 differ into two groups as "before the bat one should also avoid standing

salah (prerequisites)" and "during the for the Prayer at a place which is

salah". The first seven of these are stinking with filth and dirt around it.

prerequisites which must be fulfilled 722. 4. Covering of Satr 

before the commencement of the For males it is the part of the body

Prayer. between the navel and the knee, and

718. Fard Parts before the for females it is the whole body

Salah: (Prerequisites) excluding the face, hands and feet.

719. 1. Cleanliness of Body  Women should see that the ankles

The body has to be cleaned of all do not remain uncovered.

sorts of impurities, whether these are 723. 5. Ascertaining the right

impurities in effect or impurities in time for a Prayer 

fact, and one must have obtained Each Prayer has to be performed

purity either through Wudu or, if within the time limit prescribed for it.

need be, through Ghusl. If a Prayer is performed before its

720. 2. Cleanliness of Garments  time, it will be no Prayer at all, and if

All the garments including even the it is offered after the time for it has

cap, socks, gloves, etc., that one is elapsed, it will have to be offered as

wearing or having on one's body a missed (Qada) Prayer.

must be clean and pure beyond any 724. 6. Facing the Qibla 

shadow of a doubt. If a person performs his Prayer with

721. 3. Cleanliness of Place  his face turned towards a direction

The minimum requirement is that the other than that of the Qibla, unless

place where one intends to stand there is a genuine reason for that, his

and where one's knees, hands and Prayer will not be deemed to have

forehead would rest in Sajdah, must been performed.

be clean, whether it is a piece of 725. 7. Intention  

plain ground or floor, or a mat, etc., Having the intention to offer the
 salah in the mind, which may also be long that one may complete

expressed with the tongue, to offer a recitation of that much [of a] portion

particular Fard Prayer at a prescribed of the Qur'an, which one has to

time, or a particular missed Prayer recite as an imperative duty. In

afterwards. For the Nafl Prayer, however, Qiyam is

the Sunnah or Nafl Prayers, not necessary.

however, the mention of the time is 730. 3. Qira'at 

not necessary. If one is going to offer To recite by heart one verse of the

a Prayer under the leadership of an Qur'an, consisting of at least two

Imam, one has to express intention words, like  (Allah-us-Samad).

to that effect, too. According to Imam Muhammad and

726. Fard Parts During the Abu Yusuf, one should make it a

Salah: habit to recite more of the Qur'an,

727. These are the pillars or for instance, three short verses or

principles which have to observed one long verse, though according to

during the Prayer : Imam Abu Hanifah, one short verse

728. 1. Takbir Tahrimah  containing at least two words will

To begin the Prayer with  (Allahu suffice for the purpose.

Akbar),  (Allahu A'zam) or  (Allahu 731. Qira'at is obligatory in any

A'la) etc., expressing the greatness two of the rak'ahs of

and glory of Allah. This is the Fard Prayer, e.g., in the first and

called Takbir Tahrimah because second, second and third, third and

after one has pronounced it, one is fourth, or the first and last, but in

forbidden to move about, talk or the Wajib Sunnat,

drink, etc. or Nafl Prayer, Qira'at has to be

729. 2. Qiyam   done in all the rak'ahs.

To stand upright in 732. 4. Ruku 

a Fard or Wajib Prayer at least for so To bend down to the extent that the

 hands reach the knees is obligatory
748. 4 Rakat Fard
(Compulsory)
once in each rak'ah. 749. Salat al-Maghrib
733. 5 Sajdah  (3+2+2)
750. Evening Twilight Prayer
To prostrate oneself twice in 751.

every rak'ah. 752. 3 Rakat Fard

(Compulsory) [Raka’ah] Fard
734. 6. Qa'dah Akhirah  (compulsory, non-performer is
To sit in the prescribed way at the sinner)
753. 2 Rakat Sunnat
end of the last rak'ah of the Prayer
(Essential)
for so long that one may complete 754. 2 Rakat Nafl (Optional)
recitation of Tashahhud. 755. Salat al-Isha'a
(4+4+2+2+3+2)=17
735. 7. Salam.  756. Night Prayer
757.
To end the prayer with a voluntary
758. 4 Rakat Sunnat
action or words not included in the (Optional)
Prayer after one has performed the 759. 4 Rakat Fard
(Compulsory)
full Prayer and brought it to
760. 2 Rakat Sunnat
completion. (Everyday Fiqh (Vol. 1) (Essential)
by Abdul Aziz Kamal) 
761. 2 Rakat Nafl (Optional)
736. Salat al-Fajr (2+2) 762. 3 Rakat Witr
737. Salat al-Dhuhr (Compulsory)
(4+4+2+2) 763. 2 Rakat Nafl (Optional)
738. Noon Prayer 764. Salat al-Jum’ah
739. (4+2+2+4+2+2)=16
740. 4 Rakat Sunnat 765. Friday Noon Prayer
(Essential) 766.

741. 4 Rakat Fard 767. 4 Rakat Sunnat

(Compulsory) (Essential)
742. 2 Rakat Sunnat 768. 2 Sermon/khutba
(Essential) (Compulsory)
743. 2 Rakat Nafl (Optional) 769. 2 Rakat Fard
744. Salat al-Asr (4+4) (Compulsory)
745. Afternoon Prayer 770. 4 Rakat Sunnat
746. (Essential)
747. 4 Rakat Sunnat 771. 2 Rakat Sunnat
(Optional) (Essential)
772. 2 Rakat Nafl (Optional)
773. Cave hira is in noor mountain
774. Khateeb Ambia is title of Hazrat
shoiab
775. Prophet lived in madina for 10
years
776. Hazrat Ali matryed in 40 hijra
777. Palestine is called land of
prophets
778.
779. The Masjid al-
Qiblatayn (Arabic:  ‫جد‬ ِ ْ‫َمس‬
ْ lit. 'Mosque of the Two Qiblas') is
‫ٱلقِ ْبلَ َتیْن‬,  1928, Ratodero
a mosque in Medina that is historically
important for Muslims as the place
where, after
the Islamic  Nabi (Prophet) Muhamma
d received the command to change
the Qiblah (Direction of Prayer)
from Jerusalem to Mecca, the entire
congregation led by a companion
changed direction in prayer. Thus it
uniquely contained
two Mihrabs (Prayer niches).
Recently,[when?] the mosque was
renovated; the old prayer niche facing
Jerusalem was removed, and the one
facing Mecca was left. The Qiblatayn
Mosque is among the earliest
mosques that date to the time
of Muhammad, along with the Quba
Mosque and Prophet's Mosque,[citation
needed]
 considering that the Great
Mosques of Mecca[1][2][3]
[4]
 and Jerusalem[5][6] are associated
with
earlier Prophets in Islamic thought.
780. Stoning the devil is called
ramee
781. John Smeaton who lived in
the 1700s was the Father of Civil
Engineering and the first to be
called a "civil engineer". He
pioneered/reinvented the use of
slaked lime which generally lead
to the development of Portland
Cement, which is familiar to all
civil engineers, worldwide, past
and present.
782. RG Kennedy investigated
canals systems for twenty years
and come up with
a Kennedy's silt theory.
The theory says that, the silt
carried by flowing water in a
channel is kept in suspension by
the eddy current rising to the
surface
783. Zulfiqar Born: January 5,
784. Date of death: April 4, 1979
Jinnah Born: December 25, 1876, Wazir
Mansion, Karachi
Date of death: September 11, 1948
Allama Iqbal Date of birth: November 9,
1877
Died: April 21, 1938, Lahore
Benazir Born: June 21, 1953, Karachi
Date of assassination: December 27, 2007
785.  Malala Yousafzai won the
Nobel Peace Prize in 2014,
there had only ever been
one Pakistani Nobel laureate:
the scientist Abdus Salam,
who won the physics prize in
1979
786. On 10 October
2014, Yousafzai was announced
as the co-recipient of the 2014
Nobel Peace Prize for her
struggle against the suppression
of children and young people and
for the right of all children to
education. Having received the
prize at the age of
17, Yousafzai is the youngest
Nobel laureate
787. The Nobel Prize is a set of
annual international awards bestowed
in several categories by Swedish and
Norwegian institutions in recognition of
 academic, cultural, or scientific 811. A. 61 AH
advances. The will of the Swedish
chemist, engineer and industrialist 812. Seven angles are mentioned
Alfred Nobel established the five in Quran
Nobel prizes in 1895 813. Prophet hazrat __________
788. RAbiul awal is called month of (AS) known as Shaikh al Anbiya ?
migration 814. 2
789. 360 IDOLS IN KAAB
790. Hazrat Umar Matryed on 1st
815. A. Nooh (‫)عليهم السالم‬ 
muharram 816. Who is known as Adam-e-Sani?
791. Atique is title of Hazrat abu
817.
Bakr
C. Hazrat Nooh (A.S)
792. 5 verses in first wahi
793. Surah Rehman is beauty of
818. 23 years Quran
Quran 819. Gape between first wahi
nd
794. Subject of Quran is Human and 2 wahi is 2 years 6 month
795. 12 ghazwa described in Quran 820. _________ is known as “Saloos
796. 26 prophets in Quran ul Quran”?
797. Najeebullah is title of Hazrat 821. A. Surah Ikhlas
Dawood
822. Tauheed, Risalat, Malaika,
798. 6 takbeer in Azan
Alhami Kutub and Akhirat
799. Nimazai Janaza is Farze
823. The reward of which prayer is
Kafaya
equal to the reward of Hajj or Umrah ?
800. Nimaze istasqa is for rain
801. 4 or 8 or 12 in Tahjut 824. A. Namaz-i-Ishraq
802. Total wives 11 825. How many Surahs are in 30th
803. Iman e musafal Chapter (Parah) of Quran?
Tauheed,Angels,Books,Prophets,Ta
826. A. 37
qdeer,Day of Judgment
804. The function of Hazrat Mekael 827. How many time the word
(AS) is to_____________? ‘Quran’ is repeated in Quran?

805. A. Make rain and supply of 828. A. 70

food to Allah’s creatures. 829. Name the mountain where the
806. Hzrat Ibrahim Abu ul Anbiya Holy Prophet (S.A.W) deputed 50
skillful archers (Teer-Andaaz) in battle
807. Mota was battle in which
of Ohad?
Khalid bin walled participated first
B. Jabel-e-Yahnene
time
808. Who was the first female 830. The Quran, literally
Shaheed (martyr) of Islam? meaning "the recitation"
831. Torat means _____________?
809. A. Hazrat Sumayyah Bint
Khubbat(RA) 832. A. Law
810. The Battle of Karbala took 833. What is the literal meaning of
place on which Hijri? Shariah__________?
 834. A. A clear straight path the baseline (usually the mean low-
water mark) of a coastal state. The
835. AYATAL KURSI IN SURAH territorial sea is regarded as the
BAQRAH sovereign territory of the state,
836. What is the other name of although foreign ships (military and
Surah Fatiha? civilian) are allowed innocent
837. A. Umm al-Quran passage through it, or transit
passage for straits; this sovereignty
B. Umm al-Kitab
also extends to the airspace over and
C. Both A & B seabed below. Adjustment of these
838. Other names of Quran -Al- boundaries is called, in international
Kitab, Al-Furqan, Al-Huda; law, maritime delimitation.
839. Other names of Muhammad 851. The contiguous zone is a
band of water extending farther from
Ahmed ,Qasim, Nazir,Hamid,
the outer edge of the territorial sea to
840. ____________ is called Sayeed- up to 24 nautical miles (44.4 km;
ul-Ayam?C. Friday 27.6 mi) from the baseline, within
which a state can exert limited control
841. DAUGHTERS OF HAZRAT for the purpose of preventing or
MUHAMMAD 4 punishing "infringement of its customs,
842. THERE ARE 17 FARZ IN fiscal, immigration or sanitary laws
and regulations within its territory or
PRAYER territorial sea". 
843. Makkah was also 852. Exclusive Economic Zone—
called___________? the area extending 200 nm. from the
baseline except when the space
844. A. Ummul Qura between two countries is less than
B. Baladul Ameen 400 nm- An exclusive economic zone
C. Bakkah is a sea zone prescribed by the 1982
D. All of these United Nations Convention on the Law
of the Sea over which a state has
845. USA- United States of special rights regarding the
America -50 states Capital exploration and use of marine
Washington DC resources, including energy
846. I Nautical Mile=1.852 Km production from water and wind.
853.
The zones of maritime boundaries are 854. Gorakh Hill (Sindhi: ‫)گورک‬
expressed in concentric limits surrounding (Urdu: ‫ )گورکھ‬is a hill
coastal and feature baselines.[1] station of Sindh, Pakistan.[1] It is
847. Inland waters—the zone inside situated at an elevation of 5,689 ft
the baseline. (1,734 m) in the Kirthar Mountains, 94
848. Territorial sea—the zone kilometres (58 mi) northwest
of Dadu city.
extending 12 nm. from the baseline.[2]
849. Contiguous zone—the area 855. the Gorakh Hill Station is
extending 24 nm. from the baseline.[2] situated on the highest plateau of
850. Territorial sea, as defined by Sindh. ..
the 1982 United Nations Convention 856. South China sea is
on the Law of the Sea,[1] is a belt importance because there is 11
of coastal waters extending at biilions barrel oil and 190 trillion
most[clarification needed] 12 nautical ft3 natural gas,and 30 percnt
miles (22.2 km; 13.8 mi) from
maritime oil trade happens from
 south china and 3.37 to 5.57
million dollar trade passes
857. Dispute is among
China,Taiwan
,Veintnam,Malaysia
,Brunei,phillpines,and Usa,
858. Above countries claim
south china sea region except
USA
859. Philpines is drilling oil and
gas near palwa island but china
is harassing ..America is
involving cuz America has signed
defence treaty with philpine
moreover America also want
freedom of navigation in sea
860. Vietnam is also drilling but
china is stoping America has
good relation with Vietnam as
they have free trade agreement
so America is also concern with
it.
861. Implication of US interest
is that china is not following
global rule,china should ensured
freedom of navigation. China say
we will only give freedom
navigation .but will not give
freedom to military cuz of national
security. Usa ask for alliance
security. Usa wants his
hegemony. Out of whole trade
1.2 trillion doolar trade of usa.
862. Usa has good relation with
Taiwan. Also free trade
agreement.
863. China is expanding its
maritime presence,and
constructing military outpost on
artificial islands. Usa also increasing
military percentage, all are
increasing military.
864. Parcel island and Spartley
Island
865. Hegemonay is dominance.
866. Prevention of war can be
done through sharing resources,
military to military
communication,international
arbitration.
867. The Nine-Dash Line—at
various times also referred to as the
"10-dash line" and the "11-dash
line"—refers to the undefined,
[1]
 vaguely located, demarcation
line used initially by the Republic of
China (1912–1949) and subsequently
the governments of the Republic of
China (ROC, which governs Taiwan)
and the People's Republic of
China (PRC), for their claims of the
major part of the South China Sea.[2]
[3]
 T
868. The sea carries
tremendous
strategic importance; one-third
of the world's shipping passes
through it, carrying over $3 trillion
in trade each year, it contains
lucrative fisheries, which are
crucial for the food security of
millions in Southeast Asia. Huge
oil and gas reserves are believed
to lie beneath its seabed.
869. There are disputes
between China, Japan, and South
Korea over the extent of their
respective exclusive economic
zones (EEZs) in the East China Sea.
870. During the state visit of Xi
Jinping to Pakistan in April 2015, he
wrote in an open editorial stating:
"This will be my first trip to Pakistan,
but I feel as if I am going to visit the
home of my own brother." On 20 April
2015, Pakistan and China signed an
agreement to commence work on the
$46 billion agreement, which is
roughly 20% of Pakistan's annual
GDP,[43] with approximately $28 billion
worth of fast-tracked "Early Harvest"
projects to be developed by the end of
2018.
871. Current GDP around 300
Billion Dollar exactly 320
872. GDP Growth Rate
in Pakistan is expected to reach
5.50 percent by the end of 2020,
according to Trading Economics
global macro models and
analysts expectations. In the
long-term, the Pakistan
GDP Growth Rate is projected to
trend around 5.50 percent in
2021, according to our
econometric models
873. Gross domestic product is a
monetary measure of the market value
of all the final goods and services
produced in a specific time period,
often annually
874. a reduction in the value of
an asset over time, due in
particular to wear and tear. Is
Depriciation
875. CPEC is small part of one
belt and one road
876. Xinjiage western province
of china is under developed from
the city of kashgar CPEC is
started to the final point of
GAWADAR.
877. There are 2 routes of
CPEC one eastern routes and
one western routes. Eastern
routes combine major cities
Pakistan wants to develop
balochistan and KPk and China
wants to develop XInjiage
province .62 billion dollar project .
CPEC is a 3000 km long route,
including roadways, railways, and
energy pipe lines
878. Normal route which china
follows for trade to gulf countries
and for oil trade starts from
shingae through south china sea
which is long route of 11
thousand Km moreover this route
is also insecure due to south
china sea conflict
879. CPEC is important for
Pakistan because it will eliminate
energy crises and moreoever
building infra structure. Thirdy
development of economic and
industrial zones and last one is
development of gawadr port.
880. One belt and one road is
now called as belt and road
iniatative. There are two parts.
The full name of betl is silk road
economic belt this whole program
is planned from 2013 to
2049.China wants to connect to
Europe and African countries.
881. Beijing capital of china
882. India is against cpec
because india claims that azad
Kashmir and gilgit balistan is his
areas.moreoever he don’t want that
Pakistan should progress
883. Usa support muslims of
xinjiage province only for the
violition of human rights by china.
2×660MW Coal-fired Power Plants at Port
Qasim Karachi
884. Pakistan Wind Farm
II 2X50 MW(Jhampir,
Thatta, Sindh)’
885. e Karachi Circular Railway
(KCR) p
886. Pakistan has three big
sea ports named as
Karachi Port, Muhammad Bin
Qasim port, and Gwadar port
887.  Pakistan purchased
the Gwadar enclave from the
Sultanate of Muscat and Oman
for USD $3 million (approx
$22,410,311.42 in 2017).
888. All alternatives are
achieved by china through CPEC
 so if USA do something on south
china sea then China have
alternatives.
889. CPEC is not just important
but it is the guarantee for proven
growth of Pakistan economy.
CPEC is part of One Belt One
Road. CPEC is the an agreement
for investment of $60 billion
presently and potentially $150
billion within Pakistan economy
by China and hopefully other
countries. CPEC investment will
be made in Pakistan much
needed energy sector to
overcome electricity shortage for
sustained growth of Pakistan
economy. CPEC investment will
also be made in various
infrastructure projects and
specially Gwadar Port and
Gwadar city.
890. Many industries for saving
costs of tarrifs will move their
industries to Pakistan at the route
to directly move their cargo to
Gwadar Port and than to the
desired country. So in these ways
Pakistan economy will get a
boom.
891. Economic energy crises will
be solved.
892. The Belt and Road
Initiative (BRI) is a global
development strategy adopted by
the Chinese government in 2013
involving infrastructure development
and investments in 152 countries
893. The Silk Road primarily refers
to the land routes connecting East
Asia and Southeast Asia with South
Asia, Persia, the Arabian
Peninsula, East Africa and Southern
Europe.
894. Surveying
895. Chain is instrument used to
measure linear measurements.
896. the length of the chain is
measured from the out side of
the one handle to the out side of
the other.
897. The length of the link is
the distance between the centers
of the two consecutive /
continuous middle rings.
898. Gunters chain or surveyors
chain-It is 22 yards or 66 feet long
and is divided into 100 links; the
length of each link is 0.66 feet or
7.92 inches. Formerly it was mainly
used in land surveying. It is very
convenient for measuring distances
in miles and furlongs and for
measuring land when the unit of
area is an acre on account of its
simple relation to the mile and
acre.
899. 10 Gunter’s chain
= 01 furlong
900. 1 furlong=
660ft
901. 80 Gunter’s chain
= 01 mile
902. 10 Square Gunter’s
chain = 01 acre
903. Revenue chain- This chain is
commonly used for measuring
fields in cadastral survey. It is 33
feet long and is divided into 16
links and each link is 2.0625 feet
long.
904. Engineering or Engineer’s
chain -The engineering chain is 100
feet long and is divided into 100
 links; each link is 01 feet long. It is 922. Surveyour compass -This
used in all engineering surveys. compass is also used fro measuring
When long links are measured, it is bearing with the North and south
more accurate than the Gunter’s poles. The bearing are shown in
chain, because of its greater length. quadrants.
The distances measured with the 923. For Reduced Bearings.
engineer’s chain are recorded in 924. 0-90 degrees
feet and decimals. 925. Optical square -A small
905. Metric chain -Those hand instrument used by surveyors
countries in which the meter is the for laying off a right angle by
unit of length, chains of 10, 20 and means of two mirrors set at an
30 meters are commonly used. The angle of 45 degrees.
20-meter chain which is in most
926. Planimeter
common chain use is divided into
927. The Planimeter is a drafting
100 links.
instrument used to measure the
906. 30 meter chain into 150
area of a graphically represented
links
planar region. The region being
907. Each link 20 cm
measured may have any irregular
908. In 1 meter =5 links
shape, making this instrument
909. Tapes-Accurate
remarkably versatile.
measurements are carried out
through tape in survey.Lighter in 928. Theodolite
weight.Easier to handle than chain 929. Used for measuring
910. Types horizontal and vertical angles.
911. Cloth or linen tape 930. Most precise instrument.
912. Invar tape( Metallic-nickel) 931. Accuracy upto 10-20
913. Steel tape(Cloth wire) seconds
914. Fiberglass tape 932. 9 motorway in Pakistan Khi
915. Clinometer -An instrument to Hyd is M9
used by surveyors in order to 933. Principles of Surveying -1.To
measure an angle of inclination or work from Whole to the part.2.To
elevation. locate a new station by at least two
independent measurements (Linear
916. . Prismatic Compass
or Angular) from a fixed reference
917. This Prismatic points.
Compass is used 934. 3.Cadastral Map showing
for the purpose the boundaries a field houses and
of measuring other properties are prepared by
918. magnetic bearings. surveying.
919. -whole circle bearings. 935. Plane Surveying:
920. -0 degree on south pole. 936. In plane surveying
921. -0 to 360 degrees the curvature of earth is not taken
 into account, as the survey extends
over small areas. The earth’s
surface is considered as plane, the
line connecting any two points as a
straight line. The degree of
accuracy required in this type of
surveying is comparatively low. As
a rough estimate, surveyors put the
limit of 250 km2 for treating the
surveys as plane.
937. Geodetic Surveying:
938. The geodetic surveying is
called as trigonometrical surveying
it is necessary to take into account
the curvature of earth, since large
distance and areas are covered.
Since the shape of earth is
spherical, the line connecting any
two points on the surface of earth
is curved or is an arc of a great
circle.(Effect of curvature is 4
inch/0.1m in 18.2 km).
939. Trigonometric Leveling is
the branch of Surveying in which
we find out the vertical distance
between two points by taking the
vertical angular observations and
the known distances. ... The
distances are measured
directly(as in the
plane surveying) or they are
computed as in the
geodetic surveyin
940. Reconnaissance Survey:
941. It is used for
determining the feasibility and
rough cost of the scheme.
942. 2. Preliminary Survey:
943. It is used for collecting
more precise data to choose the
best location for the work and to
estimate the exact quantities and
costs.
944. Average length of a pace of
a normal height person is 2.25ft to
2.50 ft (70 cm-80 cm).
945. Distance = No. of Paces X
Average Length of Pace
946. EDM = Electronic Distance
Measuring
947. It may be also defined as
process of establishing the
intermediate points on a straight
line between two end points is
known as ranging.
948. You must remember
sloping area is different than
horizontal area and It is more than
horizontal area.
949. Knowing the sloping
distance say I and angle of slope
say α horizontal distance, D can be
calculated by the relation, D = I cos
α
950. In Chain Surveying areas is
divided in triangulation while
Compass surveying area is divided
in traverse
951. True meridian,magnetic
merdian,grid meridian.
952. Bearing of line measured in
forward direction of survey works is
called fore bearing and vice versa
back bearing . BB=Fb plus minus
180 use miuse when bb is greater
than 180
953. Local attraction is deviation
of magnetic needle from the
magnetic north due to some
external attractive force and
disturbance is called L.A
954. FB-BB=180 then L.A don’t
occure.
955. Datum line or Surface is
imaginary line from which vertical
 distances of different points above 976. 1 hectare=2.47 acre
or below this line are measured. 977. 1 mile=1.61 km
956. Reduced level is the vertical 978. 1 highway mile=5280 ft
distance of a point above or below 979. 1 canal mile = 5000 ft.
the datum line. 980. 1 squuare km=247 acre
957. Benchmarks are fixed points 981. 1 sqyare mile=640 acre.
of known RL 982. Isogonic lines same
958. GTS (Great Trignometrically declination.
Survey Benchmarks) then 983. Agonic lines zero
permanent then arbitrary then declination
temprorry 984. Isoclinic lines same dip.
959. What is level it is instrument 985. Lining joining points of
used to furnish horizontal lines for equal dip are called aclinic lines.
observing staff readings and 986. Priciple of tachemeter is
determining r.ls isosceles triangle.
960. Back sight fore sigt and 987. 1 fathom is 1.83 meter
intermediate sight. 988. Principle of plane table is
961. Rise and fall and height of parallelism
collimation 989. Departure= l sin theta
962. A contour line may be 990. Latitude = lcos theta
defined as “An imaginary line 991. Radius=1719/D
passing through points of equal 992. In analatic lens additive
reduced levels” constant is zero.
963. Magnetic declination is 993. Ranging road 2 m
horizontal angle between true 994. Well conditioned triangle 30
merdian and magnetic merdian degree to 120 degree.
..this occur due to passage of 995. Tacheometry is a system of
time,revolution of earth etc. rapid surveying, by which the
horizontal and vertical positions of
964. Value 0 to 12 degree
points on the earth's surface relative
965. Lining joining points of 0 to one another are determined without
dip are called aclinic lines. using a chain or tape, or a separate
966. 1 m=3.2808 ft levelling instrument.
967. 1 ft=12 inch 996. Photogrammetry is a
968. 1 inch=2.54 cm technology that combines
photography and geometry
969. 1 cm=10 mm 997. Terrestrial 
970. 1 RD=1000 ft photogrammetry
971. 1 furlong =660 ft In this kind of photogrammetry, a camera
972. 1 Acre=4840sq yard is used in a stationary position. The
973. 1 acre =43560 sq ft camera is positioned on an elevated level.
974. 1 yard=3 ft The tilt and other specifications of the
camera are all controlled.
975. 1 hectare=10 thousand
sq.m
998. An invert level of a sewer
pipe simply means the level of
the inside bottom of the pipe or
the lowest point on the inside of
the pipe
999. Spatial data, also
known as geospatial data, is
information about a physical
object that can be
represented by numerical
values in a
geographic coordinate syste
m.   1008.
1000. the scanning of the earth
by satellite or high-flying aircraft
in order to obtain information
about it.
1001. Is remote sensing
1002. geographic information
system (GIS) is a computer-
based tool for mapping and
analyzing feature events on
earth. GIS technology integrates
common database operations,
such as query and statistical
analysis, with maps. GIS
manages location-based
information and provides tools for
display and analysis of various
statistics, including population
characteristics, economic
development opportunities, and
vegetation types. GIS allows you
to link databases and maps to
create dynamic displays.
1003. The Universal Transverse
Mercator (UTM) is a system for
assigning coordinates to locations on
the surface of the Earth
1004. GPS is a vital part
of surveying and mapping activities
around the world. When used by skilled
professionals, GPS provides surveying 
and mapping data of the highest
accuracy
1005. Point through which the whole
weight of the body acts, irrespective of
its position, is known as centre of gravity
(briefly written as C.G.). It may be noted
that every body has one and only one
centre of gravity.
1006. The point, at which the total
area of a plane figure (such
as rectangle, triangle, square,
quadrilateral, circle etc) is assumed to
be
concentrated, is called the centroid of
that area. The centroid is also
represented by C.G. or G.
1007. The centroid and centre of
gravity are at the same point. 
The moment of inertia (I) is the
capacity of a cross-section to resist
bending.
1009. • It is a measure of an object’s
resistance to changes to its rotation.
1010. It is always considered with
respect to a reference axis .
1011. Also known as the second
moment of the area.
1012. Area moment of inertia is a
geometrical property.
1013. Engineers use the moment of
inertia to determine the state of stress in
a section, calculate the resistance to
buckling, and determine the amount of
deflection in a beam.
1014. The shear force (S.F) at the
cross section of a beam may be defined
as the unbalanced vertical force to the
right or left of the section
1015. Shear force is the algebraic sum
of the all forces left or right of the
assumed cross section
1016. It tends to slide one portion of
the beam, upwards or downwards with
respect to the other
1017. The word shear means to cut
1018. The bending moment (BM) at
the cross section of a beam may be
defined as the algebraic sum of the
moments of the forces, to the right or left
of the section
1019.  BM tends to bend the beam
into a curvature
1020. Positive BM is often called
sagging moment and negative as
hogging moment
1021. DL = weight density X volume
1022. Stress is the resistance to
deformation offered by the material per
unit area.
1023. 1 MPA=10^6 N/m2
1024. Strain is the deformation of a
material from stress. It is simply a ratio
of the change in length to the original
length.
1025. According to the Hooke’s law,
when a material is
loaded within elastic limit, the stress
induced in the material is directly
proportional to the strain produced. It
means that the ratio of
stress with the corresponding strain
gives us a constant within elastic limit.
The constant is known as Modulus of
Elasticity or Modulus of Rigidity or
Elastic Modulii.
1026. It is defined as the ratio of stress
to
the strain within elastic limit. It is
denoted by the letter ‘E’.
1027. It represents the elastic property
of a material
1028. The unit of Young’s modulus is
N/m2
or N/mm2. The unit of young’s modulus
is same as that of units of stress.
1029. Mild steel is a type of carbon
steel with a low amount of carbon – it is
actually also known as “low carbon
steel.” Although ranges vary depending
on the source, the amount of carbon
typically found in mild steel is 0.05% to
0.25% by weight.
1030. Stainless steel
1031. It is defined as a steel alloy with
a minimum of 11.5 wt% chromium
content.Stainless steel does not stain,
corrode or rust as easily as ordinary
steel.
1032. The resistance offered by
internal stresses to the bending is called
bendin stress and is called theory of
bending.
1033. Flexural Strength is the
capacity of the concrete (usually beams)
to resist deformation under bending
moment. It is sometimes called Bending
Strength
1034. It is the ratio of moment of
inertia of a section about the neutral
axis to the distance of the outermost
layer from the neutral axis.
1035. Thus, moment of resistance
offered by the section is maximum
when Z is maximum. Hence, Z
represents the strength of the section.
1036. Poison ratio is ratio of lateral
strain to linear strain.
1037. its value 0.1–0.2 for
concrete.
1038. Generally 0.15 uses
1039. For mild steel its 0.303
1040. Bulk modulas is ratio of
direct stress to volumetric strain
1041. Mohar circle is a graphical
m ethod of finding normal
tangential and resultant stress on
an inclined plane.
1042. Assumptions in theory of
bending is Material is
homogenous and isotrpic means
same kind throught out and
equal elastic properties in all
directions.
1043. Beam is following hookes
law.
1044. Traverse section which are
plane before bending remain
plane after bending too
1045. Value of E is same for
tension and compressions.
1046. Bending equation is
M/I=Sigma/y=E/R
1047. Limit of eccentricity is
maxim um distance between the
geometrical axi of a column
section to the point of loading
such that no tensile stress come
into play at any section of
coloumn..
1048. In East of Pakistan there is india
,boundary between india and pak is
called redcliff line which is 1610 Km
long.
1049. In north west of Pakistan there
is Afghanistan and boundary is called
durandline length is 2252 km
1050. In south west of Pakk there is
iran and boundary is 805 Km
1051. In north there is china and
boundary is 595 km
1052. In south there is indian ocean
and Arabian sea and boundary is 1046
km
1053. 24 degree parallel line is in
Sindh.
1054. Pakistan is located in south asia
1055. There are 14 highes peaks of
moutains above 8000 m in world out of
which 5 are in Pakistan.
1056. In karakoram range which is on
the china pak border there is K2 which
is 8611 m high also called godwin
Austin second highest in word, on KKH
there is khujerab pass.
1057. Himalya range cuts through
gilgit balistan and iindia occupied
Kashmir upto Nepal and tbit and
mayamar.Mount everent highest peak
8848 m mostly part is in Nepal.
1058. Hindu kash mountain is on
Durand line in KPK which is also called
killer mountain or nanga parbat which is
8126 meter high.
1059. Rusko mountain is in
balochistan where 5 nuclear explosions
were tested.
1060. Makran range is also in
balochistan
1061. Kirthar mouth is on the Sindh
balochistan boundary and gorakh hill is
highest peak and grave of dog.
1062. Tibet, on the lofty Tibetan
Plateau on the northern side of the
Himalayas, is an autonomous region
of China.
1063. The Indus River (locally
called Sindhu) is one of the longest
rivers in Asia, originating in
the Tibetan Plateau in the vicinity
of Lake Manasarovar, the river runs a
course through Ladakh towards
the Gilgit-Baltistan region Hindukush r
anges, and then flows in a southerly
direction along the entire length
of Pakistan to merge into the Arabian
Sea near the port city
of Karachi in Sindh.
1064. From Mansarovar lake to
indian occupied Kashmir to gilgit
balistan to kpk to pujab to Sindh
1065. Indus (SIndhu)-jehlum-
chenab-ravi-sutlej (Bias is tributarory
of Sutlej in india))
1066. The point of 5 meetting river is
called punjnad point
1067. The point where these 5 rivers
becomes one and that one reaches to
indus river is called mithon kot point.
1068. The Indus Waters Treaty is a
water-distribution treaty between India  Pakhtunkhwa, 8% and Baluchistan
and Pakistan, brokered by the World
Bank to use the water available in the
Indus System of Rivers located in
India.[1][2][3] The Indus Waters Treaty
(IWT) was signed in Karachi on
September 19, 1960 by the first Prime
Minister of India Pandit Jawaharlal
Nehru and then President of
Pakistan Ayub Khan.[4]
1069. According to this agreement,
control over the water flowing in three
"eastern" rivers of India — the Beas,
the Ravi and the Sutlej with the mean
annual flow of 33 million acre-feet
(MAF) — was given to India, while
control over the water flowing in three
"western" rivers of India — the Indus,
the Chenab and the Jhelum with the
mean annual flow of 80 MAF — was
given to Pakistan.[5] More
controversial, however, were the
provisions on how the waters was to
be shared. Since Pakistan's rivers
receive more water flow from India,
the treaty allowed India to use western
rivers water for limited irrigation use
and unlimited use for power
generation, domestic, industrial and
non consumptive uses such as
navigation, floating of property, fish
culture, etc. while laying down precise
regulations for India to build projects.
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In 1991, an agreement to share waters of
the Indus River was reached between the
four provinces of Pakistan in the form of
the Water Apportionment Accord (WAA).
This accord is based on both, the existing
and future water needs of the four
provinces.
1070.  The Accord is an agreement
based largely upon the historical use
of water by the provinces; Punjab
47%, Sindh 42% Khyber
3%. Rather than a word of law, this
Accord is a consensus document,
signed by the highest officer of each
of the four provinces of Pakistan and
ratified by the Prime Minister. The
Indus River System Authority (IRSA)
was established through an Act of
Parliament (Government of Pakistan
1992) with the responsibility of
implementing the Accord.
1071. Kabul river comes from 1093. The super structure is that
Afghanistan from which swat river part of the structure which is above
eject in north of Peshawar. ground level.
1072. Gomal river is in KPK 1094. A part of structure between
1073. Zob River in balochistan the ground level and floor level is
known as plinth.
1074. Angol river largest river of
Balochistan 1095. The level of the floor is
known as plinth level and built up
1075. Dasht River in Balochistan
covered area measured at floor level
1076. Warsak dam oldest dam in is called plinth area.
KPK on Kabul river in pehsawar 1096. The soil which is located
1077. Tarbela dam on indus river. immediately below the base of the
1078. Mirani dam on dasht river in foundatiom is called the sub-soil or
balochistan foundation soil, While the lower most
1079. Hub river in balochistan portion portion of the foundation
which is in direct contact with the
1080. Magla dam in Azad Kashmir
sub soil is called footing.
on jehlm.
1097. The basic function of the
1081. 5 deserst in Pak 2 in Sindh
foundation is to transmit the dead
(Thar,Nara ) Cholistan in loads,super imposed loads or live
bahawulpur Punjab. Kharan desert loads and wind loads from a building
in Balochistan Thal deser in Punjab to the soil on which the building
and no desert in KPK. rests, in such a way that settlements
1082. Indus have 6 barrages 3 in are within permissible limits,without
Pujab and 3 in Sindh causing cracks in the super structure
1083. Punjab are and soil does not fail.
kalabagh,Chasma,TOnsa, 1098. The ability of the sub soil to
1084. Kortri barrage also called support the load of the structure
Ghulam Muhammad barrage. without yielding or displacement is
1085. Ending point of Indus is in known as bearing power or bearing
thatta. value or bearing capacity of soil. It is
defined as maximumum load per
1086. Area between 2 river is
unit area which the soil can resists
called Duob safely.
1087. Between indus and jehulm 1099. The minimum load which will
Singrgar duob cause the failiure of foundation is
1088. Between jehlum and Chenab called ultimate bearing capacity of
chaj duab soil. When ultimate bearing capacity
1089. Between ravi anc echenab is divide by factor of safety we get
rachan duab safe bearing capacity of the soil.
1090. Ravi and Sutlej bari duab. 1100. The bearing capacity of the
1091. Soil mechanics – soil can be improved by
1092. The foundation or sub 1101. Increasing depth of footing,
structure is the lowest part of the Draining sub soil water and driving
structure which transmits the load to sand piles and ramming the granular
the soil. material like crushed stone in the
soil.
1102. The maximum pressure 1116. S.G can be determined by
which the soil can carry safely density bottle method or by a
without any risk of shear failure is pycnometer method.
called safe bearing capacity 1117. Soil is unaggregated or
1103. The net loading internsity at uncemented derived from
which neither soils fails in shear nor disintegration of rocks.
there is excessive settlement is 1118. Unaggregate not in a position
called allowable bearing capacity of regular shape and size
value is 150 kn/m2
1119. Uncemented no binding.
1104. The max safe bearing
1120. The American Association of
capacity of soil is more than
State Highway and Transportation
allowable bearing capacity.
Officials
1105. Density of mild steel is 7850 1121. ASTM-
Kg/m3 Gravel- 76.2 mm to 4.75 mm, Snad
1106. Density of soil is 2650 kg/m3 4.75 mm to 0.075 mm silt less than
1107. S.G of soil is a ratio of weigth 0.075 mm clay less than 0.002 mm
of a given volume of soil solids at 1122. Acetylene gas ethyne in
given temperature 27 degree to the speedy moisture test. Calcium
weight of an equal volume of distilled carbide.
water at that temperature. In other 1123. Corase grained soil are those
words it is ratio of unit weight of soil which retained more than 50 percent
soilds to that of water on number 200 seive that is 0.075 mm
1108. Void ratio is ratio of total 1124. If pass then fine grained.
volume of voids to the volume of soil 1125. Arrangement
soilids 4,10,20,40,100,200
1109. Porosity is ratio of total 1126. D-10 is size from which 10
vlolume of voids to total volume of percent passed
given mass
1127. D10 is effective soil passing
1110. Degree of saturation is ratio
1128. Cu is coefficient of uniformity
of volume of water to volume of
Cu= D60/D10
soilds.
1129. CCor Cg is coefficientof
1111. For fully saturated S=1
curvature or coefficient of gradation =
1112. For perfectly dry S=0 D302/D10xD60
1113. Density index or Relative 1130. If Cu more than 4 and Cc=1 to
Density or Degree of density it is 3 then well graded
ratio of the difference of voids ratio 1131. Or Cu>15 well graded
of the soil in its loosest state (emax)
and its natural void ratio e to the 1132. Cu<5 poor graded
difference between the voids ratio in 1133. 5 to 15 medium graded.
the loosest emax and densest emin 1134. Density solids is greater than
1114. Id=0 to 1 density saturated is greater than bulk
1115. Index properties water density is greater dry density is
greater than submerged density
content by oven drying method,
sand bath method, calcium carbide 1135. Consistency is relative ease
method,pycnometer method . soil can deform
1136. Only for fine grained soil
1137. Degree of firmness
1138. Arbitary limites/Conissitency 1160. Over consolidated the soil is
limits/Atterberg limits is graph between already consoloditatd to load which is
volume soil to water content. more than present
1139. Solid-Semi solic-plastic-liquid 1161. OCR= Pre compression
1140. In solid limit soild cant be pressure /Existing pressure
molded 1162. OCR<1 under consolidation
1141. In semi solid state soil can be 1163. OCR=1 normal cons
hardly moulded. 1164. A normal con soil is one which
1142. In plastic limit soil can be has never been subjected to a
moulded easily but no crakcs pressure greater than existing
1143. In liquid it can flow 1165. Under consolidation is not fully
1144. Plasticity index is numerical consolidated under existing pressure
difference between L.L and P.L 1166. Graph between settlement to
1145. Higher P.I softness will be time
more and permeability will be less 1167. e log p curve is used to find
1146. Shrinkage limit is lowest precompression pressure
amount of water content in which soil 1168.
is in saturated state. 1169. Preconsolidation pressure is
1147. L.L min amount at which soil the maximum effective vertical
flows under its own weight overburden stress that a particular
1148. L.L is measure of shear soil sample has sustained in the
strength past. This quantity is important in
1149. P.L ath which soil is rolled in 3 geotechnical engineering,
mm thread particularly for finding the expected
settlement of foundations and
1150. L.L is widely used for soil
embankments.
classification and indentifiaction.
1170. Precompression is a
1151. The water content at which
process in which a soil mass to be
volume changes stop is called
used as foundation bed is preloaded
shrinkage limit.
to improve its properties and then
1152. Denisty of mercury is 13.534 design loads are applied. It is
g/m3 normally used in improving
1153. L.L check by casagranda properties of cohesive soils. The
mehthod at 25 blows graph between preloading results settlement to soil
water content and blows before construction process starts.
1154. L.L and P.L check by Cone 1171. Initial compression is elastic
penetration at 20mm penetration for settlement
5mm L.L 80g ram and P.L 240 Gram 1172. Primary conso is removal of
1155. P.I >11.7 cant be utilized for water with time
embackment 1173. Secondory cons is plastic
1156. Higher P.I low strength adjustment
1157. Higher plasticity lower strength 1174. T1/t2 = H1 /h2 whole square
1158. Higher plasticity less 1175. H1= thickness of soil in lab t1
permeable time in lab
1159. Higher plasiticity higher 1176. The phenomenon of liting soil
compressibility particles is called quick condition or
quick sand
1177. The hydraulic gradient at 1194. Compaction is method of
which quick condition occur is called mechanically increasity density of
hydraulic gradient. soild by reduction of air.
1178. Effective stress on the soild is 1195. Relative compaction require
due to external load acting on the soil for soil sis 95 percent
and self weight of soil particles and 1196. C and phi are measure of
neutral stress or pore water pressure shear strehght
on the soil is due to the weight of
water present in soil pores. 1197. Degree of compaction is
measure dy dry unit weight of soilds
1179. Total stress is combination of
both 1198. Proctor’s principle of
1180. Shear strength of soil is the compaction-Using a standard
resistance to deformation by energy, if a series of specimens of
continuous shear displacement of soil a soil are compacted at increasing
particles due to action of shear stress .
water contents, the resultant dry
1181. Shear streghth is due to
frictional resistance,cohesion and
density of the specimens will vary.
structure resistion The density will increase to a
1182. Agnle of internal friction is the peak value, then decrease
measure of shearing resistance of soil 1199. OMC is achieved by graph
to sliding along a plane
between dry density and water
1183. Columbs law shear strength is
content
sum of cohesion and friction between
soil particles 1200. At OMC soils are densely
1184. Tawa=c + sigma tan phi packed and stiff
1185. The lateral pressure exerted 1201. Standard proctor test 5.5
by soil when retiaing wall has no pound hammer 12 inch drop
movement relative to the backfill is
mold in 3 lifts and 25 blows
called earth pressure at rest.
1202. Modified proctor 10 lb
1186. When tends to move away
from soil then active pressure.. hammer 56 blows 5 layers 18 inch
1187. Tends to move towards then drop
passive 1203. M.D =4.5 SD
1188. Kp>Ko>Ka 1204. High effort Less OMC and
1189. Sigma v is vertical pressre or High Dry density
major principle stress sigma h is 1205. Relative density is
horizontal or minor principle stress.
performed used for clean sands
1190. Shallow foundation whose
depth is not more than its widhe and and gravel
whose depth is more than width 1206. Compaction test is not
manyt itme si called deep performed with 12 percnt or
1191. Pure sand C=o Pure clay phi fewer fines
=o
1207. Field Density Test
1192. Relative compaction is rdf /rd
lab 1208.
1193. Vane shear test for unconfined 1209.
compression test 1210. Core Cutter Method
1211. 1227. Penetration for 150 mm
1212. Water/Oil Replacement first N1 is neglected.
Method 1228. Expansive soil swell while
1213. collapsible soil brewak
1214. Water Displacement 1229. Undisturbed soild by thin
Method wall sampler
1215. 1230. If Ar<10 percnt then
1216. Sand Cone Method undisturbed
1217. 1231. Rock Quality
1218. Rubber Balloon Method Designation (RQD) is a
1219. measure of quality of rock
1220. Nuclear Method
core taken from a borehole.
1221. Field compaction control is
RQD signifies the degree of
done by water content and dry
density degree of compaction
jointing or fracture in a rock
1222. Several in-situ tests define mass measured in
the stratigraphy and obtain direct percentage, where RQD of
measurements of soil properties 75% or more shows good
and geotechnical parameters. The quality hard rock and less
common tests include: Standard than 50% show low quality
penetration test (SPT) Cone weathered rocks.
penetration test(CPT) Vane shear a. RFQ is calculated by
test(VST) Borehole Shear Test
taking a rock core
(BST) Piezoconetest (CPTu) Flat
sample from a
dilatometer test (DMT)
Pressuremetertest (PMT) Plate borehole and lengths
Load test (PLT) of all sound rock
1223. SPT is the most widely pieces which are
used test procedure to determine minimum 100 mm
the properties of in-situ soil long are summed up
1224. Number of blows for the and are divided by the
first 150 mm penetration is length of the core run.
disregarded due to the
1232. Core recovery (CR) =
disturbance likely to exist at the
(total length of rock
bottom of the drill hol
1225. Various corelations have recovered / Total core run
derived from value of SPT with C length)x100
phi and q 1233. Allowable
1226. SPT =N2 +N3 1234. purpose
1235. Relative density is
used to express the
relative compactness of a
natural soil deposit .It
indicates the in situ
denseness or looseness of
granular soil.
1236. distinguish between
cohesive and non-cohesive soils.
In cohesive soils like loam, clay or
silt, the particles in the soil bond to
one another. In non-cohesive
soils like gravel or sand, the
particles lie side by side without
bonding.
1237. An isobar or pressure
bulb is a stress contour or a line
which connects all points below the
ground surface at which the
vertical pressure is the same. ...
Thus, the stress isobar is also called
the 'bulb of pressure' or simply the
'pressure bulb'
1238. Civil Engineering Materials.
1239. Stones are derived from
rocks which form the earths crust
and have no definite shape or
chemical composition but are
mixture of two or more minierals.
1240. Geological classification
are igneous,sedimentary and
metamorphic rocks.
1241. Granite is igneous rock.
1242. Slate is argillaceous rock
1243. Gneiss is silicious rock
1244. Birck 20 to 30 percent
alumina,50 to 60 prcnt of silica,
and remaining
lime,magnesia,sodium,potassium,
manganese,and iron oxide.
1245. Excess of alumina in the
clay make makes the brick makes
the brick crack and warp on
drying,
1246. The excess of silica in the
clay makes the brick brittle and
weak
1247. The excess of lime in the
clay causes the bricks to melt and
distort during burining
1248. The alkaline salt present in
the bricks absorbs moisture from
air which on drying leaves
powder deposit on the brick .This
effect is called efflorescenes .
1249. Sligh eff deposit less than
10 percnt area
1250. Moderate 50 prcnt salt
1251. Heavy more than 50
1252. Serious
1253. The earth after digging out
is left to atmospheric action for
few weeks.This process is called
weathering.1.5 to 2.5 m3 earth is
required for moulding 1000
bricks.
1254. The clay is then tempered
in pug mills
1255. The process of mixing clay
water and other ingredients to
make brickis called as kneading.
1256. Tempering is to knead the
clay into a homogeneous mass with
uniform consistency.
1257. Burning of bricks in clamp
or in a kiln.
1258. Burning of bricks in kiln 24
hours
1259. At temp of 1000 to 1200
degree
1260. After burning 12 days for
cooling
1261. First class bricks are well
burnt,having smooth and even
 surface with perfect rectangular 1279. Vehicle binder for base and
and uniform reddish colour These pigment
should not absorb water more
1280. Solvent thinner
than 20 percnt of its own weight
after 24 hours immersion in water. 1281. Drier to dry
It should have min crushing 1282. To dry quarry sap 6 to 12
strength of 10.5 MN/m2 or 1500 months
psi 1283. Good building stone
1262. 1 Mn/m2= 1mpa=145 psi should not abosb 5 prcnt water
1263. Second class bricks, These more
bricks are slightly over burn 1284. Heart shakes,radial
having rough surface and water shakes,star shakes,cup shakes,
22 prcnt .not perfectly in 1285. Timeber for formwork
rectanguluar 7 mpa should not contain more than 15
1264. Third class bricks these prcnt water
are not properly burnt(Under 1286. Distemper dry pigment
burnt) in the kiln and hence are chalk with water used for
soft and can be easily broken. plastered surface not to exposed
These bricks should not 25 prcnt to weather.
1265. These bricks are under burnt. 1287. Grading of aggregates in a
1266. They are soft and light- concrete is necessary to achieve
colored. reduction in voids.
1267. They produce a dull sound 1288. Cast iron more
when struck against each other. compressive strength and low
1268. tensile then mild
1269. Jhama bricks . Over burnt 1289. Property of steel is
with irregular shape dark bluish in influence by carbon
colour. 1290. Purest form of iron is
1270. Sg of Brick is 2 wroght iron
1271. Weght 3.2 kg 1291. Ferrous metals iron as
1272. Quick lime-Slaked lime-Fat main insit
or rich lime-Hydrualic Lime-Poor 1292. Pig Iron first basic form of
or lean lime.Fat lime for white iron from ore
washing and plastering walls 1293. Cast iron pig iron metlted
1273. Hydrualic lime in absence with coke and limestone in blast
of co2 funface for manufacturing
1274. Test on Portland 1294. 2 to 4 prcnt carbon
cement,finness,consistency,soun 1295. Uses as column brackes
dness,tensile,compressive pipes
1275. Mortor is paste by mxing 1296. Machines parts
lime surkhi water
1297. Wrought iron impuries less
1276. Sand prevent shrinkage than 0.5 prcnt and carbon should
1277. Paints,base not be less than 0.15 percnt
,vehicle,pigment 1298. Steel iron whose carobon
1278. Base to hide surface less than 2 to 4 prcnt and but
more than 0.15 prcnt
1299. Low carbon steel also mild 1317. Check by Vicats Appartus
steel 0.15 to 0.25 prcnt Dimensions 80 mm dia to 40
1300. 11x106 mm height
1301. Medium 0.25 to 0.5 1318. Plunger 50 mm length
1302. High carbon hard 0.5 to 1.5 and 10 mm dia
1303. Tensile direct 0.83 prcnt of 1319. Final Setting is when
carbon
completely loose its plasciticy
1304. Ducility decreases with
1320. Shrinkage is defined as
oncrease in carbon
contracting of hardened
1305. Unltimate tensile strength
is 420 mpa 60000 psi concrete due to loss of capillary
1306. Stainless steel resists water.
corrosion due to chromium 18 1321. Zone 1- 15 to 35 prcnt
prcnt chromium passing, Zone 1 coarse zone 4 is
1307. Deodar national tree finer.
1308. Invar tape 36 prcnt nickel 1322. Rcc Coarse should be
1309. Brass= copper and zinc should
1310. Cement -62 prcnt lime ,22 1323. Grading is process of
prcnt silica, 5 prcnt aluminum combining agg of different size
oxide, 4 prcnt calcium sulphate , 3 in suitable proportions
prcnt ferrous oxide, 2 prcnt 1324. Bone dry,Air Dry,SSD
magnesioum oxide 1 prcnt and Moist.
sulphar 1325. Slump very low /dry o to
1311. 1 bag=50 kg Volume= 25 mm
0.035 m3 or 1.25 ft3 1326. Low,medium,high
1312. Bogues compound- 1327. Light weight concrete
C3S,C2S, C3A C4CaALF 1200 Kg/m3 normal 2400
1313. Setting is from fluid to kg/m3 and heavy weight 2800
rigid, hardening is gain of kg/m3
strength 1328. Finnes test number 9
1314. Rigid state is when sieive
cement looses its plasticity 1329. 10 prcnt for opc and 5
1315. Plasticity The qualityof for RHPC
being easily mold or shape 1330. Surface Area test 2250
1316. Setting time –Initial cm2/gram
setting time is interval between 1331. F.M 2.5 to 3.0
water added to time when 1332. Curing temp is 27
cement starts looses its 1333. 1-16 prcnt
plasticity 1334. 3 -40 prcnt
1335. 7 67 prcnt
1336. 14 90 prcnt
1337. 28 99 prcnt 1360. Metal become strong
1338. 30 122 prcnt and hard through plastic
1339. 6 montnth 146 prcnt deformation
1340. 1 year 155 prct 1361. 30 mpa 1 4 8
1341. Wheel barrow 70 litres 1362. 40 mpa 1 6 12
capacity 1363. Testing of cement , field
1342. Concrete should not be tresing 1 no lumpns 2 greenish
dropped from 1 m grey 3 gel cool feeling 4
1343. Formwork 14 days smooth feeling 5 particles
1344. Fcu=1.25 of Fc’ should flow
1345. M25= 1 2 4 1364. Then standard
1346. M 10 1 3 6 consistency test 10 mm
1347. M 20 1 1.5 2 plunger
1348. M30 1 5 10 1365. Normal consistency 25 to
1349. Creep is deformation of 35 prcnt
structure under sustained load. 1366. I S T 0.85 P
1350. 1 N=0.2248 lb 1367. Soundness 0.72 P
1351. 1 Kg=2.2 Lb 1368. Compressive p/4 + 3
1352. Youngs modulas is prcnt
measure of sittiness more y.m 1369. Excess sound due to
more stiff or how easily excess of lime
material is bendend 1370. Min quanity of cement
1353. Concrete 30 to 50 GPA 220 kg/,3
1354. 200 GPA Steel 1371. 1 tonne=20 bags
1355. Stiffness is the extent to 1372. Expantion joint 45 m
which object resists 1373. Construction 15 m
deformation in response to 1374. Batching is process of
applied force in elastic stage measurement of cement coars
1356. Hardness is resistance to and fine and water
localized surface deformation 1375. Propotioning is process
1357. Yeild strength is max of determing proportion of
tensile strength the material cement to fine and coarse
can had before permanent 1376. Brick test are
deformation . texture,shape,soundness,struct
1358. Ultimate strength refers ure,hardness and colour tesdt
to max stress before failure 1377. Colour should be bright
occur. and uniform
1359. Strain hardening is when 1378. Shoundness shows
metal is strained beyond yield nature of brick against sudden
point impact gives metallic sound
1379. Structure should be free 1402. Main bar parrele to shorter
from lumps and be span where bm is high
homogenous 1403. Distribution bar parrale to
1380. Smith test is performed longer span
to check presence of soluble 1404. Slurryy is semi liquid in
organic matter in stone which quanity of water is more
1381. Shuttering removal while groute is normal paste of
colum 2 days consistencey
1382. Beam 7 days 1405. In pointing and plastering
1383. Beam more than 4.5 less only ratio difference
than 6.5 14 days 1406. Plain C 145 lb/f3 and rcc
1384. Beam more than 6.5 m 150 lb/ft 3
21 days 1407. Crank bar to reists
1385. Min spacing between bar negative b.m
is dia or 25 mm 1408.
1386. Min value of H to avoid Technically speaking, in inverted
deflection for s.s beam is L/16 beams the top reinforcement is
1387. One end continesou heavier than bottom reinforcement
beam L/19 as the top reinforcement is in
tension & bottom reinforcement is
1388. Both continuous L/21
in compression, however, in the
and cantinleve beam L/8
standard beam the loading
1389. conditions are the contrary.
1390. And one way slab is L/20 Generally, an inverted beam is
1391. L/24,L/28 and L/10 practiced in cantilever slabs & for
1392. S.F P/2 and Pl/4 special architectural effects
1393. Ly/Lx greaten than 2 than 1409.
one way lab 1410. The beam whose bottom
1394. Steel is stonger 30 times level is same that of slab called
more in compressive and 300 inverted beam. These beams are
times more in tensile also used to provide sufficient
1395. Colum sttirps 16 times head rooms in buildings .
main bar 1411. These beams are used only
1396. 48 times stirrups bar in top slab of the
1397. Or least dimension building to give good view for
1398. Flat plate slab and column inner face of the
1399. Flat slab with column building.
capital 1412. 1 gallon=8.34 lb
1400. Column capital to resists 1413. OSHA: The Occupational
shearrt Safety and Health Administration,
1401. Flat slab with drop panel
1414. Ehsas program to reduce
poverty in Pakistan inspire by
china
1415. New ministery ,all
programs BISP and baitul mall
will be under it..80 billion ruppes
1416. 5000 digital hubs
1417. The Benazir Income Support
Programme is a federal unconditional
cash transfer poverty reduction
program in Pakistan. Launched in July
2008
1418. Ehsas larger scope and bisp
smaller scope
1419. The Benazir Income Support
Programme has been implemented in
the provinces
of Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan,
and Khyber-Pakhtonnkhwa. The
program also operates in the federally
administered regions of Azad Jammu
and Kashmir, and the Islamabad
Capital Territory.[1
1420. Corridor a narrow tract of
land forming a passageway,  Dalokay who won the Aga Khan
1421. The Gharo-Jhimpir wind
corridor in Sindh was identified as the
most lucrative site for wind power
plants. The wind power potential
covered an area of 9700 sq.km with a
gross wind power potential of 43000
MW
1422. Types of building based on type
of occupancy and use are
residential,commertial ,industrial and
recreational
1423. Base upon type of construction
light construction,medium and heavey
1424. Light residential medium
institutional and commercial and heavey
industrial dam and infrastructure
1425. The portion of the slab which
acts integrally with the beam to
resist loads is called as Flange of
the T-beam
1426. The portion of the
beam below the flange is called
as Web or Rib of the beam. The
intermediate beams supporting the
slab are called as T-beams and the
end beams are called as L-beam
1427. The Federal Board of ‫ن‬ ‫فق‬
‫ئ‬
Revenue (FBR) (Urdu: ‫)و ا ی آمد ی هي ت‬,
formerly known as Central Board of
Revenue (CBR), is a top federal
government organization
of Pakistan that investigates tax
crimes and money-laundering. FBR
operates through special Broadening
of Tax Base Zones that keep tax
evaders under surveillance and
perform special tasks for FBR
Headquarters. FBR performs role of
collection of taxation in the
country from all individuals and
businesses.
1428. FBR also collects intelligence
on tax evasion and administers tax
laws for the Government of
Pakistan and acts as the central
revenue collection agency of Pakistan.
[2]
1429. The Faisal Mosque is the work
of famous Turkish architect, Vedat
Architectural Award with this project. 
1430. Miracles of Civil are three
gorges dam ,burj kahlifa ,English
channel tunnel, Golden Gate Bridge
Sanfrasco, Panama canal, swez
canalm,hover dam,great wall of
china,great pyramid
1431. The total length of the
Great Wall of China built in
different dynasties is 21,196.18
kilometers
1432. Siphon lies upon gravity
and differential pressure
1433. Gravity pulls the taller
water column which reduces the
pressure at top of siphon which
becomes less than suction
pressure and water flows.
1434. As water flows from higher
pressure to lower pressure
1435. The simplest definition of
the Siphon Effect is, atmospheric
pressure pushes the liquid up and
gravity pulls the liquid down.
1436. A siphon (from Ancient
Greek: σίφων, "pipe, tube", also
spelled nonetymologically syphon) is
any of a wide variety of devices that
involve the flow of liquids through
tubes. In a narrower sense, the word
refers particularly to a tube in an
conc"U" shape, which causes a liquid
to flow upward, above the surface of a
reservoir, with no pump, but powered
by the fall of the liquid as it flows down
the tube under the pull of gravity, then
discharging at a level lower than the
surface of the reservoir from which it
came.
1437. The concave lens used as
an headlight on a car because
these concave lens which spread
light on road that can able to seen
so far on road. Its helps to easy
drive on road at nigh
1438. Convex mirrors are
commonly used as rear-view (wing)
mirrors in vehicles because they
give an erect, virtual, full size
diminished image of distant objects
with a wider field of view.
Thus, convex mirrors enable the
driver to view much larger area than
would be possible with a plane
mirror.
1439. Oil and Gas Regulatory
Authority (OGRA) has been set up
under the Oil.
1440. Determination of revenue
requirement and prescribed prices of
natural gas utilities and notification of
prescribed and consumers sale prices.
1441. Computes & notifies ex-
refinery price of SKO including ex-
depot prices of SKO & E-10 and
Inland Freight Equalization Margin
(IFEM) for all products.
1442. Monitoring the pricing of
petroleum products under the
deregulated scenario.
1443. Enforcement of technical
standards and specifications (best
international practices) in all the
regulated activities.
1444. Resolution of public
complaints and disputes against
lincesees and between licensee
1445.
1446. With regards to your question
bearing in mind there are 114 Surahs in the
Holy Qur’an but Surah Tawbah does not
have Bismillah at the beginning and adding
the Bismillah in Surah Namal there is a total
of 114 Bismillahs in the Holy Qur’an.
1447. Liquefied petroleum
gas or liquid petroleum
gas (LPG or LP gas), also referred to
as simply propane or butane, is
a flammable mixture
of hydrocarbon gases used
as fuel in heating appliances, cooking
equipment, and vehicles.
1448. LPG is prepared by refining
petroleum or "wet" natural gas, and
is almost entirely derived from fossil
fuel sources,
being manufactured during the
refining of petroleum (crude oil), or
extracted from petroleum or natural
gas streams as they emerge from
the ground.
1449. LPG products are found
naturally in combination with other
hydrocarbon fuels, typically crude oil
and natural gas. LPG is produced
during natural gas processing and
 oil refining. It is isolated, liquefied
through pressurisation and stored in
pressure vessels.
1450. LPG gas is basically the
mixture of propane and butane, and
it is odorless in its natural state.
1451.  The top most use of LPG is
to use as the main fuel for vehicles.
It burns better than diesel or petrol
and hence, the top most use
for LPG is to use it as ignition fuel. It
is also more energy efficient and is
said to leave lesser damaging
impact on the atmosphere and the
environment
1452. LPG is a low-carbon fossil
fuel. ... LPG comes from drilling oil
and gas wells. It is a fossil fuel that
does not occur in isolation. LPG is
found naturally in combination with
other hydrocarbons, typically crude
oil and natural gas.
1453. Sindh barrage multi billion
project 125 billion to resolve
water shortage issue in the
coastal districts of Sindh
1454. On river indus about 45 km
upstream of its outfall
1455. By Wapda
1456. Sea intrusion to land
erosion
1457. Plan is to conver 167 km
long river belt between kotri
barrage and proposed Sindh
barrage into a water reserviour
and make it one of the largest
lakes of asia
1458. Begin I 2022 and end 2024
1459. Cities are thatta sujawal
badin and Karachi
1460. 56500 acrs would be
required
1461. LBOD left bank outfall
drain is drainage project started
in 1980s and completed in
1990s .TO drain water from
Shaheed benazirabad
,.Sanghar,Mirpukhas and Badin in
arabaina sea in order to prevent
water logging and salinity total
4600 cusec
1462. 2011 moonsoon dissartors
1463. RBOD launched on 2011
scope of work includes to
provided outfall facility to the
existing and proposal drainage
projecet
1464. To improve environment
and water conditions in manchar
lake capacity is 3500
1465. Gharo creek final disposal
1466. If water table rises close to the
crop root zone, the productivity is
adversely affected because the soil
coarse with in the root zone gets
saturated and reduces the normal
circulation of air, causing reduction in
the level of oxygen and increase in the
level of carbon dioxide.
1467. The life of plant depends upon
the nutrients like nitrates and the form
in which nitrates are consumed by
plants is produced by bacteria in the
process of nitrification. These bacteria
needs oxygen for their survival. The
supply of oxygen gets cutoff when the
land becomes ill aerated ,resulting in
the death of these bacteria and fall in
the production of plant’s food I,.e
nitrates and consequently reducing the
plant growth which reduces the crop
yield.
1468. When water table is close to
the surface, and ground water rises to
or is very close to the surface due to
capillary action, it evaporates, leaving
behind dissolved salts in the soil pores
and ultimately on the surface. 
Evaporation in arid areas draws water
up through the soil, bringing salts with
it. Irrigation causes repeated
evaporation, bringing more salts up. 
The whitish salts appearing on the
 surface usually is Sodium chloride
(NaCl).  Where water logging has
occurred, at that place salinity is also
produced. The concentration of these
salts present in the root zone of plant
have adverse effect on the roots
reducing the osmotic acitivity of the
plants and the plants ultimately fades
away. Thus water logging causes salinity
result of which is crop yield reduction.
Wherever there is water logging
,salinity is must.
1469. The Group of Seven is an
international intergovernmental
economic organization consisting of
the seven largest IMF- advanced
economies in the world: Canada,
France, Germany, Italy, Japan, the
United Kingdom and the United States
1470. FATF financial action task
force H.Q paris
1471. Stop terror financing money
laundering stop tax steal
1472. Fatg 38 members
1473. Pk is not member
1474. Grey list on susppious
1475. Black liste probem cant take
imf loan world bank
1476. 2012 firs time grey lkist 2015
out of
1477. 2018 again grey list upto feb
2020
1478. Black list iran and north korea
1479. Effects economic loss
1480. Pakistan now has 15
months to implement an action
plan to be able to negotiate an
exit from the grey list.
1481. In Grey list FDI wont
come
1482. Fiscal policy can be
distinguished from monetary policy, in
that fiscal policy deals with taxation
and government spending and is often
administered by a government
department; while monetary policy
deals with the money supply, interest
rates and is often administered by a
country's central bank. Both fiscal and
monetary policies influence a
country's economic performance.
1483.
1484. Water storage capciity is 30
days
1485. An outlet is a hydraulic
structure conveying irrigation water
from a state-owned
distributary/minor to a privately
owned water course. Outlet is
provided to have an equitable
distribution of water to the
cultivators, irrespective of their
location from a distributary/minor.
1486. switzerland and norway
are the two countries that are not
in EU
1487. Sindh Education issue
Feudalism
1488. Corruption
1489. Outdated syllabus
1490. Different medium of
instruction
1491. Lack of education budget
1492. Combined footing - Where
two coloums are near to each
other and area of one overlaping
other then we go for combine
footing
1. Shallow foundation
o Individual footing or
isolated footing
o Combined footing
o Strip foundation
o Raft or mat foundation
2. Deep Foundation
o Pile foundation
o Drilled Shafts or caissons
2. Individual footing or an
isolated footing is the most
common type of foundation
used for building
construction. This
foundation is constructed
for single column and also
called as pad foundation.
3. The shape of individual
footing is square or
rectangle and is used when
loads from structure is
carried by the columns. Size
is calculated based on the
load on the column and safe
bearing capacity of soil.
1493. Spread footings are
those whose base is more
wider than a typical load
bearing wall foundations.
The wider base of this
footing type spreads the
weight from the building
structure over more area
and provides better stability.
1494. Raft or mat
foundations are the types of
foundation which are spread
across the entire area of the
building to support heavy
structural loads from
columns and walls.
1495. Pile foundation is a
type of deep foundation
which is used to transfer
heavy loads from the
structure to a hard rock
strata much deep below the
ground level.
1496. Main china peoples
republic of china
1497. Taiwan republic of
china
1498. The "One-China policy" is a
policy asserting that there is only one
sovereign state under the name
China, as opposed to the idea that
there are two states, the People's
Republic of China (PRC) and
the Republic of China (ROC), whose
official names incorporate "China".
Many states follow a one China policy,
but the meanings are not the same.
The PRC exclusively uses the term
"One China Principle" in its official
communications
1499. NAB will not be allowed to take up
any case of corruption unless they exceed a
value of Rs. 500 million
1500. NAB’s investigations will only
apply to any person of entity that is directly
or indirectly linked to a public office-holder
1501. NAB will no longer have any
jurisdiction over matters pertaining to
federal or provincial taxation, levies or
imposts. Any ongoing inquiries under these
headings would be transferred to the
respective authorities or departments
1502. any ongoing trials that pertain to
matters no longer under NAB jurisdiction
would be transferred from accountability
courts to criminal courts
1503. NAB cannot act against
“procedural lapses” in government projects
or schemes unless it can prove accused
public office holders have materially
benefited beyond known sources of income
1504. NAB cannot construe misuse of
authority by a public office holder unless
there is evidence that it has resulted in
material benefit beyond known income
1505. NAB will not be allowed to issue
public statements at the stages of inquiry
and investigation
1506. NAB will now have to file formal
references within 14 days, as compared to its
earlier 90 days
1507. NAB will have to complete an
inquiry within six months
1508. NAB will be barred from reopening
an inquiry once it has been completed
1509. A six-member scrutiny committee
will be formed that will decide whether or
not NAB can proceed against any
government servant
1510. • Anti-graft body
cannot take up graft cases
below Rs500m
• Arrest of govt official
requires scrutiny body’s
permission
• Remand period changes
to 14 days from 90
• NAB officials barred
from issuing public
statements before filing
references
• Once completed, no
inquiry could be
reopened
• Taxation cases to be
transferred to other
courts
1511. In its history, Iran only had
two Supreme Leaders: Ruhollah
Khomeini, who held the position
from 1979 until his death in 1989,
and Ali Khamenei, who has held
the position since Khomeini's death.
In theory, the Supreme Leader is
elected and overseen by the
Assembly of Experts.
1512. Sayyid Ali Hosseini Khamenei
is a Twelver Shia Marja' and the
second and current supreme leader of
Iran, in office since 1989. He was
previously the president of Iran from
1981 to 1989.
1513. The current President of Iran
is Hassan Rouhani, assumed office
on 3 August 2013, after the 2013
Iranian presidential election. He
succeeded Mahmoud Ahmadinejad,
who served 8 years in office from
2005 to 2013. Rouhani won re-
election in the 2017 presidential
election.
1514. Sayyid Ruhollah Musavi
Khomeini (UK: /xɒˈmeɪni/ khom-AY-
nee, US: /xoʊˈ-/ khohm-; Persian:  ‫سید‬
‫روح‌هللا موسوی خمینی‬ [ruːholˈlɑːhe xomej
ˈniː] ( listen); 24 September 1902 – 3
June 1989), also known in
the Western world as Ayatollah
Khomeini,[10] was an Iranian
revolutionary, politician, and cleric. He
was the founder of the Islamic
Republic of Iran and the leader of the
1979 Iranian Revolution, which saw
the overthrow of the last shah of
Iran, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, and
the end of the 2,500 year old Persian
monarchy. Following the revolution,
Khomeini became the
country's supreme leader, a position
created in the constitution of the
Islamic Republic as the highest-
ranking political and religious authority
of the nation, which he held until his
death. He was succeeded by Ali
Khamenei on 4 June 1989.
1515. Before ayatollah khumni shah
was president from 1941 who was
close partner of USA
1516. In 1979 shah left iran
1517. MBS is Muhammad bin
Salman 33 year old crown prince of
Saudi
1518. Granted Saudi women to drive
1519. His Vision 2030 program
aims to diversify the Saudi economy
through investment in non-oil sectors
including technology and tourism. In
2016, he announced plans to list the
shares of the state oil company
Saudi Aramco.
1520. Saudi Aramco, officially the
Saudi Arabian Oil Company, is a
 Saudi Arabian national petroleum and
natural gas company based in
Dhahran, Saudi Arabia. It is one of the
largest companies in the world by
revenue
1521. Jamal Ahmad
Khashoggi (/kəˈʃoʊɡʒi, kəˈʃɒɡʒi/; Arab
ic: ‫جمال أحمد خاشقجي‬, romanized: Jamāl
ʾAḥmad Ḵāšuqjī, Hejazi
pronunciation: [dʒaˈmaːl xaːˈʃʊɡ.(d)ʒi];
13 October 1958 – 2 October 2018)
was a Saudi Arabian dissident, author,
columnist for The Washington Post,
and a general manager and editor-in-
chief of Al-Arab News
Channel who was assassinated at
the Saudi consulate in Istanbul on 2
October 2018 by agents of the Saudi
government
1522. Hong Kong's protests
started in June against plans to
allow extradition to mainland
China.
1523. Critics feared this could
undermine judicial independence
and endanger dissidents.
1524. Until 1997, Hong Kong
was ruled by Britain as a colony
but then returned to China. Under
the "one country, two systems"
arrangement, it has some
autonomy, and its people more
rights.
1525. The bill was withdrawn in
September but demonstrations
continue and now demand full
democracy and an inquiry into
police actions.
1526. Clashes between police
and activists have become
increasingly violent, with police
firing live bullets and protesters
attacking officers and throwing
petrol bombs
1527. Hong Kong is a former
British colony handed back to
China in 1997.
1528. It has its own judiciary and
a separate legal system from
mainland China. Those rights
include freedom of assembly and
freedom of speech.
1529. But those freedoms - the
Basic Law - expire in 2047 and it
is not clear what Hong Kong's
status will then be.
1530. Rome is capital of Italy
1531. Colosseum. Is famous in
room
1532. The Colosseum or Coliseum,
also known as the Flavian
Amphitheatre, is an oval amphitheatre
in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy.
Built of travertine limestone, tuff, and
brick-faced concrete, it was the largest
amphitheatre ever built at the time and
held 50,000 spectators.
1533. An amphitheatre or
amphitheater is an open-air venue
used for entertainment, performances,
and sports
1534. Ankara is capital of Turkey
1535. The King Fahd Causeway is a
series of bridges and causeways
connecting Saudi Arabia and
Bahrain(Capital Manama) The idea of
constructing the causeway was based
on improving the links and bonds
between Saudi Arabia and Bahrain.
1536. Alexander Boris de Pfeffel
Johnson Hon FRIBA is a British
politician, writer, and former journalist
serving as Prime Minister of the
United Kingdom and Leader of the
Conservative Party since 2019.
1537. The Red Sea (Arabic:  ‫البحر‬
‫ )األحمر‬is a seawater inlet of the Indian
Ocean, lying between Africa and Asia.
1538. A column or pillar in
architecture and structural engineering
 is a structural element that transmits,
through compression, the weight of
the structure above to other structural
elements below.
1539. A reinforced concrete
slab is a crucial structural
element and is used to
provide flat surfaces(floors
and ceilings) in buildings.
On the basis of
reinforcement provided,
beam support, and the ratio
of the spans, slabs are
generally classified into one-
way slab and two-way slab.
The former is supported on
two sides and the ratio of
long to short span is greater
than two. However, the
latter is supported on four
sides and the ratio of long to
short span is smaller than
two.
1540. Types are one way
slab,two way slab, ribbed
slab,waffle slab,flat plate,
flat slab
1541. One way slab is
a slab which is supported by beams
on the two opposite sides to carry
the load along one direction.
1542. One way slab because
this slab will bend in one direction
i.e in the direction along its shorter
span.
1543. In two way slabs, load will
be carried in both the directions. So,
main reinforcement is provided in
both direction for two way slabs.
1544. Ribbed floors consisting of
equally spaced ribs are usually
supported directly by columns.They
are either one-way spanning
systems known as ribbed slab or a
two-way ribbed system known as
a waffle slab. This form of
construction is not very common
because of the formwork costs and
the low fire rating
1545.  In comparison to the solid
slab, the span limits of ribbed
slabs are considerably longer.
1546. Ribbed and waffle slabs
provide a lighter and
stiffer slab than an equivalent
flat slab, reducing the extent of
foundations. They provide a very
good form of construction
where slab vibration is an issue,
such as laboratories and hospitals
1547. One way ribbed lighter and
stiffer reduces extent of
foundation reducing ultimate load
.prventing vibration
issue.disadvantages formwork
cost is highe difficult to install
poor fire rating.
1548.
Rib slab are the slab with no column
and area is large
They are normally used in
conference halls etc
1549. As compared to flat plate
(no column capital or drop) flat
slab has longer span
1550. Flat slab are the slab with no
beams and area is large
This is usually used when floor
height is less, it is normally used in
parking area of malls etc.
1551. Flat slab with column
capital (icrease shear strength
1552. Flat slab with drop panel
(reduce moment by reducing clear
or effective span)
1553. Advantages plane ceiling
this give attractive appearance
1554. Less construction time
1555. Easier construction
1556. Disadvantages not
possible to have large pan
1557. Higher slab thickness
1558. T=5 inch
1559. Economy in frame work
shorter storey heights
1560. Larger head room
1561. Effective span is used in
designing
1562. Min thickness of slab is
4inch
1563. A slab can be reinforced in
two ways depending on its
thickness, loads acting. use of the
structure etc :
1564. 1) Singly reinforced : Here
the reinforcement is provided
only in the part below the neutral
axis i.e. in the tension zone. This is
done when the loads acting are
not too high and the concrete
can resist the compression forces
safely.
1565. 2) Doubly reinforced :
When the loads acting are high
and it is not feasible to increase
the depth of the slab due to
architectural or structural
purposes, then we provide a
doubly reinforced slab.
1566. Here reinforcement is
provided in the compression and
tension zone i.e. above and below
the neutral axis. This is done
because the concrete alone
cannot take the compression
loads acting on it.
1567. This type of slabs are
preferred as it allows us to
decrease the depth of the slab
thus utilizing less concrete and
gives more floor to floor height
1568. The Thar coalfield
is located in Thar Desert,
Tharparkar District of Sindh
province in Pakistan. The
deposits—16th-largest coal reser
ves in the world, were discovered
in 1991 by Geological Survey of
Pakistan (GSP) and the United
States Agency for International
Development.
1569. Types of coal
1570. Anthracite.
1571. lignite.
1572. bituminous.
1573. sub-bituminous.
1574. peat.
1575. Thar Coal reserves are
estimated by the Geological Survey
of Pakistan to be approximately 175
billion tons – making it one of the
largest lignite coal reserves in the
world.
1576. Lignite, often referred to as
brown coal, is a soft, brown,
combustible, sedimentary rock formed
from naturally compressed peat. It is
considered the lowest rank of coal due
to its relatively low heat content. It has
a carbon content around 60–70
percent.
1577. The Sindh
Engro Coal Mining Company
(SECMC) was formed as a joint
venture between Government of
Sindh (GoS) and Engro Corporation
in October 2009 in order to develop
of mining at Thar Coal Block II of
the Thar coalfield.
1578. The discovery of low-ash,
low-sulfur lignite coal reserves in the
Tharparkar (Thar)
1579. Manama (Arabic: ‫ المنامة‬al-
Manāma Bahrani pronunciation: [elmɐ
 ˈnɑːmɐ]) is the capital and largest city at Gwadar seaport
of Bahrain, comfortably and safely.
1580. The bill of quantities 1590. This charter contains 47
(sometimes referred to as 'BoQ' or clauses, which laid the foundations
'BQ') is a document prepared by the of a sovereign nation-state
cost consultant (often a quantity comprising of Muslims, Jews and
surveyor) that provides project Pagans, having equal rights and
specific measured quantities of the responsibilities under a common
items of work identified by the citizenship.
drawings and specifications in the 1591. Load Bearing Walls
tender documentation a. Precast Concrete Wall
1581. Abu dhabi is capital of UAE b. Retaining Wall
1582. The president is also the c. Masonry Wall
commander-in-chief of the UAE d. Pre Panelized Load Bearing
Armed Forces. The current president
Metal Stud Walls
is Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan
e. Engineering Brick Wall
1583. Arbitration, a form of f. Stone Wall 
alternative dispute resolution, is a way 1592. Non-Load Bearing Wall
to resolve disputes outside the courts
a. Hollow Concrete Block
1584. Chabahar Port is a seaport in b. Facade Bricks
Chabahar located in southeastern c. Hollow Bricks
Iran, on the Gulf of Oman.
d. Brick Walls
1585. Gwadar can act as an 1593. Cavity Walls
international trade hub for 1594. Shear Walls
Pakistan. Gwadar port would 1595. Partition Walls
connect three regions, i.e. Central 1596. Panel Walls
Asia, South Asia and Middle East
1597. Veneered Walls
1586. After four years of 1598. Faced Walls
negotiations,
1599. Grillage Foundation is a
Pakistan purchased the Gwadar en
type of foundation often used at
clave from Oman for US$3 million on
the base of a column. It consists of
8 September 1958
one, two or more tiers of steel
and Gwadar officially became part
beams superimposed on a layer of
of Pakistan on 8 December 1958,
concrete, adjacent tiers being placed
after 200 years of Omani rule.
at right angles to each other, while
1587. Pakistan has three big all tiers are encased in concrete
sea ports named as Karachi Port, This foundation facilitates to resist
Muhammad Bin Qasim port, and deep excavations because the
Gwadar por required base area is arranged for
1588. Search Results the load of the transmission.
1589. Distance between The foundation depth is restricted
these ports is only around 72 kms. from 1m to 1.5m  When a column
Both these ports are deep carries heavy structural loads which
water ports but Gwadar has more are to be transferred to the soil of low
advantage that its depth is greater bearing capacity,
than Chabahar, it means all the 1600. Flemish bonds have
colossal ships of world could be better appearance but are
anchored and docked
weaker than English bonds
 for load bearing wall
construction. Thus, if the
pointing has to be done for
brick masonry walls, then
Flemish bond may be used
for better aesthetic view. If
the walls have to be
plastered, then it is better to
use English bond.
1601. A public-private
partnership, also called a PPP, P3
or 3P, is a long-term cooperative
agreement between
a private company and the national
or local government. ...
1602. The National Finance
Commission Award or NFC is a
series of planned economic
programs in Pakistan enacted since
1951. ... As per Constitution, the
program awards the designs of
financial formulas of economic
distribution to provincial and federal
government for five consecutive
years( Presiden award to the head
to Cm)
1603. The NFC award
includes the distribution of
taxes collected by the
federal government which
form a divisible pool. This
pool includes taxes on
income including corporate
tax, sales tax and export
duties, etc
1604. According to Article
160 of the Constitution,
after every five years the
president will constitute
the NFC for a period of five
years
1605. It introduced a
multiple indicators
formula for the
distribution of financial
resources among the
provinces. The indicators
now are population (82%),
poverty and backwardness
(10.3%), revenue collection
and generation (5%) and
inverse population density
(2.7%)
1606. 9th nfc will be
awarded
1607. Currently
the Minister of Finance position is
filled by Abdul Hafeez Shaikh who is
the Advisor to the Prime Minister of
Pakistan for Finance.
1608. The Federal Board of
Revenue, formerly known as Central
Board of Revenue, is a top federal
government organization of Pakistan
that investigates tax crimes and
money-laundering
1609. PC- Planning Commission
1610. PC is financial and public
policy development institute.
1611. It works under ministry of
planning ,development and
reforms.
1612. In Pakistan, it was
established in 1952.
1613. The chairman of this
institute is Prime minister.
1614. PC-I: It is a project
document which covers almost all
aspects of the project
1615. PC- II: It is a survey and
feasibility report which is
obligatory to be annexed with
PC-I.
1616. PC-III (A) : It is
annually/quarterly progress
reports on the specified
proforma.
1617. PC-III (B) : It is financial
and physical progress to be
submitted on monthly basis.
1618. PC –IV: It is project closure
report which is mandatory to be
submitted to P &D Department
on the completion of each
project.
1619. PC – V : It is annual
performance report which has to
be submitted to P & D
Department after completion of
project for consecutive five years.
1620. PPPRA : Pakistan Public
Procurement Regulatory
Authority.
1621. The Authority may take
measures and exercise powers as
may be necessary for improving
governance, management,
transparency, accountability and
quality of public procurement.
1622. Public procurement refers
to the purchase by governments and
state-owned enterprises of goods,
services and works
1623. SPPRA: Sindh Public
Procurement Regulatory
Authority
1624. Drip irrigation is a type of
micro-irrigation system that has the
potential to save water and nutrients
by allowing water to drip slowly to
the roots of plants, either from above
the soil surface or buried below the
surface. The goal is to place water
directly into the root zone and
minimize evaporation.
1625. Sprinkler irrigation is a
method of applying irrigation water
which is similar to natural rainfall.
Water is distributed through
a system of pipes usually by
pumping. It is then sprayed into the
air through sprinklers so that it
breaks up into small water drops
which fall to the ground.
1626. Bahria Town Karachi is a
privately owned gated neighbourhood
under construction in Karachi, Sindh,
Pakistan.
1627. Bahria Town Limited. is an
Islamabad-based privately owned
real-estate development company
which owns, develops and manages
properties across Pakistan
1628. Search Results
1629. Featured snippet
from the web
1630. While talking about the
size, Bahria Town Karachi is
spread on 44,000-acre land (178
km2), in contrast, DHA City is just
spread on 20,000-acre land. Bahria
Town Karachi consists of 58 blocks
in total that are known as Precincts,
whereas DHA City offers only 16
sectors
1631. Defence is a wealthy
neighbourhood located within Clifton
Cantonment of Karachi, Sindh,
Pakistan. Although part of Karachi City
District, Defence is actually governed
directly by the Clifton Cantonment
Board. The neighbourhood is divided
into several subdivisions or "phases
Bahria town is a better option by all
means. The reasons being
1632. Bahria has active
security.
1633. Bahria is much
cleaner.
1634. Bahria targets majority
of the market brands i.e.
 Green Valley, majority of the
Banks, All food chains etc.
1635. Bahria has got enough
of the parks and recreational
centres for the kids.
1636. It has got gyms, golf
course, beautiful mosques,
zoo, marquee, cinema and
enough to explore.
1637. Wide roads.
1638. Last but not the least
Bahria is much greener
1639. Precinct - the area within the
walls or perceived boundaries of a
particular building or place. Related
word zone
1640. Gorano dam in islamkot
Tharparkar Gorano is name of
village.
1641. The dam is an artificial
lake created in a depression
where water discharged after
mining for coal is collected
through a 35-kilometre-long
pipeline. About 1,500 acres of
land are already under water
and eventually the lake may
cover 5,000 acres, belonging
to Gorano and two other
villages. Many landowners
have accepted the
compensation offered by the
Sindh Engro Coal Mining
Company (SECMC) while
some have not.
1642. Worse, rapid depletion
of underground water
resources could make the area
unliveable for humans and
beasts alike. The mining
operation is draining not only
the entire aquifer of sweet
rainwater but also the
reservoir of saline water
before the coal bed can be
reached. Reports of plans to
desalinate water twice to
make it fit for drinking or
even for irrigation do not
inspire confidence.
1643. Environment experts and
rights activists have urged the
government and the company
running the Thar Coal Project to
resolve the controversy
surrounding the Gorano Dam in
a way which is in the best
interests of the natives and does
not interfere with the country’s
development agenda.
1644. Samar Mubarakmand, is a
Pakistani nuclear physicist known for
his research in gamma spectroscopy
and experimental development of the
linear accelerato
1645. Served as Member
Technical Pakistan Atomic
Energy Commission (PAEC) from
1995 to 2000.
1646. Served as Founding
Chairman National Engineering &
Scientific Commission (NESCOM)
from 2001 to 2007.
1647. Served as Special
Assistant to the Prime Minister
on Science & Technology from
2007 to 2008.
1648. Served
as Member (Science &
Technology), Planning
Commission, Government of
Pakistan from 2008 to 2012
1649. Serving as Chairman,
Board of Directors, Punjab
Mineral Company (2013 to date)
1650. Serving as Chairman,
Board of Governors, Underground
Gasification Project, Thar Coal
fields (2009 to date)
1651. The National Engineering
and Scientific
Commission (NESCOM) is a civilian
controlled scientific and engineering
organization of Pakistan, responsible
for carrying out research and
development in many areas
including information technology, fluid
dynamics, aerodynamics, aerospace
engineering, electrical
engineering, mechanical
engineering and chemical
engineering, with specialties in the
design and production of
communication systems and
aerodynamic vehicles for the Pakistan
Armed Forces. It is under the
administrative control of the Strategic
Plans Division of Pakistan's National
Command Authority and is
headquartered in Islamabad, Pakistan.
1652. The Siachen conflict,
sometimes referred to as the Siachen
War, was a military conflict between
India and Pakistan over the disputed
Siachen Glacier region in Kashmir. A
cease-fire went into effect in 2003.
The contended area is nearly 1,000
square miles of territory
1653. Siachen is the largest single
source of fresh water on the Indian
subcontinent. It could be an entry
point in Kashmir, for both Chinese
and Pakistani troops, even though it
is very difficult due to weather
conditions of extreme temperature
ranging from -18 to -60 degrees
1654. The entire Siachen Glacier,
with all major passes, is currently
under the administration of India
since 1984. Pakistan controls the
region west of Saltoro Ridge, far
away from the glacier, with
Pakistani posts located 3,000 ft
below more than 100 Indian posts
on Saltoro Ridge.
1655. Siachen is in karakoram
range on Himalaya range in jammu
and Kashmir also known as third
pole .altitude 5400 m highest battle
ground,give rise to nubra river nubra
goes to shok shok goea to indus
1656. LOC in Karachi agrrement in
1949 in 1984 pakistan attempted to
capture region but 4 days before
indian occupied syachin in 2003
ceasefire took place
1657. Strategic importance natural
watch tower safety of Pakistan
1658. Kargil conflict in 1999 was
generally portrayed as one of the
big events in the relation of two
neighboring but hostile countries_
Pakistan and India. For Pakistan, it
was a defensive strategy, which
ultimately went towards a
permanent conflict. This conflict
erupted along the Line of Control
(LOC) in Kashmir. Many
agreements related to borders
were signed between both
countries like Cease Fire Line in
1948 and Simla Agreement and
Line of Control (LOC) in 1972. All
these agreements failed to meet
the desired results because India
was persistently violating every
agreement and considered them
of no value. She violated the
agreement of LOC. It showed
aggression in Siachen, Nellum
Valley and finally in Kargil. There
were multiple factors, which led
Pakistan and India to war in Kargil.
Pakistan’s army won Kargil war
militarily but did not win it
diplomatically as well as politically.
 Indian diplomats exploited the
conflict and went to get support
from America, in which they
succeeded. Repercussions of this
conflict had been damaging for
Pakistan internationally and
domestically.it proved that there
was a huge communication gap
between army and the
government.
1659. At the end, Pakistan
withdrew from Kargil because of
the pressure of America. American
role in this conflict was an obvious
fact. It looks like that America was
playing neutral role in this conflict
but the reality stands somewhere
else. American adopted a
unilateral approach and that was
Pakistan must withdraw from
Kargil. Indian diplomats were
completely exploiting the existed
conditions during Kargil conflict.
The image of Pakistan came in
international community as a
hostile and terrorist country. On
the other hand, America was not
happy of Pakistan nuclear
program. Another most important
factor was Nawaz Sharif’s
unprecedented tour to America
and unscheduled meeting with
American president Clinton. This
made Pakistan a culpable state
and it also played a role to tilt
American towards unilateral
approach.
1660. To conclude, Kargil war for
Pakistan was a Defensive-offensive
approach but it failed in both. A
clearly won battle on military basis
ultimately was lost badly on
diplomatic level. Pakistan had to
pay the price of this both,
internationally and domestically.
1661. The Delhi-Lahore Bus is a
passenger bus service connecting
the Indian capital of Delhi with the city
of Lahore, Pakistan via the border
transit post at Wagah, which is the
only border crossing point between
India and Pakistan opened for
international travelers. The bus was of
symbolic importance to the efforts of
the governments of both nations to
foster peaceful and friendly relations.
[5]
 In its inaugural run on 19 February
1999, the bus carried the then-Indian
Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee,
who was to attend a summit in Lahore
and was received by his Pakistani
counterpart, Nawaz Sharif at Wagah.[5]
[6]
 Its official name is the Sada-e-
Sarhad (Urdu for Call of the Frontier)
1662. Taftan, is a town located in
Chagai District, Balochistan, Pakistan.
It is Pakistan's only legal official
border crossing into Iran.
1663. here exists a 1300 km long
Karakoram Highway, also known
as China-Pakistan friendship highw
ay. ... It extends from Hasan Abdal
in the Punjab province
of Pakistan to the Khunjerab Pass
in Pakistan Occupied Kashmir's
Gilgit-Baltistan, where it crosses
into China and
becomes China National Highway
1664. The 'Khyber Pass is a
mountain pass in the northwest of
Pakistan, on the border with
Afghanistan. It connects the town of
Landi Kotal to the Valley of Peshawar
at Jamrud by traversing part of the
Spin Ghar mountains
1665. Sir creek is water issue
between india and pak between Sindh
and Gujrat .In south of Sindh there is
Gujrat india state .In east there is
Rajastan Shakoor Lake is on border of
Sindh and Gujrat
1666. a stream or minor tributary of
a river. Is called creek
1667. lenth 90 km arrangement of thunderstorms that
produce heavy rain or squalls
1668. paki claims whole creek
belongs to pak upto green line while 1676. Hurricanes start when
india says half half redline on basis warm, moist air from the ocean
on international doctrine surface begins to rise rapidly, where
it encounters cooler air
1669. Sindh resolution of 1914 with
that causes the warm water vapor to
maharaja kanch that whole creek is condense and to form storm clouds
in Sindh Pakistan say its is tidal i.e and drops of rain
water only in monsoon it is not
suitable for navigation purpose 1677. A tropical climate in the
Köppen climate classification is a
1670. After 1968 there have been
non-arid climate in which all twelve
12 talks on this issue but all in vain months have mean temperatures of
1671. Last talk in 2012 warmer than 18 °C (64 °F). ...
1672. The  area  is  not  so  much  In tropical climates,
of  military  value  but  is  very  the temperature remains relatively
constant (hot) throughout the year.
much  important  for  its 
Sunlight is intense.
economic  resources  of  oil  and 
Search Results
gas  line  beneath  the  surface  of  Tropical Asia and
sea  and  it  is  one  of  the  the tropical Pacific area cover a large
exclusive  economic  zones. There  expanse. Brunei, Burma (or Myanmar),
are  many  tries  to  resolve  the  Cambodia, East Timor, Indonesia, Laos,
issue  since  1969  as  dispute  Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand
includes  allocation  delimitation  and Vietnam make up the majority of
demarcation  and  administration  the region in tropical Asia.
both  the  sides  had  tride  to  give  1678. A tsunami or tidal wave is a
their  own  type  of  solution  but  series of waves in a water body
the  other  hand  out  writely  caused by the displacement of a large
rejected  the  proposal. volume of water, generally in an ocean
1673. It was originally named as Ban or a large lake. Earthquakes, volcanic
Ganga. The name Sir Creek is named eruptions and other underwater
after a representative of British raj. explosions above or below water all
have the potential to generate a
1674. A hurricane is a large tsunami.
rotating storm with high speed winds
1679. Recent 2018 indonesia
that forms over warm waters in
tropical areas. Hurricanes have 1680. Biggest Alaska
sustained winds of at least 74 miles 1681. : A simply supported
per hour and an area of low air beam is a type of beam that has
pressure in the center called the pinned support at one end and
eye. The scientific name for roller support at the other end.
a hurricane is a tropical cyclone 1682. Typical practical applications
1675. A tropical cyclone is a rapidly of simply supported beams with
rotating storm system characterized point loadings include
by a low-pressure center, a closed bridges, beams in buildings, and
low-level atmospheric circulation, beds of machine tools
strong winds, and a spiral
1683. In actual scenario, in most of
the buildings there will not be a
 simply supported joints. The reason
is, the structures have to resist
seismic forces and if we design it
simply supported then everything
turns up and down. By looking at
any structure you can never say
about the fixity of the joint because
everything is covered by plaster. You
cannot predict what is the behavior
of the joint until and unless you have
seen the construction on your own.
If everything is moulded on site and
if concrete is poured continuously
regardless of a joint or a structural
member, an integrity will be
developed between beams and
columns. And also to hold the beam
in  place you will have rebars
running into the column. This creates
a fixed support. But if a beam and a
column are casted separately and
then put together then it will be a
simply supported beam.
The most common examples of
simply supported beams are, bridge
girders, post and lintel structure.
1684. If you wish to check in a
building whether the beam is simply
supported or fixed end, then you
need to present there at the time of
the construction or read their
structural details and method of
construction. Without any of the
above details you can not detect the
kind of joint in RCC structures.
1685. Workability is a property of
raw or fresh concrete mixture. In
simple words, workability means
the ease of placement and workable
concrete means the concrete which
can be placed and can be
compacted easily without any
segregation
1686. that property of freshly
mixed concrete which determines
the ease and homogeneity with
which it can be mixed, placed,
compacted and finished”
1687. The separation of coarse
aggregate particles from the main
mass of concrete in its plastic
state
1688. Segregation is unbinding
of constituents of concrete
material disturbing homogeneity
of concrete.
1689. The appearance of water
on the surface of freshly mixed
concrete is bleeding
1690. The 2019 United Kingdom
general election in England was
held on Thursday 12 December
across 533 constituencies
within England.
1691. The Conservatives retained a
majority of seats in England, with a net
increase of 48 seats. They increased
their share of the seats to their highest
since 1987 and gained seats in
the Labour Party's strongholds,
specifically in areas which voted
Leave in the 2016 EU referendum.
1692. The Labour Party decreased
their share of votes and suffered
losses mostly to the Conservatives.
1693. The Liberal
Democrats increased their share of
votes mostly in constituencies that
voted Remain in the 2016 EU
referendum, but failed to make any
substantial gains in this election.
1694. The Brexit Party gained votes
from Labour, especially in Leave-
voting constituencies, but failed to
make any breakthrough in this
election.
1695. The Green Party increased its
share of the vote but failed to make
 any gains, although it
retained Brighton Pavilion.
1696. Boris Johnson secured
an emphatic victory in
the U.K. election held
Thursday , dec 2019with the
Prime
Minister’s Conservative
Party  winning a majority of
seats in Parliament and a
mandate to fulfill its
campaign pledge of “Getting
Brexit Done.”
1697. 3 elections in last 5
years
1698. Brexit (/ˈbrɛksɪt, ˈbrɛɡzɪt/;[1] a p
ortmanteau of "British" and "exit") is
the withdrawal of the United
Kingdom (UK) from the European
Union (EU). Following a June 2016
referendum, in which 51.9% voted to
leave, the UK government formally
announced the country's withdrawal in
March 2017, starting a process that is
currently due to conclude with the UK
withdrawing late on 31 January 2020
1699. The Brexit withdrawal
agreement (officially: The Draft
Agreement on the Withdrawal of
the United Kingdom from the
European Union) is a (as of
21 October 2019) draft treaty between
the European Union (EU), Euratom,
and the United Kingdom (UK), setting
the terms of the withdrawal of the
latter from the former two (Brexit). The
original withdrawal agreement was
rejected by the House of Commons on
three occasions, leading to the
resignation of Theresa May as Prime
Minister of the United Kingdom. It was
subsequently renegotiated by Boris
Johnson, with a new version published
on 17 October 2019.[2]
1700. It covers such matters as
money, citizens' rights, border
arrangements and dispute resolution.
It also contains a transition period and
an outline of the future relationship
between the UK and the EU.
Published on 14 November 2018, it
was a result of the Brexit negotiations.
The agreement was endorsed by the
leaders of the 27 remaining EU
countries[3] and the UK
Government led by Prime
Minister Theresa May, but faced
opposition in the UK parliament,
whose approval was necessary for
ratification. Approval by the European
Parliament is also required but (as of
September 2019) remains to be
sought. On 15 January 2019, the
House of Commons rejected the
withdrawal agreement by a vote of
432 to 202.[4] The Commons rejected
the Agreement again on 12 March
2019, on a vote of 391 to 242, [5] and
rejected a third time of 29 March 2019
by 344 votes to 286. On 22 October
2019 the revised withdrawal
agreement negotiated by Boris
Johnson's government cleared the
first stage in Parliament, but Johnson
paused the legislative process when
the accelerated programme for
approval failed to achieve the
necessary support, and announced
his intention to call a general election.
1701. The present day city
of Hyderabad was founded in 1768
on the site of the ancient town of
Neroon Kot by Ghulam Shah
Kalhora of the Kalhora Dynasty it
remained the chief town
of Sindh until 1843, when, after the
battle of Miani, it surrendered to the
British, and the capital was
transferred to Karachi.
1702. David Cameron Uk Pm from
2010 to 2016
1703. Then Theresa may
from 2016 to 2019
1704. Boris jhonson current
1705. Mosque. Mosque, Arabic
masjid or jāmiʿ, any house or open
area of prayer in Islam.
1706. is that mandir is (hinduism) a
hindu temple while church is
 (countable) a christian house of
worship; a building where religious
services take place.
1707. The largest country in the
world is Russia with a total area of
17,098,242 Km²
1708. 17 million 98 thousand
1709. Or (6,601,665 mi²) and a
land area of 16,376,870 Km²
(6,323,142 mi²), equivalent to 11%
of the total world's landmass of
148,940,000 Km² ( one hudred 48
million ,9hundred 48
thousand)57,510,000 square miles).
1710. 384,400 km earth to
moon
1711. 3 lakh 84 thousand
1712. 1 turkish lira =26 rps
1713. The downing of Ukraine
International Airlines flight PS752 on
Wednesday came just hours after
Iran carried out missile strikes on
two airbases housing US forces in
Iraq.
1714. My strengths are fast
learning, can mould myself in any
work, punctuality,
dedication,determination,discipline
1715. Weakness focus too much
,working too hard ,I am not
multitasker,
1716. As, I have just started my
career, I don't have practical
achievements, but I really want to
practically explore and experience
my potential by delivering
the best services to the company. It
will be my honor to work
with you and this organization
1717. AEN has to execute work on
instructions of XEN Also AEN has to
verify and supervise the work of
contractor as per work order issued
to him and do its billing as per work
is done.
1718. A delegation of 23 European
Union MPs arrived in Srinagar on
Tuesday for a first-hand assessment
of the situation in Jammu and Kashmir
following the revocation of Article 370.
(PTI) oct 2019
1719. Curing of Concrete is a
method by which the concrete is
protected against loss of moisture
required for hydration and kept
within the recommended
temperature range. Curing will
increase the strength and decrease
the permeability of
hardened concrete.
1720. The density of
concrete varies, but is around 2,400
kilograms per cubic metre (150 lb/cu
ft). Reinforced concrete is the most
common form of concrete.
1721. Crushing
strength or compressive
strength of a stone is the load per
unit area at which the stone starts
cracking min 3.5 mpa 500 psi
1722. Good building stone more
than 100 ,mpa like
granite,basalt,trap
1723. An issue with the T-
beam compared to the I-beam is the
lack of the bottom flange. ...
These beams are very efficient
because the slab portion carries the
compressive loads and the
reinforcing bars placed at the bottom
of the stem carry the tension. A T-
beam typically has a narrower stem
than an ordinary rectangular beam
1724. It’s simply a rectangular
beam cast monolithically with
the slab shaped as T. and some
part of flange acts as compressive
member
1725. While drop beam is simple
beam who bottom level is below
the slab
1726. Hook length 9d to 12 d
1727. . Since the beam is cast
monolithically with the slab,
 the flange also takes up the
compressive stresses which
mean, it will be more effective
in resisting the sagging
moment acting on the beam.
1728. 2. Better head room, this
is direct outcome of the first
point since the depth of the
beam can be considerably
reduced.
1729. 3. For larger spans, t beams
are usually preferred rather than
rectangular beam as the
deflection is reduced to a good
extent.
1730. 1. There is a
considerable increase in the
shear stress at the junction of
the flange and the web of the
beam due to the change in
cross section. So casting should
be done very carefully to
ensure both are bonded well.
1731. 2. Since the beam slab is
monolithic (rigid), it becomes
very weak in resisting lateral
shear forces. (cracks develops
quickly). Hence usually in
earthquake prone zones using
t beams for high rise building
is reinforced with mechanical
stiffeners in the junction.
1732. 3. There will be small
savings in steel too (not a
significant amount though).
1733. They are often used as
critical support trusses, or the main
framework, in buildings. ... The
shape of I beams makes them
excellent for unidirectional bending
parallel to the web. The horizontal
flanges resist the bending
movement, while the web resists the
shear stress.
1734. I beams have a variety of
important uses in the structural
steel construction industry.
1735. a set of steps leading from
one floor of a building to another,
typically inside the building.
1736. Tread is the flat part that
your foot goes on, riser is the vertical
part in front of/ under each tread.
1737. Tread is horizontal upper part
of a step on which foot is placed in
ascending or decending a stairway
1738. Riser is vertical portion of a
step providing support to the tread
1739. Flier is a straight step having
a parallel width of a tread.
1740. Flight is unbroken series of
stepes between two landings.
1741. Landing is horizontal
platform at the top or bottom of
flight between the floors. It fascilates
the change of direction and provides
opportunity for taking rest during
the use of stair.
1742. Going is horizontal distance
between two successive rise faces
1743. Nosing is projecting part of
tread beyond the face of riser
1744. Scotia is moulding provided
under nosing to beautify the
elevation of step.
1745. Soffit is under surface of the
stair.
1746. Pitch or slop is angle which
the line of nosing of stari makes with
horizontal
1747. Stringer is sloping member
which supports the steps in stair
1748. Baluster is vertical member of
wood or metal to support the
handrail
1749. Balustrade is combined frame
work of handrail and balusters
1750. Newal post is vertical
member placed at the ends of flight
1751. Residential 25 cm x16cm
1752. Hospitals 30 cm x 10 cm
1753. Stair width 90 cm
1754. Pitch should not exceed 40
degree
1755. G +2R =400
1756. No of steps should not be
less than 3 or 12 more
1757. Dog legged is half turn 180
degree
1758. Handrail 75 cm
1759. T +R = 40 to 45 cm
1760. The basic concept of
prestressing the concrete consists in
introducing the artificially the
compressive stresses in a structure
before it is loaded. The tensile
stresses may be reduced to a great
extent or even entirely eliminiated
depending upon magnitude of
prestressing.min 35 mpa 1500 mpa.
8 mm or 1.5 mm
1761. Pre tensionining. The method
of providing desired amount
ofcompressive stress in the concrete
member before setting the concrete
to the desired strength. In this
method tendons wires are stretched
to the desired amount then fresh
concrete is poured .at the end of
curing period .steel wires are cut .
1762. Post tensions the method of
prestressing in which the
prestressing force is applied to the
tendons after the concrete has set or
hardened and has acquired
strength.tendons are not bonded
with concrete.when the required
stretch has been give the jack end of
tendon is anchored and the duct is
grouted with cement.
1763. Types plain concrete
1764. Lime concrete, pre stress
concrete,light weight con, saw dust
concrete,vacuum concrte,cellular
concrete,rcc
1765. Trusses are most commonly
used in bridges, roofs and towers.
A truss is made up of a web of
triangles joined together to enable
the even distribution of weight and
the handling of changing tension and
compression without bending or
shearing
1766. A truss is a structure
that consists of two-force
members only, where the members
are organised so that it behaves as a
single object
1767. Truss is a structure capable of
withstanding loads purely through
axial resistance of its member
1768. Truss joints are hinges.
Hinges cannot transfer or resist
bending moments
1769. In truss loads act or applied
in joint only so no bending moment
as lever arm is zero. In truss bending
moment can be developed only
when load acts at intermediate
location but in that case it is not
truss but called as framed structure
1770. A Frame structure is a
structure having the combination of
1771. beam, column and slab to
resist the lateral and gravity loads.
These structures are usually used to
overcome the large moments
 developing due to the applied 1780. Capital of Jordon-Amman
loading. 1781. Capital of Spain- Madrid
1772. Statically indeterminate 1782. Capital of Germany- Berlin
structures are structures that 1783. Capital of Brazin-Brasila
cannot be analyzed using statics, or
equations of equilibrium only; they 1784. Capital of Colombia –Bogota
require other material properties. 1785. Capital of Sri Lanka-
The degree of indeterminacy is the Colombo
number of unknown reactions minus 1786. Capital of Oman-Mascat.
the number of equations of Capital of Kuwait-Kuwait City
equilibrium.
1787. Capita of Syria-Damascus
1773. Example of
1788. Capital of yemen-Sana
determinate structures are: simply
supported beams, 1789. Capital of Uzbekistan-
cantilever beams, single and double tashkent
overhanging beams, three hinged 1790. Capital of Turkminstan-
arches, etc. Examples of Ashgabat
indeterminate structures are: 1791. Dushanbe is the capital of
fixed beams, continuous beams, Tajikistan
fixed arches, two hinged arches, 1792. The capital of Kazakhstan
portals, multistoried frames, etc. – Nur-Sultan
1774. Iraq prime minister Adbul 1793. The capital of Kyrgyzstan
mehndi Resign dec 2019 – Bishkek
1775. M.Javad zarif Foreign 1794.
Minister of Iran 1795. Beirut capital of Lebanon
1776. Silicon Valley, in the southern 1796. Riyadh is capital of Saudi.
San Francisco Bay Area of California,
is home to many start-up and global 1797. Cairo is capital of Egypt
technology companies. Apple, 1798. Capital of Greece Athens
Facebook and Google are among the 1799. Capital of Azerbaijan Baku
most prominent
1800. Capital of Libya Tripoli
1777. The word "silicon" in
the name originally referred to the 1801. Fayez Mustafa al-Sarraj is the
large number of innovators and Chairman of the Presidential Council
of Libya and prime minister of the
manufacturers in the region
Government of National Accord of
specialising in silicon-based MOS
Libya, 
transistors and integrated circuit
chips. 1802. Capital of Canada Ottawa
1778. Region in San Francisco, 1803. Capital of Peru lima
California that is considered to be 1804. Capital of venunzula
the technology hub of the United caracas
States. The region is made up a
1805. Capital of Bangladesh
number of computer companies and
computer chip manufactures. The Dhaka
region gets its nickname from 1806. Capital of philpine manila
the silicon that is used in computer 1807. Capital of South korea is
chips.
soul
1779. Capital of Qatar –Doha
1808. Capital of japan is Tokyo
1809. U.S.-Pakistan Center for
Advanced Studies in Water (USPCAS-
W)
1810. Youth participation in the
socio economic race of any country
is an important aspect as it affects
social and monetary advancement of
the society. In this regard, Prime
Minister of Pakistan Imran Khan has
launched a program through which
young generation can get
opportunities to excel in their
respective fields. Following are the 6
important schemes included in the
program:
1811. Proxy war a war initiated by a
major power which does not itself
become involved.
1812. The National Counter
Terrorism Authority,  NACTA
1813. The National Counter
Terrorism Authority, commonly called
Nacta, is a Pakistani internal
counterterrorism authority. It is
mandated to devise a counter-
terrorism strategy that should address
short, medium and long-term goals
and devise action plans for their
implementation.
1814. The World Bank (WB) lends
for undertaking development
programmes - resources for building
infrastructure, setting up facilities,
etc. International Monetary Fund
(IMF) gives 'assistance' funds so that
External economic crises can be
warded off, and other nations' debts
(External debts) could be paid
off. Essentially, WB has orientation
towards addressing resource need
for the progress of Internal
economy (Growth - Reduction of
poverty) and IMF is aimed towards
maintaining External balance
(Stability) of Members.
1815. World Bank is about growth.
IMF is about stability.  1825.
1816.  World Bank is for
development projects in the
developing world. IMF is about
balancing the international financial
system in both rich and poor
countrie
1817. World Bank is your gym
trainer - provides you stuff to grow
strong. IMF is your doctor in
emergency ward. They will try to
bring you back to life & provide you
advice on not eating that fatty food
again. World Bank brings no stigma.
1818. IMF aid sometimes brings a
stigma because it indicates that you
have a disease that needs to be
cured.
1819. Both have 188 members
1820. EU h.q Brussels Belgium
1821. GCO- Gulf Coperation
Council
1822. The Saudi-led coalition
cited Qatar's alleged support for
terrorism as the main reason for
their actions, insisting that Qatar
has violated a 2014 agreement with
the members of the Gulf
Cooperation Council (GCC). ... On
24 August 2017, Qatar announced
that they would restore full
diplomatic relations with Iran
1823. The tiny oil- and gas-rich
Gulf state of Qatar has been cut
off by some of its powerful Arab
neighbours over its alleged
support for terrorism.
1824. Qatar is dependent on
imports by land and sea for the
basic needs of its population of
2.7 million, and about 40% of its
food came in through the land
border with Saudi Arabia.
Initially, supermarket
shelves in Doha were emptied of
 basic supplies as residents
rushed to stock up but the
hoarding quickly ended after
Turkey and Iran began sending
food by air and sea.
1826. Neighbours want
1827. Curb diplomatic ties with Iran
and close its diplomatic missions
1828. Sever all ties to "terrorist
organisations" and hand over "terrorist
figures"
1829. Stop all funding for individuals or
organisations designated as terrorists by
Saudi Arabia, the UAE, Egypt, Bahrain,
the United States and other countries
1830. Shut down Al Jazeera and other
Qatar-funded news outlets
1831. Close a Turkish military base and
halt joint military co-operation inside
Qatar
1832. End interference in other
sovereign countries' internal affairs
1833. 2016 summer Olympics in brazil
1834. Winter Olympics in 2018  in
south korea
1835. Tokyo  2020 summur
Olympics
1836. Beijing 2022 winter olumpics
1837. The Summer Olympic Games
or the Games of the Olympiad, first
held in 1896, is a major international
multi-sport event held once every four
years
1838. Coming fifa in Qatar 2022
1839. Last fifa in Russia
1840. The Battle of Waterloo,
which took place in Belgium on June
18, 1815, marked the final defeat of
Napoleon Bonaparte, who
conquered much of Europe
in the early 19th century. ... Through
a series of wars, he expanded his
empire across western and central
Europe
1841.
1842. Napoleon Bonaparte ,
born in 1769 on the
Mediterranean island of
Corsica, rose rapidly
through the ranks of
France’s military and
proved himself a talented
and daring leader.
1843. Fiscal Deficit refers to
the financial situation wherein
the government's total budget exce
eds the total receipts excluding
borrowings made during
the fiscal year. Thus, it can be
expressed as: Fiscal Deficit = Total
Expenditure – Total Receipts
Excluding Borrowings
1844. The current account
deficit is a measurement of a
country's trade where the value of
the goods and services it imports
exceeds the value of the products it
exports. .
1845. Fiscal policy deals with
imposing tax on goods so that pirce
of goods increases and money can
transfer from people to government.
1846. IT also deals with spending
tax for growth of country. By federal
government
1847. Monetary by central b ank.
Deals with change in interests rate
,target inflation,independent from
politics,supply of money
1848. In order to control inflation
Monetary policy increases interest
rates so people deposit more
money.
1849.
1850. Inflation increases supply of
money increases so that value of
money decreases and products
decreases.
1851. buckling is the sudden
change in shape of a structural
component under load such as
the bowing of a column under
 compression or the wrinkling of a
plate under shear.
1852. “Buckling can be defined as
the sudden large deformation of
structure due to a slight increase of
an existing load under which the
structure had exhibited little, if any,
deformation before the load was
increased.” No failure implied!!!
1853. An embankment refers to a
volume of earthen material that is
placed and compacted for the
purpose of raising the grade of a
roadway (or railway) above the level
of the existing surrounding ground
surface.
1854.  Embankment is a long
artificial mound of earth and stone,
built to hold back water, for
protection or to support a road
while subgrade is the layer of native
soil on which the foundation of a
road is laid.
1855. Flexible pavement differ
from rigid pavement in terms of
load distribution. In flexible
pavements load distribution is
primarily based on layered
system. ... While, in case of rigid
pavement maximum intensity of
load carries by concrete slab itself,
because of the weak underlying
layer.
1856. After U.S.
airstrikes killed an
Iranian leader, Iraq’s
Parliament voted to
expel American
forces. Some Iraqi
officials say that
would be disastrous
for Iraq.
1857. Iraq prime
minister is abdul
mehndi
1858. Many Iraqis were
furious that the United
States violated their
country's sovereignty by
carrying out airstrikes on
Iraqi so
1859. For now, however,
Mr. Abdul Mahdi seems to
be moving ahead with
plans to implement
Parliament’s will. On
Friday, he said that he had
asked Secretary of State
Mike Pompeo to send a
delegation from the United
States to discuss steps for
withdrawal.
1860. Lake Manchar is the largest
freshwater lake in Pakistan and one of
Asia's largest. It is located west of the
Indus River, in Jamshoro District and
Dadu District, Sindh. It is located at a
distance of 18 km from Sehwan Sharif
on west side of the River Indus, in
district Jamshoro
1861. Capital of ukrain is kyiv
In yemen , massive uprising to
1862.
over throw the government of
Muhammad saleh, houthis rebels also
joined with massive uprising .New pro
sunni lead was Mansur hadi current
president of yemen
1863. Later Muhammad saleh and
houthis join hands and started gaining
grounds in yemen as iran was
supporting them.
1864. Saudi got concern of the
growing power of houthis rebel
because they were supported by iran
Saudia worreeid as yemen Saudi
 border is 1100 km Saudi supported
hadi ..saudi started air strikes
1865. Started from 2011 Shia
houthis wanted there share in
government ..Saudia UAE Egypt
supporting yemen government hadi
1866. Houthis controlled sanna
capital of yemen
1867. Iran helping houthis through
port.
1868. Al qaeda is with government of
yemen
1869. The Arab Spring (Arabic: ‫الربيع‬
‫ )العربي‬was a series of anti-government
protests, uprisings, and armed
rebellions that spread across much of
the Islamic world in the early 2010s. 
1870. Hezbollah —also transliterated
Hizbullah, Hizballah, etc.—is a Shia
Islamist political party and militant
group based in Lebanon.
1871. Kurds (Kurdish: ¦‫ کورد‬,Kurd)
are an Iranian ethnic group native to a
mountainous region of Western
Asia known as Kurdistan,  colleges in the country to be focal
1872. In 5 country Syria turkey
iran Iraq Armenia ,sunni muslim, 20
century struggle for Kurdistan
1873.
1874. A septic tank is an
underground chamber made of
concrete, fiberglass, or plastic through
which domestic wastewater flows for
basic treatment. Settling and
anaerobic processes reduce solids
and organics, but the treatment
efficiency is only moderate. Septic
tank systems are a type of simple
onsite sewage facility
1875. Residual Soil. Residual
soils are formed when soils or
rocks weather at the same location
due to chemicals, water, and other
environmental elements, without
being transported.
1876. Residual soil obtained due
to weatering of rocks but located
at place of origin,
1877. Silt and cly are residuak
1878. Transported soils are
those soils carried away by force
of wind ,ice water etc
1879. Soil transported by wind is
Aeolian soil such as loess
1880. Soil transported by
running water is alluvial soil
1881. Soil deposited at bottom of
lake is lacustrine soil
1882. Soil transported by gravity
is colluvial soil such as talus
1883. Soil transported by meting
of glaciers is drift soil.
1884.
1885. The primary use of air-
entraining concrete is for freeze-
thaw resistance. The air voids
provide pressure relief sites during a
freeze event, allowing the water
inside the concrete to freeze without
inducing large internal stresse
1886. The HEC also facilitated the
development of higher educational
system in the country with main
purpose of upgrading the
universities and degree awarding
point of the high learning of
education, research, and
development.
1887. The Eighteenth Amendment
of the Constitution of
Pakistan (Urdu:  ‫آئین پاکستان میں اٹھارہویں‬
‫ )ترمیم‬was passed by the National
Assembly of Pakistan on April 8, 2010,
[1]
 removing the power of the President
of Pakistan to dissolve
the Parliament unilaterally, turning
Pakistan from a semi-presidential to
a parliamentary republic, and
renaming North-West Frontier
Province to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[2]
The Eighteenth Amendment of the
Constitution of Pakistan (Urdu: ‫آئین پاکستان میں‬
‫ )اٹھارہویں ترمیم‬was passed by the National
Assembly of Pakistan on April 8, 2010,
[1]
 removing the power of the President of
Pakistan to dissolve
the Parliament unilaterally, turning Pakistan
from a semi-presidential to a parliamentary
republic, and renaming North-West Frontier
Province to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.[2]
Changed Pakistan's government from
a Parliamentary system to a Semi-presidential
system by giving the President a number of
additional powers.
1888. Lap length is the length of
the overlap of bar required to
safely transfer stress from one bar
to another. Lap length is different
in case of tension and
compression zones and mainly
depends on grade of concrete
and steel . If two different dia
bars are to be lapped,lap length
is based on smaller dia .
1889. Development length is the
length of the bar required to
transfer stress from steel to
concrete . According to IS456 ,"
the calculated tension or
compression in any bar at any
section shall be developed on
each side of the section by an
appropriate development length
or by end anchorage or by a
combination thereof".
1890. Development Length is
essentially provided to create a
bond between steel and concrete
in order to transfer the bar force
without slip to prevent the bar
from pulling out under tension.
1891. Strategic Highway 1 or more
popularly known as Gilgit–Skardu
Road or Skardu Road is a 167 km
long Strategic Highway linking Gilgit
with Skardu in Gilgit-Baltistan territory.
1892. Anchorage length is
provided if sufficient
development length can not be
able to be provided inside the
support/fixed end . L value is
generally considered as 8 times
dia for a 90 degree bend while 6
times dia for a 135 degree bend
and 4 times dia of bar for a 180
degree bend . In almost all cases,
we use 90 degree bend.
1893. National Highways of
‫ق ش‬
Pakistan (Urdu: ‫ )پ اکست ان کی ومی اہ راہ‬are a
network of toll highways in Pakistan,
which are owned, maintained and
operated by the National Highways
Authority under the Ministry of
Communications.
1894. National Highways are distinct
from Strategic Highways, which begin
with the prefix 'S' and are controlled
and operated by the Ministry of
Defence.
1895. The Council of Common
Interests (CCI) is a constitutional
body in the Government
of Pakistan. It is appointed by the
President on the advice of the Prime
Minister. The CCI resolves the
disputes of power sharing between
the federation and province
1896. Manhole is opening in sewer
to provide access for a man for the
purpose of inspection and
cleaning.They are located at all
change of gradient at all junctions of
main and branch swer. Essestial
parts of manhole are an access
shaft,cover and steps of iron and
working chamber.
1897. A drop manhole is provided if
1898. a branch sewer joins the main
sewer at higher level
1899. Different devices require for
construction,operation maintence of
entire sewage sustem is known as
sewage appurtunces
1900. Catch basin it is a structure in
form of a chamber along the swer
line to admit clear rain water free
from suspended silt grit etc.into
combined swer.
1901. Flushing tanks is a dive or
arrangement to hold and tjrow water
 in sewer for the purpose of flashing
it, The Pakistan Engineering Council
is a professional body for accreditation
of engineering education and
regulation of engineering profession in
Pakistan.  return to its original shape when the
1902. Barham Salih (Kurdish: ‫بەرھەم‬
‫ساڵح‬, romanized: Berhem Salih; Arabic:
‫ ;برهم صالح‬born 12 July 1960) is the
eighth and current President of Iraq
1903. Al-Azhar
University (/ˈɑːzhɑːr/ AHZ-har; Arabic:  buckling. In beam they are provided
)‫جامعة األزهر (الشريف‬, IPA: [ˈɡæmʕet el
ˈʔɑzhɑɾ eʃʃæˈɾiːf], "the (honorable)
University of Al-Azhar") is a university
in Cairo, Egypt. Associated with Al-
Azhar Mosque in Islamic Cairo, it is
Egypt's oldest degree-granting
university and is renowned as "Islam’s
most prestigious university
1904. Al-Azhar University, Arabic
Jāmiʿat al-Azhar, chief centre of
Islamic and Arabic learning in the
world, centred on the mosque of that
name in the medieval quarter of
Cairo, Egypt. It was founded by the
Shīʿite (specifically, the Ismāʿīlī sect)
Fāṭimids in 970 ce and was formally
organized by 988.
1905. Premix usually refers to a
substance or object which is mixed
in an early stage in the
manufacturing and distribution
process
1906. Deformation is permanent
1907. change of shape of
materials that change their shape
due to the application of force,
heat etc , which does not regain
its “Original” shape, say for ex
clay, some soft materials.
1908. Deflection results in out of
aliagnment due to application
external,force , say rubber band
tied with some weight, a bow ,
rod held at one end and other
end loaded with wt that bends ,
but they regain original,shape
then force is removed .
1909. Deflection is temporary and
is material which is delflecting will
force causing it is removed...
1910. Stirrups are usually provided
to hold in place the reinforcement
bars. Stirrups are provided in
column to prevent them from
to resist the diagonal shear caused
by the vertical and transverse
tension
1911. A stirrup is a closed loop of
reinforcement bar that is used to
hold the main reinforcement bars
together in an RCC structure. In a
column, the stirrups provide the
lateral support to the main bars
against buckling.
1912. Stirrups in
column construction are
commonly known as vertical ties or
transverse reinforcement.
1913. Search Results
1914. Minimum size of an
RCC column should not be less
than 9” x 12” 
1915.
Deformation is permanent and is the
result of a force with a magnitude
well beyond the strength of a
material resulting in change of
shape.
1916. Cover column 40mm
1917. Beam 25 mm
1918. Foortings 50 mm
1919. Slab 20 mm
1920.
1921. The difference between
an Iceberg and Glacier is that
the iceberg is the piece of
a glacier that breaks off of (or
calves) when temperatures warm
up. Glaciers are made up of a large
mass of snow and ice mixture that
 covers the valley floor of a mountain
range
1922. A Bill is proposed law —
drafted by the government or by the
lawmakers, to be debated and voted
upon in the legislature, and if passed
by that legislature, to be enacted into
force by a certain constitutional
procedure. An Act is enacted
legislation — the written law (the
statute).
Avalanches occur in
1923.
mountainous regions with a thick
snow cover while a landslide occurs
in sloppy places with loose and
muddy soil. ... An avalanche is the
movement of large snow volumes
1924. Qasim solemani in Kerman,
also known as Carmania, is the capital
city of Kerman Province, Iran
1925. Reverse Osmosis (RO) is
a water treatment process that
removes contaminants
from water by using pressure to
force water molecules through a
semipermeable membrane. During
this process, the contaminants are
filtered out and flushed away,
leaving clean, delicious
drinking water
1926. The terms exclude the non-
contiguous states of Alaska and
Hawaii
1927. A port is a maritime facility
which may comprise one or more
wharves where ships may dock to
load and discharge passengers and
cargo
1928. a port area where goods in
transit are exempt from customs du
1929. A dry port is an inland
intermodal terminal directly connected
by road or rail to a seaport and
operating as a centre for the
transshipment of sea cargo to inland
destinations.
1930. Public health is the science of
protecting and improving the health of
people and their communities
1931. A berth is basically an
area where the ship is
moored onto the bollards
and where the cargo is
loaded or discharged on
and off the ships
1932. Pier/Jetty are pretty
similar in their purpose
which is usually to tie up
small boats or yachts.. A
mooring is any permanent structure to
which a vessel may be secured.
Examples include quays, wharfs,
jetties, piers, anchor buoys, and
mooring buoys.
1933. In 1971, after the British left
the area Iranian forces claimed the
islands of Abu Musa, Greater Tunb,
and Lesser Tunb, located at the mouth
of the Persian Gulf between Iran and
the UAE. The Iranians asserted their
claims to the islands. Iran continued to
hold the islands in 1993, and its action
remained a source of contention with
the UAE, which claimed authority by
virtue of Britain's transfer of the
islands to
the emirates of Sharjah and Ras al-
Khaimah. However, Britain had also
agreed to give full authority to the
Iranians in return for Iran's withdrawal
of its claim on Bahrain. By late 1992,
Sharjah and Iran had reached
agreement with regard to Abu Musa,
but Ras al-Khaimah had not reached a
settlement with Iran concerning
Greater Tunb and Lesser Tunb. [1] The
UAE have attempted to bring the
dispute before the International Court
of Justice,[2] but Iran
refused. Tehran says the islands
always belonged to it as it had never
renounced possession of the islands,
and that they are part of Iranian
territory.[3]
1934. India, Afghanistan
highlight Chabahar Port's
importance in strengthening trade,
economic ties. The Chabahar Port,
inaugurated in December last year,
has opened a new strategic transit
route between India, Iran and
Afghanistan that bypassed Pakistan
1935. The Strait of
Hormuz is important because it is a
geographic chokepoint and a main
artery for the transport of oil from the
Middle East. Iran and Oman are the
countries nearest to the Strait of
Hormuz and share territorial rights
over the waters.
1936. The Strait of Hormuz is the
world's single most important oil
passageway, forming a chokepoint
between the Arabian Gulf and the
Gulf of Oman. The 39km strait is the
only route to the open ocean for over
one-sixth of global oil production and
one-third of the world's liquified
natural gas (LNG).
1937. Air corridor definition: an air
route along which aircraft are allowed
to fly
1938. Prince William and his wife
Kate, the Duchess of Cambridge, are
to arrive in Pakistan's capital
Islamabad on Monday for the first
royal trip to the country in more than a
decade
1939. Downing Street is a street
in London that houses the official
residences and offices of the Prime
Minister of the United Kingdom and
the Chancellor of the Exchequer.
Situated off Whitehall, a few minutes'
walk from the Houses of Parliament,
Downing Street was built in the 1680s
by Sir George Downing.
1940. Buckingham Palace is the
London residence and administrative
headquarters of the monarchy of the
United Kingdom. Located in the City of
Westminster, the palace is often at the
centre of state occasions and royal
hospitality.
1941. The Oneness of God
1942. The Angels of God
1943.  The Divine Revelations
(Books)
1944. The Prophets of God
1945. Resurrection after Death and
the Day of Judgment
1946. Preordainment (Qadar)
1947. Shahadah: sincerely
reciting the Muslim profession of
faith.
1948. Salat: performing ritual
prayers in the proper way five
times each day.
1949. Zakat: paying an alms (or
charity) tax to benefit the poor
and the needy.
1950. Sawm: fasting during the
month of Ramadan.
1951. Hajj: pilgrimage to Mecca.
1952. The sea is called "dead"
because its high salinity prevents
macroscopic aquatic organisms,
such as fish and aquatic plants, from
living in it, though minuscule
quantities of bacteria and microbial
fungi are present. In times of flood,
the salt content of the Dead Sea can
drop from its usual 35% to 30% or
lower.
1953. The Dead Sea, also known
as the Salt Sea, is a salt lake
bordering Jordan to the east and
Israel and the West Bank to the
west. It's a hypersaline lake that is
truly one of Earth's unique places
1954. BETWEEN JORDON AND
ISRAEL
1955. The six countries that
border the Red Sea are the
following: Saudi Arabia, Yemen,
Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, and Djibouti.
1956. audi Arabian peninsula,
the Red Sea got its name because
of a type of algae called
Trichodesmium erythraeum, which is
found in the sea. When these
blooms of algae die off they appear
to turn the blue-green color of
the ocean to a reddish-brown
1957. he Gulf of Oman or Sea of
Oman is a gulf that connects the
Arabian Sea with the Strait of Hormuz,
which then runs to the Persian Gulf. It
borders Iran and Pakistan on the
north, Oman on the south, and the
United Arab Emirates on the west
1958. a deep inlet of the sea almost
surrounded by land, with a narrow
mouth. IS GULF
1959. he Persian Gulf is a
mediterranean sea in Western Asia.
The body of water is an extension of
the Indian Ocean through the Strait of
Hormuz and lies between Iran to the
northeast and the Arabian Peninsula
to the southwest
1960. The Arabian Peninsula (in
beige) includes the nine
(9) countries of Jordan, Iraq,
Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, The
United Arab Emirates, Oman,
Yemen and Saudi Arabia.
1961.  peninsula is a landform
surrounded by water on the majority of
its border while being connected to a
mainland from which it extends. The
surrounding water is usually
understood to be continuous,
1962. Honeycombs are hollow
spaces and cavities left in concrete
mass on surface or inside the
concrete mass where concrete could
not reach. These look like honey
bees nest.
1963. Manila capital of philpan
1964. Napitaw is capital of mayamar
1965. The Ancient Egyptian Civi
lization. ...
1966. The Indus
Valley Civilization.
1967.  Ancient Egypt, and
Roman Civilization
1968.  The two greatest cities,
Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, emerged
circa 2600 BC along the Indus River
valley in Punjab and Sindh
1969. Bolan dam in balochistan
1970. In the absence of
the President, the Senate
Chairman takes over as the
Acting President until
the President resumes office, or
the election for the
next President is held.
1971. Qaboos bin Said Al Said was
the Sultan of Oman from 23 July 1970
until his death
1972. The sultans of Oman are
members of the Al Said dynasty,
which is the ruling family
of Oman since the mid-18th century.
1973. Jeddah. With more than 4
million inhabitants, Jeddah is the
second most populous city in Saudi
Arabia and the 100th largest city in
the world. Located on the coast, the
city houses the largest port in the
Red Sea, making it a critical hub for
growth and business opportunity.
1974. The Oval Office is, since 1909,
the working office space of the
President of the United States, located
in the West Wing of the White House,
Washington, D.C. Opened in 1909,
the room features three large south-
facing windows behind the president's
desk, and a fireplace at the north end.
1975. Which Central Asian
countries have borders with China
(Tajikstan kazakhistan,kyrgstan
1976. Bishkek –capital of kygrtans
1977. Tajisktan Dushanbe
1978. Astana- kazakhistan
1979. The capital of Kazakhstan
AStana
1980. The capital of Kyrgyzstan
– Bishkek.
1981. The capital of Tajikistan –
Dushanbe.
1982. The capital of
Turkmenistan – Ashgabat.
1983. The capital of Uzbekistan
– Tashken
1984.
1985. Both are Islamic pilgrimages,
the main difference is their level of
importance and the method of
 observance. Hajj is one of the five
pillars of Islam. ... Although they
share common rites, Umrah can be
performed in less than a few hours
while Hajj is more time-consuming,
and involves more rituals
1986. Unity, Faith, Discipline (Urdu:
‫ نظم‬،‫ اتحاد‬،‫ )ایمان‬is the
national motto of Pakistan
1987. Gravity Retaining Wall
1988. Gravity retaining wall
depends on its self weight only to
resist lateral earth pressure.
1989. Cantilever Retaining Wall
1990. Cantilever retaining wall
composed of stem and base
slab
1991. It is constructed from
reinforced concrete, precast
concrete, or prestress concrete
1992.
1993. Counter-fort / Buttressed
Retaining Wall
1994. It is a cantilever retaining
wall but strengthened with
counter forts monolithic with the
back of the wall slab and base
slab.
1995. Basically concrete is
stronger and more durable so it can
be used for structural projects such
as setting posts whereas mortar is
used as a bonding agent for bricks,
stones, etc. Concrete is a mixture of
water, cement, sand just like mortar
1996. Mortar is used to hold
building materials such as brick or
stone together. It is composed of a
thick mixture of water, sand, and
cement. The water is used to
hydrate the cement and hold the mix
together. The water to cement ratio
is higher in mortar than
in concrete in order to form its
bonding element.
1997. Masjid nimra open once in
Arafat
1998. Delta: It is the total depth of
the water required by a crop during
the entire period the crop is in the
field and is denoted by the symbol ∆.
1999. The term duty means the
area of land that can
be irrigated with unit volume
of irrigation water.
2000. 1 hectare=2.47 acre
2001. Canal lining is the process of
reducing seepage loss of irrigation
water by adding an impermeable layer
to the edges of the trench. Seepage
can result in losses of 30 to 50 percent
of irrigation water from canals, so
adding lining can make irrigation
systems more efficient.
2002. A contour line may be defined
as “An imaginary line passing through
points of equal reduced levels”
2003. Benchmark is point of known r.l
determined with reference of datum line
2004. Datum line is imaginary level
line from which vertical distances are
measured.
2005. R.L is vertical distance above or
below the datum line
2006. GTS benchmark ( Great
Trignometric survey ) Permanent
benchmark arbitrary benchmark and
temperory
2007. Culvert is a tunnel
carrying a stream under a
road or railway.
CULVERT: Bridge having a total span
length less than 6mA bridge doesn’t
necessarily have to bridge over water. A
bridge can be used to span over a
canyon, or depression, or even over a
freeway or roadway.
A culvert is typically designed to convey
water under a roadway.
2008. A bridge doesn’t
necessarily have to bridge over
water. A bridge can be used to
span over a canyon, or
depression, or even over a
freeway or roadway.
2009. A culvert is typically
designed to convey water under a
roadway.
2010.
2011. The United Nations General
Assembly 1222
2012. The United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees
2013. 11 wives of Prophet
2014. Expressways- For
Speedy and heavy traffic,
Pedestrians not allowed,
complete separation
between opposite moving
traffic by divider. Connect
main market and important
places.
2015. Arterial Streets- For
the heavy/Important traffic
inside the city. Join central
business district with outside
residential areas. Parking,
loading, unloading
prohibited.
2016. Sub-Arterial Streets-
less traffic than arterial
streets. Pedestrian are
allowed to cross only on
intersection, parking,
loading, unloading generally
restricted and controlled.
2017. Collector's Streets-
Meant for collecting the
traffic from local Streets to
arterial streets. Situated in
residential, commercial and
industrial areas. Few parking
restrictions except peak
hours.
2018. Local Street- Open
access from business,
residential areas. Does not
carry large volume of traffic.
Unrestricted Parking and
pedestrian are allowed.
2019. The Iran nuclear
deal framework was a preliminary
framework agreement reached in
2015 between the Islamic Republic
of Iran and a group of world powers:
the P5+1 (the permanent members
of the United Nations Security
Council—the United States, the
United Kingdom, Russia, France,
and China—plus Germany) and the
European
2020. According to details of the deal
published by the US government,
Iran's uranium stockpile will be
reduced by 98% to 300 kg (660 lbs)
for 15 years. The level of enrichment
must also remain at 3.67%.
2021. The P5+1 refers to the UN
Security Council's five permanent
members (the P5); namely China,
France, Russia, the United Kingdom,
and the United States; plus Germany
2022. It is a group of six world
powers which, in 2006, joined together
in diplomatic efforts with Iran with
regard to its nuclear program
2023. he Joint Comprehensive
Plan of Action (JCPOA
2024. Contraction joints are
the most common type of
joint in concrete pavements,
thus the generic term “joint”
generally refers to a
contraction joint.
Contraction joints are chiefly
defined by their spacing and
 their method of load
transfer. They are generally
between 1/4 – 1/3 the depth
of the slab and typically
spaced every 3.1 – 15 m
2025. A control joint or
contraction joint is a joint that is
put in the concrete to control
cracking
2026. A construction joint occurs
when there are multiple concrete
placements. It can occur between
different days of concrete
placements as
2027. The concrete is
subjected to volume change
due to many reasons. So we
have to cater for this by way
of joint to relieve the stress.
Expansion is a function of
length. The building longer
than 45m are generally
provided with one or more
expansion joint. In india
recommended c/c spacing is
30m. 
2028. A thin internal wall
constructed to dived the
space with in the building
into rooms or areas is called
as partition wall
Spigot and Socket Joint:
This joint is used mainly for cast iron pipes
of all sizes and concrete pipes below 60
cm. diameter. The material for filling the
joint may be bitumen, lead or sulphur
mixed with stand. Collar Joint (Rigid):
This is generally used for pipes over 60
cm. diameter and for light hydraulic
pressure. Collars are 15 cm to 20 cm
wide. Caulking space varies from 1.3 to 2
cm according to the diameter of the pipes.
Caulking material is a slightly dampened
mix of cement and sand (1:2) rammed
with caulking irons. 
2029. Flushed joint.
2030. A shear wall is a vertical
structural element that resists lateral
forces in the plane of
the wall through shear and bending.
... Resist: Lateral loads, Seismic
loads, Vertical Forces (gravity).
Reduces lateral sway of the building.
Provide large strength and stiffness
to buildings in the direction of their
orientation
2031. These walls generally start
at foundation level and are
continuous throughout the building
height. Their thickness can be as
low as 150mm, or as high as 400mm
in high rise buildings. Shear
walls are usually provided along
both length and width of buildings
2032. Sun-dried or unburnt
bricks are less durable and
these are used for
temporary structures.
Unburnt bricks preparation
involved in 3 steps they are
preparation of clay, molding
and drying.
Burnt bricks are good quality
bricks but however they also
consist some defected bricks. So,
burnt bricks are classified into
four types and they are
 2033. First class bricks Single Overhanging Beam:

2034. Second class bricks  It has two supports, hinged

at one end, roller at other end.
2035. Third class bricks Overhanging portion at any
2036. Fourth class bricks one of the supports.
 Loads can be applied on
Following tests are conducted on overhanging portion and can
bricks to determine its suitability be converted to equivalent
for construction work. moment at the support.
 Moment and Reactions are
2037. Absorption test same as that of Simply
Supported Beam.
2038. Crushing strength test Double Overhanging Beam:

2039. Hardness test  This type of Beams will have

over hangs at both the support.
2040. Shape and size
 Both the Overhanging beams
2041. Color test will have rotation at supports.

2042. Soundness test Girder

Beams that take heavy loads,
2043. Structure of brick
generally steel sections are used.
2044. Presence of soluble salts
2045. was originally named Burj
(Efflorescence Test)
Dubai but was renamed in honour
Cantilever Beam: of the ruler of Abu Dhabi and president
of the United Arab
1. This type of beam has one Emirates, Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan;
Abu Dhabi 
end fixed and other end free.
2046. he sovereign constitutional
2. Fixed end will have Vertical monarchy is a federation of seven
reaction and Moment and Zero emirates consisting of Abu
deflection. Dhabi (which serves as the
capital), Ajman, Dubai, Fujairah, Ras
3. Free end will have deflection Al Khaimah, Sharjah and Umm Al
only. Quwain. Their boundaries are
Overhanging Beam: complex, with
numerous enclaves within the various
emirates.[8] Each emirate is governed
There are Two types of overhanging by a ruler; together, they jointly form
beams . the Federal Supreme Council. One of
the rulers serves as the President of
 Single overhanging Beam the United Arab Emirates
 Double overhanging Beam
2047. Kulbhushan Sudhir
Jadhav is an indian national
.Pakistani government arrest him from
province of balochistan on charges of
terrorism and spying by counter
intelligence operation in 2016 . India
denies any current link with him and
said he was kidnapped from iran .in
2017 he was sentenced to death by
Field General Court martial in
Pakistan. In 2018 ICJ stayed the
execution
2048. ICJ has its headquarters at
The Hague, Netherlands.
2049. Amsterdam is capital of
netherland
2050. On 17 July 2019, the ICJ, in its
verdict, rejected India's appeal for
Jadhav's release[71][72] and directed
Pakistan to allow consular access and
effectively review the death sentence.
[73][74]
 The court observed that Pakistan
had breached international law by not
granting consular access.[75] Pakistan
and India both claimed victory and
welcomed the judgement of ICJ.[76]
2051. In the Syrian Civil
War, Iran has supported the Syrian
government militarily and with billions
of dollars of aid, while Saudi Arabia
was a major supplier of aid to rebel
groups
2052. The execution of former
Iraqi President Saddam
Hussein took place on Saturday, 30
December 2006. Saddam was
sentenced to death by hanging, after
being convicted of crimes against
humanity by the Iraqi Special
Tribunal for the murder of 148 Iraqi
Shi'ites in the town of Dujail in 1982, in
retaliation for an assassination attempt
against him.
2053. Both countries have accused
each other of support for terrorism.[2]
[3]
 Iran and Saudi Arabia are both
mixed up in the strive for dominance
of their region.
2054. Islamabad officially became
the capital of Pakistan on 14 August
1967, exactly 20 years after the
country's independence. The
first capital of Pakistan was the
coastal city of Karachi in Sindh,
which was selected by Muhammad
Ali Jinnah.
2055. Pakistan's military dictator
Ayub Khan decided
to shift the capital city from Karachi
to Islamabad in late 1950
as Karachi had become economic
hub of the country and the
infrastructure of the city was proving
inadequate for the growing needs of
the city. Muhammad Ayub Khana
was president
2056. By definition Metro city is
large Urban area which has
population more than 1 million
within city limits . It must also
have atleast upto 2 Million in sub
urban areas.
2057. Metro city must also have
all major facilities like railways,
airports , bus terminals , large
road network with other cities
and towns.
2058. Most importantly it must
serve as good region for
employment and services for near
by villages and towns.
2059. A metropolitan area,
sometimes referred to as a metro
area or commuter belt, is a region
consisting of a densely
populated urban core and its less-
populated surrounding territories,
sharing industry, infrastructure, and
housing.
2060. On 17 December 2019, the
special court found Musharraf guilty
of high treason and sentenced him
to death under Article 6 of the
Constitution in a 2–1 split verdict.
2061. THE CONSTITUTION OF
1973. The constitution of Pakistan
1973 was enforced on 14th Aug
1973. It consists of 280 articles and
 7 schedules with Objective
Resolution forming the preamble of
the constitution
beside 20 amendments which have
been made since then.
2062.
2063. The mosque is located on the
north-west of the city of Medina, on
Khalid bin al-Waleed road. The
mosque was initially maintained by
Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattāb
2064. Anchor bars are bars of
nominal diameter usually not less
than 10mm dia provided on
compression side of Singly
reinforced beam. They are provided
to hold or support transverse
reinforcement bars( lateral ties) and
not based on strength criteria.
2065. So crank bars are
generally provided
2066. 1. To resist negative
bending moment (hogging).
2067. 2. To resist shear force
which is greater at supports.
2068. Lapping can be defined as the
overlapping of two bars side by side to
upto the design length. Usually, the
stock length of steel bars is limited to
12m
Lap length in tension:
The lap length including anchorage value of
hooks shall be
 For flexural tension – Ld or 30d
whichever is greater is considered.
Lap Length in Compression:
The lap length is equal to the development
length calculated in compression but not less
than 24d.
2069. A development length can
be defined as the amount of
reinforcement(bar) length needed to
be embedded or projected into the
column to establish the desired bond
strength between the concrete and
steel
2070.  The minimum amount
of length required by the bar
to develop the full strength of the
bond.
2071. Anchorage will be
provided inside the support,
if sufficient development
length cannot be able to
provided
2072. Anchorage is nothing
but bending the extra length
of bars in the form of hooks
2073. Now there may be places
where the required length is not
available to satisfy the development
length requirements. In those cases
the anchorages are provided in form
of hooks.
2074. A bending moment that
produces concave bending at
midspan of a simply supported
beam, generally termed a
positive bending moment. It is the
opposite of a negative or
hogging moment, which would
occur at the supports.
2075. Main Reinforcement
Bars are used to transfer the
bending moment developed at
the bottom of the slab.
Distribution Bars are used to
hold the slabs on either way
and to resist the cracks and
shear stress developed at the
top.
2076. Distribution bars are
provided for binding the
main bar in their position i.e.
to prevent movement of
main bars from their original
position.
2077. Also distribution bars
takes some shrinkage
stresses occurs in structure
due to temperature
variations .
2078. Capital of Poland –warsaw
2079. Capital of Portugal –lisbon
2080. Agha siraj durani is current
speaker of Sindh assem
2081. Rehana laghari
dupty speaker
2082. Safullah –sword of ALLAH-
khalid bin waleed
2083. I Am Malala. I Am Malala:
The Story of the Girl Who Stood Up
for Education and was Shot by the
Taliban is an
autobiographical book by Malala
Yousafzai, co-written with Christina
Lam
2084. When the moment due to
loads is less than the Resisting
Moment, then it is OK to make the
beam as a Singly Reinforced Beam,
i.e, the reinforcements are only to be
provided in the tension zone.
But when the Bending Moment due
to loads exceeds the Resisting
moment, then we need to provide
the Reinforcements in the
compression zone too. This is a
Doubly Reinforced Beam.
The use of Doubly Reinforced Beam
can be done where there is
restriction in the provision of
sufficient depth of the beam to make
it as a singly reinforced one
2085. A beam consists of two
zones,one is compression zone
which is above the neutral axis
and the other is tension zone
which is below the neutral axis.
2086. Now ,if reinforcement is
provided only in the tension zone
than it is called singly reinforced
on the other hand if reinforcing is
provided on both tension and
compression zone than its called
doubly reinforced .
2087. Now ,it's not possible to
provide reinforcements only in
the tension zone,becuse you have
to bind the stirrups ,so mostly
two rebars are used in
compression zone in the case of
singly reinforced to bind
stirrups .Those rebars behave as
dummy members,only purpose is
to hold the stirrups
2088. "Thy Sacred Land"), is the
national anthem of Pakistan. Its
music was composed by Ahmad G.
Chagla in 1949, preceding the lyrics,
which were written by Hafeez
Jalandhari in 1952.
2089. he national flag of Pakistan
was designed by Syed Amir uddin
Kedwaii and was based on the
original flag of the Muslim League
2090. A Soak Pit is a covered,
porous-walled chamber that allows
water to slowly soak into the ground.
Pre-settled effluent from septic tank
is discharged to the underground
chamber from where it infiltrates into
the surrounding soil.
2091. 145 pcc 150 rcc 490 steel
2092. 2400 kg 2500 and 7850
2093. A spandrel beam is any beam
that is located along the outside
perimeter of a building.  It typically
carries the load of the building
exterior. 
2094. A beam is a structural
member used for bearing loads. It is
typically used for resisting vertical
 loads, shear forces and bending
moments
2095. A beam is a structural
member which takes the vertical
loads by means of bending.  pollutants or gases that  form
2096. FWO frontier work
organization
2097. The Frontier Works
Organization, is a military engineering
organization, and one of the major
science and technology commands of
the Pakistan Army. Commissioned
and established in 1966
2098. Shear stress, force tending
to cause deformation of a material
by slippage along a plane or planes
parallel to the imposed stress
2099. Shear force is the force in
the beam acting perpendicular to its
longitudinal (x) axis. For design
purposes, the beam's ability to
resist shear force is more important
than its ability to resist an
axial force. Axial force is
the force in the beam acting parallel
to the longitudinal axis.
2100.  Bending moment is
the force trying to rotate the
member. Moment is the
perpendicular distance from
the force to the axis multiplied by
the force.
2101. BMD(Bending moment
diagram ) is a diagram representing
the variation of bending moment
along the length of member  Football Association" in French.
2102. SFD(shear force diagram ) is
diagram representing variation of
shear force along the length of
structural member .we draw SFD
and BMD to find the most critical
position of loads that produces
severe stress ...Mar 24, 2018
2103. Fog is a completely natural
phenomenon that depends solely on
atmospheric conditions
e.g. Fog  begins to  form  when water
vapor condenses into tiny liquid
water droplets that are suspended in
the air
2104. Smog is caused by
pollutants The atmospheric
smog  are released in the air when
fuels are burnt. When sunlight and its
heat react with these gases and fine
particles in the atmosphere,  smog is
formed. It is purely caused by air
pollution
2105. Fog – The minute water
particles which are suspended
into the air near the surface of
earth is called fog. The fog
particles are produced by the
condensation of water vapor in
air. Fog occurs in the winter
season.
2106. Smog – It is the
combination of smoke particles
with the tiny droplets of fog
which contain poisonous gases
discharged by the burning of
fossil fuels in mainly industries,
homes and automobiles that is
2107. Hq. of fifa Zurich switzlnd
2108. International Federation of
Association Football
2109. Federation Internationale de
2110. Salman Burney is currenly
the director of Sindh
Engro Coal and Mining Corporation.
He on the board of Thal Ltd.
2111. The Nishan-e-Pakistan (Urd
u: ‫نشان پاکستان‬, English: Order of
Pakistan) is the highest of civil
awards and decorations given by the
Government of Pakistan for the
highest degree of service to the
country and nation of Pakistan. 
2112.
2113. Acts of greatest heroism in
circumstances of extreme danger,in
 the presence of the enemy on land, 2124. Blast furnace
at sea or in the air. Nishan-e- slag cement:- ...
Haider (Urdu: ‫( )نشان حیدر‬abbreviated
2125. Coloured Cement:- ...
as "NH") is Pakistan's highest
military gallantry award. "Nishan-e- 2126. Pozzolana cement 
Haider" literally means "Emblem of 2127. Imran khan meet with trump
the Lion" in the Urdu language at world economic forum summit at
2114. Sindh is bordered
davos switxzeland
by Balochistan province to the west,
and Punjab province to the north. 2128. Third time they have meet
Sindh also borders the Indian states 2129. Chairman of WEF Klaus
of Gujarat and Rajasthan to the east, Schwab
and Arabian Sea to the south 2130. The World Economic Forum,
2115. On 16 December 2019, based in Cologny-Geneva,
Prime Minister Khan received Switzerland, is an NGO, founded in
Bahrain's highest civil award, the 1971. The WEF's mission is cited as
King Hamad Order of the "committed to improving the state of
Renaissance by King Hamad bin Isa the world by engaging business,
Al-Khalifa at the Sakhir Palace. political, academic, and other leaders
2116. Pm last and recent visit of society to shape global, regional,
Switzerland and industry agendas".
2117. Before that bahrain 2131. 50th anniversary of wef
PM visits Switzerland today to attend 2132. The current Managing
Director (MD) and Chairwoman of
WEF; will share Pakistan’s vision and the International Monetary Fund is
gains in economy & peace and Bulgarian Economist Kristalina
Georgieva,
investment opportunities, situation in 2133. David Malpass
Indian occupied Kashmir 2134. The President of
the World Bank Group is the
2118.  Prime Minister Imran
head of World Bank Group. The
Khan will meet US President president is responsible for
Donald Trump on the sidelines of chairing the meetings of the
World Economic Forum (WEF) in Boards of Directors and for
Davos, Switzerland starting today overall management of the World
(January 21). Bank Group.
2119. Ordinary 2135. Arshad Mahmood was
Portland Cement (OPC): This is confirmed as CEO of PIA 
the most 2136. President of Mexico
common type of cement which is Andres Manuel
2137. North korea leader kim
extensively used. ...
jong
2120. Rapid 2138. Mike pence is vice
Hardening cement: ... president of USA
2121. Low heat 2139. Russian President choose
portland cement: – ... former tax chief Mikail Mishustin
as new prime minister
2122. Sulphate Resisting 2140. New government is
Portland Cement:- ... approved.
2123. High alumina Cement:- ...
2141. President Ilham
Aliyev approved Country Programme
Action Plan for 2005-2009 between
Azerbaijan and UNICEF signed on
December 29, 2005
2142. Air Chief Marshal Mujahid
Anwar Khan NI(M), 
2143. Admiral Zafar Mahmood
Abbasi NI(M) is the current Chief of
the Naval Staff of the Pakistan