Vyttila Substation Guide

Operating Instructions
CONTENTS
110KV SUBSTATION VYTTILA
SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER
ON LOAD TAPCHANGER (OLTC)
BATTERY
RELAY FAMILY
TYPES OF RELAY
110KV Substation, Vyttila Page 1

1.110 kV SUBSTATION VYTTILA
The 110kV Vyttila substation is one of the oldest substations. This substation
is feeding major part of Kochi and three auxiliary substation viz. 66 kV substation
Perumanoor, Panampilly Nagar and Puthencruz and EHT consumers; M/S HOC & M/S
PCBL. The 110kV supply feeding to the substation is from 220kV substation
Kalamassery, through the 110 kV Vyttila single circuit feeder and from 110kV substation,
Newvyttila through 110 kV UG CABLE feeder. Inaddition to this 110 kV feeders there are
two 66 kV incoming feeders from 220 kV substation,Kalamassery.
The 110kV substation New Vyttila is fed from 220KV substation Brahmapuram
through feeders BR- NV ( Brahmapuram – New Vyttila) and BR-KD( Brahmapuram-
Kadavanthra) feeder. BR-NV conductor is HTLS ( High Temperature Low Sag).There are
six 66 kV feeders; Puthencruz I &II and Perumanoor I&II which are outgoing feeders and
Vyttila I&II are the standby feeders from 220kV substation Kalamassery.
The station capacity is 128 MVA, (Including 40 MVA and 63 MVA 110/66
kV transformers and two 12.5 MVA 110/11 kV transformers). The 11 kV distributions is
from the Crompton Greaves make 11 kV VCB panel. There are nine 11 kV outlets other
than auxiliary.
M/S PCBL (Philips Carbon Black Limited) has captive generation of 10 MW

capacity and they export their generation to the grid through 66 KV Vyttila- Puthencruz
No.II feeder and is named as 66 KV Vyttila-PCBL feeder. Their average exports to grid
are about 4.5MW to 5.5MW.

2.FEEDER DETAILS
o/c
Name of feeder Code CT Conductor Relay Permissible
ratio setting load
110kV Kalamassery-
Vyttila 1KLVT 600/1 WOLF 0.75 343A
110kV New Vyttila-
Vyttila 1NVVT 600/1 WOLF 1 600 A
66 kV Vyttila-
Perumanoor I 6VTPN 400/1 DOG 0.75 250A
66 kV Vyttila- 6VTPR 300/1 DOG 1.5*0.5 225A

Perumanoor II
66 kV Vyttila- 6VTPT 1 300/1 DOG 0.8 240A

Puthencruz
66 kV Vyttila- PCBL 6VTPT II 300/1 DOG 1.5*0.5 225A
66 kV Kalamassery - 6KLNP 200/1 DOG 2.5*0.5 250A

Vyttila I
66 kV Kalamassery- 6KLVT 400/1 DOG 1.5*0.5 300A

Vyttila II

CABLE CAPACITY
Name of feeder Capacity
110kV Kalamassery-Vyttila 330A
110kV New Vyttila-Vyttila 600A
66 kV Vyttila- Perumanoor I 254A
66 kV Vyttila-Perumanoor II 254A
66 kV Vyttila- Puthencruz 254A
66 kV Vyttila- PCBL 254A
66 kV Kalamassery -Vyttila I 254A
66 kV Kalamassery- Vyttila II 254A

2.1. 11 kV FEEDERS
Incomer I & II 600A 600/5 1*500 mm2 XLPE
Vadakkekotta 200A 200/5 3*300 mm2 XLPE
Nettoor 200A 200/5 3*300 mm2 XLPE
Kadavanthra 200A 200/5 3*300 mm2 XLPE
Palarivattom 200A 200/5 3*300 mm2 XLPE
Eroor 200A 200/5 3*300 mm2 XLPE
Ambalamugal 200A 200/5 3*300 mm2 XLPE
Udayamperoor 200A 200/5 3*300 mm2 XLPE
Ernakulum 200A 200/5 3*300 mm2 XLPE
Chakkaraparambu 200A 200/5 3*300 mm2 XLPE
Load break switches are installed for 11kV Nettoor and Ernakulam feeders. 11 kV
Kadavantra feeder is inter linked with 11 kV Gandhi square feeder from New Vyttila
Substation by installing one CCC RMU (CG LUCY Make) at yard. It has two incoming
supply [one is from Vyttila Substation (Kadavantra feeder) and other from New Vyttila
Substation (Gandhi square feeder). The RMU and load break switches are operated

manually.11 kV vadakkekkotta,Palarivattom.Eroor,Udayampoeroor and Ambalamugal

feeders are provided with CC RMU s(Siemens make).
New 11kV XLPE cables are laid through the new trench for 11 kV Nettoor, 11 kV
Ernakulam and 11 kV Kadavantra feeders. Remaining power cables are laid through the
old cable trench.
Name of 11 KV feeders and connected substations to which the 11 KV feeders of

Vyttila to be back fed during shut downs and emergencies
NAME OF THE NAME OF THE FEEDER TO BE

NAME OF SUBSTATION
FEEDER AT VYTTILA BACKFED
Vadakkekotta Tripunithura New Vyttila
Muthedam,Panangadu Panangadu,Kadavanthra,
Nettoor
Kundannoor,Maradu, New Vyttila
Palarivattom Chalikkavattom New Vyttila
Kadavantra Gandhi square New Vyttila
Eroor Thuthiyoor Kakkanadu
Ambalamugal Irumbanam,Chithrapuzha Kakkanadu,Brahmapuram
Udayamperoor Puthiyakavu Kandanadu
Ernakulam S A Road Kadavantra
Chakkaraparambu Vennala Kakkanadu

2.2 11 kV FEEDERS AND THEIR CONTROLLING SECTIONS

,
Feeder Controlling Electrical Section
Vadakkekotta Eroor,Tripunithura
Nettoor Maradu, Panangadu,Vyttila
Kadavantra (CITY) Maradu,Vyttila
Palarivattom(CITY) Vennala,Vyttila
Eroor Eroor,Tripunithura
Ambalamugal Trippunuthura,Eroor,Chottanikkara
Udayamperoor Eroor,Tripunithura
Ernakulam(CITY) Vyttila
Chakkarapparambu(CITY) Vennala
All city feeders are under the control of Distribution control room ,Ernakulum. Any
operations /interruptions to city feeders should be intimated to control room.
3.POWER TRANSFORMER
The transformer is the most important equipment in the substation; every
effort shall be taken to see that it is in the proper working condition as stipulated. The
periodic check as per the maintenance schedule shall be conducted and corrective action
taken without delay.
TYPES OF TRANSFORMERS
1. Step Up Transformer & Step Down Transformer - Generally used for stepping up
and down the level of power in transmission and distribution power network.

2. Three Phase Transformer & Single Phase Transformer - Former is generally used in
three phase power system as it is cost effective than later but when size matters, it is
preferable to use bank of three single phase transformer as it is easier to transport three
single phase unit separately than one single three phase unit.
3. Electrical Power Transformer, Distribution Transformer & Instrument Transformer -

Transformer is generally used in transmission network which is normally known as ,
distribution transformer is used in distribution network and this is lower rating transformer
and & , we use for relay and protection purpose in system and in different instruments in
industries are called instrument transformer.
4. Two Winding Transformer & - Former is generally used where ratio between high and
low is greater than 2. It is cost effective to use later where the ratio between high and low
is less than 2.
5. Outdoor Transformer & Indoor Transformer - Transformers that are designed for
installing at outdoor are outdoor transformers and transformers designed for installing at
indoor are indoor transformers.
3.1 TEMPERATURE SETTING OF POWER TRANSFORMER
Trip
Wdg.
Transformer Make Fan On Oil Wdg
Temp.Alarm
Temp Temp
12.5 MVA No. I(110/11
TELK 55oc 75-80 75 85
kV)
12.5 MVA No.II
Indotek 55oc 75-80 75 85
(110/11 kV)
63 MVA (110/66 kV) TELK Manual 70-80 75 85
40 MVA (110/66 kV) TELK Manual 75-80 75 85

3.2LOADING CAPACITY OF POWER TRANSFORMERS
Rating with Max Loading Capacity

Transformer
out fan
12.5 MVA No. I(110/11
10MVA 600 A(Incomer CT is 600A)
kV)
12.5 MVA No.II(110/11
10MVA 600 A(Incomer I CT is 600A)
kV)
63 MVA (110/66 kV) 42MVA 530 A with all fans on
330-340A(with all fan switch on is
40 MVA (110/66 kV) 30MVA
350A)
3.3 ON LOAD TAP CHANGING IN POWER TRANSFORMERS

Ensure 11kV voltage at all time except during tap restriction.
The driving mechanism is provided with a front door, which can be
opened for handle operations and control, switch operations. Fuses, power supply
ON/OFF switch, remote/local control selector‟s switches and raise/lower push button
switches are mounted on two control boards. To prevent electrical operation during
manual cranking, the hand operation interlock switches, which are mounted on the back of
the switchboard, will open, when the motor handle change over lever is turned to „Handle‟
position for inserting the hand crank in to the shaft. The mechanical stroke counter for
registering the total number of tap changing operations carried out and the heater switch
are mounted on the fuse board. Tap position of the transformer indicated in two ways, i.e.
by a mechanical position indicator, which can be seen through the window on fuse board,
in the driving mechanism and by a tap switch which conveys signals to tap position
indicator on the remote control panel.

An indication wheel with a green zone is provided on the mechanical tap

position indicator to indicate the point of completion of tap changing operations during
manual cranking. Green zone on the indicator marks the rest position of the tap changer.
Under normal condition 12.5 MVA (110/11kV) transformers No. I

and No.II are not coupled. It will be coupled only when load in one transformer becomes
more than 600A.
Transformer taps are to be changed up and down to maintain 11 kV
voltage at distribution level. Possible tap position in which 12.5 MVA (110/11kV)
transformers can be coupled is 1-1, 2-2, 3-3, 4-4, 5-5, 6-6, 7-7, 8-8, 9-9, and 10-10.
40 MVA (110/66kV) and 63 MVA (110/66kV) transformers are kept in

coupled condition normally (bus coupler isolator I4 under closed condition). Possible tap
position in which they can be coupled is 1-1, 3-2 and 9-5.Considering the tap settings of
63 MVA and 40MVA transformers, the percentage of high voltage and tap position
indicates in name plate details is that the percentage of high voltage is same for 1-3, 1-1,
3-2, 5-3, 7-4, 9-5 taps of 63 MVA and 40 MVA respectively.
But in 63 MVA transformer diverter switch of tap changer at 5 and 7 tap

positions is cracked and it is sealed and sticked using araldite resin so only 3 taps are
applicable during coupled condition. But normally we did not change the tap and kept tap
position in one for both.

4.STATION BATTERY
Exide make plante type Lead acid battery with 55 No‟s of cell for 110V DC supply is in
service float voltage is 123.75. Each battery will have output voltage of 2.0V-2.2V at float
mode Another operating mode available in the charger is boot mode. Battery will be
changed to this mode if it is off for some time.
PRECAUTIONS
 Battery room should be well ventilated and room temperature should be
<35ºc.Specific gravity of the Lead acid cell is 1.21.
 Never allow a flame, light a cigarette or store inflammable material near battery.
 Do not wear rings, bracelets or any other metallic object while working on the
battery.
 Normal float voltage is 2.25volts/cell.
 Specific gravity of cell should be taken in every month.
 Specific gravity exceeds the limit add battery water to top up.
 If specific gravity is below the limit add acid to top up.
5.ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT BREAKER
Electrical Circuit Breaker is a switching device which can be operated manually as well as
automatically for controlling and protection of respectively. According to their arc
quenching medium the circuit breaker can be divided as ,SF6,VCB,MOCB etc , .
Different types of CB available in this substation are VCB(11kV) and SF6
CB(66&110kV)

5.1 SF6 GAS PRESSURE IN DIFFERENT CIRCUIT BREAKERS
Name of Feeder
Maximum
or Transformer Make Normal Alarm Lockout
filling
Bay
110kV Line (1 0.51
Areva .64Mpa 0.54 Mpa 0.9 Mpa
KLVT) Mpa
110KV NV-VT CGL
63 MVA 0.51
Areva .64 Mpa 0.54 Mpa 0.9 Mpa
trf(110kV side) Mpa
40 MVA 0.60
ABB 0.7Mpa 0.62 Mpa 0.9 Mpa
trf(110kV side) Mpa
12.5MVA trf No. 0.60
1 (110kV side) Mpa
12.5MVA trf No.
BHEL 6.5 bar 5.7 bar 0.9 Mpa
11 (110kV side)
63 MVA
Siemens 6.0 bar 5.2 bar 5.0 bar 0.8 Mpa
trf(66kV side)
40 MVA 0.60
trf(66kV side) Mpa
66kVKLMSY- 0.60
VTLA No I Mpa
66kVKLMSY-
ABB 6kg/cm2 5.5kg/cm2 5kg/cm2 7.2kg/cm2
VTLA No II
66 kV VTLA-
CG 6kg/cm2 5.5kg/cm2 5kg/cm2 7.2kg/cm2
PMNR No I
66 kV VTLA-
PMNR No II
66 kV VTLA-
PCBL
66 kV VTLA-
PTZ

5.2NORMAL OPERATIONAL STATUS OF SUBSTATION

Incoming supply is availed through 110 kV
Kalamassery –Vyttila feeder.
 110 KV New Vyttila – Vyttila feeder under switch off condition
 At normal condition both 12.5MVA No: 1 & 2, 110/11 kV transformer is

condition.uncoupled condition. 11kV bus coupler under switch off and
racked out
 63 MVA and 40MVA 110/66 kV transformers are coupled condition.
(66 kV bus coupler isolator I4 is closed)
 66kV bus No: 1 & 2 are coupled condition.
 Only half part of Perumanoor substation load (i.e. 2 transformer load
66/11kV) is feeding from this substation through Vyttila-Perumanoor
No: 1 feeder.
 Vyttila-Perumanoor No: 1 & 2 feeders are coupled at 66kV substation
Perumanoor.
 66kV Kalamassery- Vyttila No: 1 & 2 feeders are isolated but CB is on
condition for energizing CT
 Both 66 kV Bus 1 and Bus 2 PT s are in energized condition.
 66kV VTLA-PCBL and 66kV VTLA-PTZ feeders are tied at 66kV
substation Puthencruz.
Incoming supply is availed through 110 kV New Vyttila- Vyttila feeder feeder.
 110 KV Kalamassery – Vyttila feeder under switch off condition
 At normal condition both 12.5MVA No: 1 & 2, 110/11 kV transformer is

condition.uncoupled condition. 11kV bus coupler under switch off and

racked out
 63 MVA and 40MVA 110/66 kV transformers are coupled condition.
(66 kV bus coupler isolator I4 is closed)
 66kV bus No: 1 & 2 are coupled condition.
 Full load of Perumanoor substation is feeding from this substation
through Vyttila-Perumanoor No: 1feeder
 Vyttila-Perumanoor No: 1 & 2 feeders are coupled at 66kV substation
Perumanoor.
 66kV Kalamassery- Vyttila No: 1 & 2 feeders are isolated but CB is on
condition for energizing CT
 Both 66 kV Bus 1 and Bus 2 PT s are in energized condition.
 66kV VTLA-PCBL and 66kV VTLA-PTZ feeders are tied at 66kV
substation Puthencruz.
BUS SECTIONAL BREAKER
 After commissioning bus sectional breaker supply condition will
be as follows
 Both 110/11 kV transformers will be fed from 110 kV New
Vyttila-Vyttila feeder.
 Bus sectional breaker under switched off condition.
 Both 110/66 kV transformers will be fed from 110 kV KLVT
feeder.

6.GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS TO OPERATORS
 The person posted to the substation as operators should be conversant with all
operational activities of the substation during the parallel shift posting.
 Carefully study the layout/single line diagram etc of the station; physically
ascertain the location of various equipment incoming and outgoing feeders etc.
 Carefully study the operation/instructions manuals of transformers circuit
breakers, isolators, control panels, station battery, battery charger, L.T panels,
fire fighting equipments etc.
 Gain thorough knowledge of 11kV feeders provided from the substation, the
areas to which supply is extended, details of section concerned.
 Study the operational problems, if any, peculiarities of functioning of any
peculiar equipment of the station etc. in detail and make personal notes.
 Get a precise idea of the wiring details of alarm annunciations related inferences
etc. of the station and control equipments and on various switches and fuses
controlling each circuit/ function.
 Properly understand the mode of giving permit to work on feeder, transformers
and other equipments.
 Study the safety aspect of the station, operation of fire fighting equipments etc in
detail.
 Be conversant with the mode of reporting incidents of various operations to the
higher officers in time and in appropriate manner.

7. DUTIES AND FUNCTIONS OF SHIFT OPERATORS
1. Be in complete charge of the station during shift duty.

2. Carry out the operations of the substation as per standing instructions.
3. Ensure the correctness of operations carried out by the subordinates.
4. Issue and cancel permit to work on conductors connected to the substation
equipments.
5. Maintain the operators dairy while on shifts.
6. Mention the details of operations in remark column of operator dairy.
7. Reason for the change in load should be mentioned in the remark column of log
sheet.
8. Maintain SOS while on shift including interruptions details.
9. Keep strict watch of the performance of plants and equipments in the station;
rectify abnormalities, which could be attended to immediately report to the
Assistant Executive Engineer and the Assistant Engineer in charge of
maintenance.
10.Assist the superior and the Assistant Engineer in charge of maintenance works
while on shifts.
11.Carry out any other work that may be specifically assigned to him.

8.OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
8.1 GENERAL
1. Whenever the HV supply (110 kV) failure occurs, the entire load on LV side may be
switched off except that of auxiliary transformer.
2. Then contact the feeding station immediately and act as per their Instruction.
3. If 11kV feeder trips on heavy fault and it again trip similarly on test charge, further test
charges may be done after contacting the concerned distribution officers.
4. Whenever any alarm is received on any feeder/ equipment or any trouble is noticed switch
off that particular equipment and investigates and report.
5. Healthy trip indication of all feeders and equipment may be tested at the beginning of each
shift
6. Maintain the voltage level, increase or decrease the taps as and when required to maintain
this.
7. When alarm on over current or winding temperature is received due to overload on the
power transformer, reduce the load and wait for resetting the alarm.
8. If winding temperature alarm is received on other than overload condition the transformer
should not be test charged. The fact may be reported to the Station Engineer.
9. If a transformer trips on overload, reduce the load and then test charge.
10.If the transformer trips on buchholz, differential protection, low oil level, control D.C.
failure etc. it should not be test charge and the Station Engineer may be intimated
immediately

11.Transformer should be test charged under no load. Always test charge primary side breaker
first.
8.2 KEEPING RECORDS
1. Each and every operation should be recorded in detail in the operator's diary
2. At 00 hours all meter readings must be recorded in full digits.
3. Write names of shift staff legibly and clearly when taking over charge. The name of
security guard on shift also must be written.
4. Write the actual time of handing over and taking over.
5. Write the date on each top.
6. The station statistics should be recorded in the logbook by each operator during his/her
shift itself, other data's should be filled by the operator on night shift duty.
7. Reason for additional load other than normal should be mentioned in remark column of
logbook.
8. Tripping should always be noted in red ink
9. Switch off should be written in green ink.
10.The permit to work, isolation certificate and switch off should be given only after
confirming the identity of the person if request is over phone.
11.Outages of all EHT feeders should be reported during morning and evening shift before
6.30 am and 6.30 pm to the O/D, 220kV substation, Ambalamugal daily.
12.Enter station statistics on pse.kseb.in without fail.
8.3 ISSUING PERMIT TO WORK

1. No person shall be permitted to work on any equipment installed in the substation
premises or line supplied from the substation without issuing a permit to work.
2. Before issuing permit to work, the equipment/line shall be isolated from all sources of

supply and earthed as required.

3. Non-back feeding certificates shall be obtained where ever supply from other sources is
possible.
4. Permit to work shall not be issued to an employee below the rank of a sub engineer in any
case.
5. For taking permit to work (PW) on 110 kV and 66 kV feeders and yard equipments, prior
sanction from Executive Engineer shall be obtained. In the case of lines and equipment of
66 kV and above, PW shall be issued to the concerned AE/AEE only, except during
unavoidable circumstances. During an emergency break down, in the absence of Station
Engineer, PW on yard equipment shall be taken by the operator (AE) or shall be issued to
the Sub Engineer, maintenance.
8.4 PERMIT TO WORK ON 11 kV FEEDERS
1. Switch off the VCB by tripping electrically/mechanically.
2. Ensure CB is open.
3. Rack out the VCB.
4. The control circuit plug of the CB shall remain in the control circuit jacket of the cubicle, if
the truck is not required to be moved away from the cubicle for maintenance work.
5. Open the AB switch of the concerned feeder and lock, if necessary.
6. Exhibit `Men at work'/`Permit to work' caution boards in the cubicle as well as in the feeder
structure.
7. Normally the 11 kV feeders are not earthed by the substation personnel at the time of
issuing permit and an Isolation Certificate (IC) is issued instead of PW.
8. `Permit to work'/`Isolation Certificate' card shall be prepared and the original issued to the
authorized person. If PW is issued over phone the operator should ensure the authenticity of

the requesting person.

9. If PW is over phone a "CODE" shall invariably be assigned for the permit.
10.In case a second PW on the same feeder is to be issued, a second PW card shall be prepared
and noted in the operators' diary. Cross-reference shall be recorded in both the permit book
copies and a second `men at work' board should be exhibited on the panel. This is to avoid
charging the line when one permit to work is returned.
11.Pad locks are provided for all 11kV feeders with separate key displaying name of feeders.
Ensure that front doors of all VCB‟s are in locked condition and kept in safe custody while
issuing permits.
9. ROCEDURE FOR CHARGING THE 11kV FEEDER AFTER

THE WORK
1. When the permit to work is returned by the concerned person ensure that the Certificate
declaring that all men, materials and earthing are cleared from the line is signed by the
person to whom permit to work is issued.
2. The operator on return of PW check for any other PW issued on the line / associated cable /
AB switch.
3. If everything is clear cancel the PW and proceed to charge the line. Remove the caution
boards. Close the AB switch if it is opened, rack in the VCB. Charge the spring electrically
or manually using spring charging handle till the spring is fully charged. Ensure that the
control circuit plug is in the jacket of the cubicle.
4. The circuit breaker shall be electrically closed and check for the current in each phases by
turning the ammeter selector switch.

5. Note down all the details in the operators diary.
10. ACTIONS TO BE TAKEN ON THE OCCURRENCE OF THE

FOLLOWING EVENTS
10.1 WHEN AN 11KV FEEDER TRIPS.
a. When an 11kV feeder trips, there will be an audible alarm in the 11kV panel.
b. Immediately accept the alarm by pressing the `Alarm Accept' push button switch in
the panel.
c. Check for `Breaker off' indication in any panel. The feeder supplied from that
panel stands now tripped. Note down the relay indication.
d. Reset the relay.
e. Charge the spring and close the breaker electrically after three minutes. (Manual
closing may be resorted to only when there is a snag in the closing system.)
f. If the fault in the feeder was momentary the line will stand charged. Otherwise the
feeder will trip again.
g. If the feeder trips again accept the alarm note down the relay indications and reset
the relay.
h. If the fault is suspected to be heavy, declare the feeder as faulty and exhibit a
feeder `Faulty' board on the VCB panel.
i. Note down all the operations with time in the operators diary.
j. Report the matter to the concerned Electrical section over phone.
k. When the maintenance personnel (Sub Engineer, AE) of the Electrical section
request for a further test charging, ascertain whether
1)the fault has been located and cleared

2)If so, location and nature of fault

3) If not any link/ AB switch is opened, its location and other details.
l. Note down the details in the operators diary and test charge the feeder.
m. If there is any long delay in attending the fault by the electrical section open the
11kV AB switch of the concerned feeder in the substation yard and keep the feeder
up to the structure charged.
n. If the fault is due to any cable failure / LA failure inside the substation premises,
the feeder will again trip and in such case report the matter to the Station
Engineer/Maintenance sub engineer and take action for speedy rectification.
10.2 WHEN A 66KV FEEDER TRIPS.

1. When an EHT feeder trips accept the alarm and note down the relay indications.
2. Reset the relays.
3. Inspect yard equipment for abnormalities.
4. Enquire to all concerned substations and EHT consumers for any visible fault in the line at
their premises.
5. If any fault is reported at the consumer‟s premises or on the line, declare the feeder as
faulty and inform the same to the transmission line maintenance section.
6. If everything is normal, test charge the feeder.
7. If the feeder again trips, note down the relay indications and declare the feeder as faulty.
8. Inform the matter to transmission line maintenance section.
10.3 WHEN 110KV FEEDER TRIPS
1. Switch off all outgoing 11kV feeders except auxiliary feeder and contact 220kV
substation Kalamassery. If supply failed from Kalamassery end due to a grid failure, wait
till the supply is resumed and take the auxiliary supply from 110 kV Substation, New

Vyttila through Gandhi square Feeder. When the supply gets restored, contact Kalamassery
Substation and normalize the main supply and auxiliary supply. Also inform 66 kV
substations Perumanoor, Panampilly Nagar and Puthencruz to normalize the supply.
2. If it takes considerable time for resuming the 110kV supply from KLSY, arrange to avail
supply from 110 KV NV-VT after contacting 110kv New vyttila substation(vise-versa)
3. If it takes considerable time for resuming both 110kV supply, arrange to avail supply from
standby 66kV feeders. The 66kV supply can be availed from the standby 66kV
Kalamassery- Vyttila No. I and II feeders as per the instruction from 220kV substation,
Kalamassery. The feeders are to be coupled at this end.
Before charging 66 kV Kalamassery –Vyttila 1 and 2 feeders, it must be ensure that the
110 kV Kalamassery –Vyttila feeder is under switched off condition.
4. Close 66kv line isolators of 66kV KL-VT No. I and II feeders and charge the feeders.
5. In order to reduce load, change over 66kV Perumanoor substation and Panampilly Nagar
substation to 110 kV Substation, Kaloor via 66kV Kaloor -Marine drive GIS UG cable
feeder.
6. Arrange maximum possible back feeding if required.
11. SPECIFIC INSTRUCTIONS
11.1 FOR ISSUING NBC (No back feeding Certificate) on 110kVKalamassery-Vyttila

Feeder
1. Switched on 110 kV NVVT feeder and simultaneously switched off 110kV KL-VT

feeder Switch on as per the instruction of Operator,220kV Substation, Kalamassery and

Brahmapuram
2. Open line isolator IL1 and issue NBC.
3. Earth should be provided only if specifically instructed and see that the same is removed
before the line is charged.
11.2 ON RETURN OF NBC on 110kV Kalamassery-Vyttila line after giving earthing

removal confirmation
1. Close the line isolator IL1 and charge 110kV KL-VY feeder.
11.3 66KV KALAMASSERY-VYTTILA 1&2 STANDBY FEEDER
As on 16.07.2015, LILO arrangement at 66KV s/s Kakkanadu is changed to tap to 66KV-

KL-VT No.1&2 feeders.
KLVT No.1 is named as KLNP up to 66 kV substation,Thrikkakkara and from
thrikkakkara to vyttilait is NPVT.
CARE SHOULD BE TAKEN
I. Permit work on 66 KV KL-VT No:2 feeder should be given after ensuring NBC from
Vyttila, Kakkanadu (tap 2) and HMT,NBC at Kalamassery after switch off, isolate and
earthing confirmation from Kakkanadu, Vyttila and Kalamassery.
II. Permit work on 66 KV KL-VT No.1 feeder – A portion with Kakkanadu- Vyttila does not
exist because in No.1 feeder permit can be availed only in Thrikkakara-Vyttila portion.

11.4 FOR AVAILING SUPPLY FROM STAND BY 66kV VYTTILA FEEDER 1&2
If 110kV KL-VY feeder trips having any Permit to Work, then avail standby 66kV KL-
VT No.II feeder
1. Ensure 110Kv KL-VT feeder is switched off AND line isolator is opened.
2. Charge SF6 CB of 66kV KL-VTNo:II feeder as per the instruction of Operator, 220kV
substation, Kalamassery
3. Before normalizing the feeding, switch off the standby 66KV KL-VT .
4. No.1&2 feeder and open 66KV line isolator I23
Normally 66KV KL-VT-1 is feeding to Thrikakkara. The standby supply can be availed
from 66KV KL-VT-1&2 feeders simultaneously limiting the overloading of 1&2 feeder.
Both feeders can be availed at one bus by doing Bus splitting arrangement
11.7 FOR ISOLATING 66kV BUS

1. 66kV Bus 1
Open isolators I 5(bus 1 isolator of 40 MVA, I 7(bus 1 isolator of KL-VT No.1,I 9(bus 1
isolator of KL-VTNo. 2,I 15(bus 1 isolator of PCBL) , I 17(cross bus 1 isolator of PTZ and
PMNR1 and I25(bus 1 isolator of PMNR2).
2. 66kV Bus 2
Open isolators I 6(bus 2 isolator of 63MVA),I 8(bus 2 isolator of KL-VT No.1 ),I 10(bus 2
isolator of KL-VT No.2),I 16(bus 2 isolator 0f PCBL) , I 18 (cross bus 2 isolator of PTZ and
PMNR1)and I26(bus 1 isolator of PMNR2.
11.8 For AVAILING BOTH 110KV SUPPLY

1. 11kv feeders are feed from 110kv NV-VY feeder , remaining station load from 110kv KL-

VT feeder
1.1 Switch off all 11kv feeder except AUXILIARY .
1.2 Switch off primary side CB of both 12.5 ,MVA transformer .
1.3 Open the Cross sectional isolator IN 5( CB is not installed ).
1.4 Close line Isolator of 110kv NV-VT feeder.
1.5 Charge 110kv NV-VT Feeder
1.6 Charge both primary side CB of 12.5 MVA Transformer
1.7 Charge all 11kv feeder

11.9 SHUT DOWN OF TRANSFORMERS FOR MAINTENANCE/ INSPECTION
WORKS
1. 40MVA Transformer
a. S/off 110kV side and 66kV side SF6 CB of 40 MVA Transformer
b. Open 66 kV Bus isolator I5 and bus coupler isolator I4
c. Open 110 kV transformer isolator I1.
2. 63MVA Transformer
a. S/off 110kV and 66kV side SF6 CB of 63MVA Transformer
b. Open 66kV side Bus isolator I6 and bus coupler isolator I4
c. Open 110kV isolator, I2.
3. 12.5MVA Transformer
a. S/off and rack out the VCB of respective incomer.
b. S/off 110kV SF6 CB of transformer.
c. Open the respective IN1/IN2.
d. Reached out incomer PT.
4. Auxiliary Transformer
a. Change over station auxiliary to the LT supply from 110kV New Vyttila Substation.
This auxiliary stand by supply from Gandhi square feeder (LT supply from OEN
transformer).
b. S/off and rack out the VCB of 11kV auxiliary feeder.
Remove the LT fuse of auxiliary transformer.

OTHERS
1. The control panels, meters, telephones, switch boxes, relays ,battery etc should be
cleaned daily during the 1st shift by the shift staff including overseer and operator.
2. Operators are to inspect the yard equipments periodically during shift duty around the
yard as often as possible especially during peak hours and listen for any change in usual
sound, see for loose connections, verify oil level etc. and report to the station engineer if
there is any abnormality.
3. Operators are to report all messages to the Station Engineer and get his initials in the
message book as soon as the messages are received.
12. 66kV BUS PT
66kV panels are having distance relays. It will be working only if current from CT and
corresponding voltage from PT is given to it. 66kV Bus No.1 and Bus No.2 is having separate
PTs. If the two 66kV buses are in coupled condition then doesn‟t matter which PT connection is
given to each feeder. But if the 66kV Bus No.1 and Bus No.2 are not in coupled condition then
care should be given to select the actual PT of the feeder.PT selection switches are provided at
the backside of feeder panels. The feeders which are fed from bus 1 should be put in bus 1 PT
itself.

11.5 PERMIT TO WORK ON 66kV FEEDERS.

1. Permit to work should be given to authorized persons on emergencies and on prior
sanction from competent authorities.

2. The affected substations, EHT consumers and the press should be informed in
advance.
3. Obtain NBC on respective feeders.
Care should be taken while giving permit work to 66kV VTLA-PTZ No1 and
66kV VTLA-PMNR No.1 feeder since cross bus exists between both.
a. For 66kV Vyttila- Puthencruz feeder
 Obtain NBC from 66kV substation Puthencruz and the EHT consumer, M/S
HOC, VTLA-Puthencruz No.1.
 Earthing confirmation from Puthencruz after switch off isolate and earthing at
Vyttila.
b. For 66kV Vyttila- PCBL feeder
 Obtain NBC from 66kV substation and the EHT consumer viz, M/S HOC and
PCBL.
 Earthing confirmation from PCBL after switch off isolate and earthing at
PCBL.
c. For VTLA-PTZ No.2 feeders PCBL-PTZ portion
 Obtain NBC from PCBL and PTZ s/s

 Earthing to be provided at PCBL and PTZ s/s
d. For 66kV Perumanoor No:I feeder

 Obtain NBC from 66kV Perumanoor substation, earthing to be provided after

switch off isolate and earthing at our end.
e. For 66kV Perumanoor No:II feeder
 Obtain NBC from 66kV Substation Perumanoor and Panampilly Nagar

substations according to the portion of work.
For Vyttila- Panampilly Nagar portion obtain NBC from 66kV Substation Panampilly
Nagar and for Panampilly Nagar – Perumanoor portion obtain NBC from 66kV Substation
Panampilly Nagar and Perumanoor.
Since 66kV Substation Panampilly Nagar is not having line circuit breaker, s/off the feeder
at Vyttila end before opening the line isolator at Panampilly Nagar Substation.
1. Switch off and isolate the respective feeder.
2. Provide earth on both sides of feeder. Note that earthing should be given first at feeding
end.
3. Issue permit to work.
11.6 ON RETURN OF PERMIT WORK

1. Remove all the earthing provided on the feeder and confirm.
2. Close the isolators and charge the circuit breaker of the respective feeder.
3. Return the NBC.
12.1 PROCEDURE FOR SELECTING 66kV BUS PT
The relay of PT which is live will be in flagged condition. In order to change the Bus PT
selection
1. The switch below the un flagged relay should be put to the reverse position first.
2. Immediately after that put the other switch to reverse position.
3. Now both relays will be in flagged condition. Reset both the relays. The Relay
corresponding to the PT which is not live will get reset.

ALARM:-
When a fault occurs, Fault Annunciator draws the attention of the

supervisor with an indication flag and audible alarm. The audible alarm can be stopped, by
pressing the alarm cancel push button. However, the red painted flag remains to show the
continuation of the fault. It is possible to reset the flag by means of lever on the indicator.
But if the fault persists the flag cannot be reset.
PROTECTION RELAYS PRESENT AT FEEDER CONTROL AND RELAY PANEL

AND TRANSFORMER CONTROL AND RELAY PANEL
NAME OF FEEDER/TRANSFORMER PANEL MAIN PROTECTION RELAYS

MAKE/TYPE
Distance relay
TOSHIBA-GRZ100
Operation:To reset the relay
press”RESET” key more than three
110KV KLMSY-VTLA times on the “latest fault” screen
,then trip LED continues to lit.
Backup relay
AREVA-CDD
Cable Differential relay

110KV NV-VT

Distance relay
SIFANG-CSC162
66KV KLMSY-VTLA NO:1

Backup relay
EASUN REYROLLE-2TJM12
Distance relay
SIFANG-CSC162
66KV KLMSY-VTLA NO:2 Backup relay
Distance relay
SIFANG-CSC162
66KV VTLA-PMNR NO:1 Backup relay
Distance relay
SIFANG-CSC162
66KV VTLA-PMNR NO:2 Backup relay
Distance relay
SIFANG-CSC162
66KV VTLA-PCBL
Backup relay
Distance relay
ALSTOM-P40
66KV VTLA-PTZ
Backup relay
ALSTOM-P14DB11A2C0500A

Auxiliary relay
ALIND
REF relay
ALIND-TDZA10
12.5MVA 110/11KV TRANSFORMER NO.1
Backup relay
ALIND-TSRA111
Differential relay
SEL SEL-787
Auxiliary relay
ALIND
REF relay
ALIND-TDZA10
12.5MVA 110/11KV TRANSFORMER NO.2
Backup relay
ALIND-TSRA111
Differential relay
Genisis MIB202
40MVA 110/66KV TRANSFORMER NO:1 Backup relay
Auxiliary relay
ALIND
63MVA 110/66KV TRANSFORMER NO:2
Backup relay
ALIND-TSRA111
Backup relay
40MVA 110/66KV TRANSFORMER (66KV side)
SEL-SEL-315
Backup relay
63MVA 110/66KV TRANSFORMER (66KV side)
ALIND-TSRA111

13 INTRODUCTION TO RELAYS AND POWER

EQUIPMENTS IN CONTROL ROOM AND YARD
13.1 POWER TRANSFORMER
Power transformers are classified
 Base on Application
 Generator Transformers.
11/110KV, 11/220KV
 Transformers used in Major Substations
(Auto Transformers 400/ 220 KV, 220/110KV, 110/66 KV)
 Transformers used for Sub Transmission

110/11 KV, 66/11KV.
 Distribution Transformers 11/433V
13.2. PROTECTION OF POWER TRANSFORMER
13.2.1 BUCHHOLZ PROTECTION
In oil immersed transformers, limited arcing under oil originates from poor electrical
connections of conductors and core faults. This might not bedetectable by differential or
ref relay. Buchholz protection gives alarm and tripping during heavy faults due to P/F and
E/F.
The gas actuated Buchholz Relay is a protective device designed to give

indication of faults occurring in oil filled conservator type transformer, on load tap
changers, capacitors etc.

All types of faults occurring within oil filled transformer are accompanied
by gas generation. This phenomenon has been effectively utilized by Buchholz Relays to
provide the best-known protection arrangement for transformers.
The high sensitivity and capability of the relay has been successfully
proved to detect faults stated below:-
o Defective core laminations.

o Break down of core insulations.
o Local overheating of windings.
o Phase to phase, phase to earth or internal short circuits.
o Insulation breakdown of major nature.
The gas collected in the relay can, from its colour, odour and
compositions, indicate the nature and location of faults up to a greater extent.
FAULT INFERENCE
By studying the nature of gas collected, fault inference can be made as

explained below:
Sl.No. Name of gas Probable fault
1 Colourless and Odourless. Air trapped in oil or insulations.
2 Grayish white with pungent Overheating of insulations, Press

Smell, non-inflammable board etc.
3 Yellowish inflammable Decomposing of wood insulations
4 Dark grey inflammable. Flash over in oil. Excessive over

13.2.2 EARTH FAULT PROTECTION
REF protection is a unit protection scheme for one winding of the transformer. It is
generally of the high impedance type. The residual current of three line current
transformers is balanced against the output of the neutral conductor.
It is an instantaneous relay with low settings. The whole fault current is measured. Even if
the prospective current level decreases as fault positions progress nearer the neutral end of
the winding, with a low effective setting a large percentage of the winding can be covered.
The main windings and the core and other accessories are mostly oil immersed.
Therefore this equipment develops fault rarely than over head
Lines, but if a fault occur in a transformer. It costs much more time and money than that
required to rectify a fault on the line. The fault on a transformer should there be cleared
fast to protect the equipment or minimize the damage.
TYPES OF FAULT
 Through faults
 Internal faults
THROUGH FAULTS
o Over current protection: it covers transformer, station, bus bar, and a protection.
o Overload protection : detected through thermal overload protection
o Oil temperature protection
o Winding temperature protection

Oil temp indicator alarm tripping (75-85)

(85-95)
Winding temperature alarm tripping (80-90)
indicator (90-100)
Cooling fans starting stopping (55-60)
(60-65)
13.2.3 DIFFERENTIAL PROTECTION

A differential relay responds to a vector difference between two or more similar electrical
quantities. Differential protection is a unit protection .The protected zone is determined by
location of CTs. The vector difference is achieved by suitable connection of current
transformer or voltage transformer.
APPLICATION
 Protection of generator, protection of generator transformer unit
 Protection of transformer
 Protection of transmission line by pilot wire protection
 Protection of transmission line by phase comparison
 Protection of large motors
 Bus zone protection
13.2.4 BACK UP O/C AND E/F PROTECTION

This acts as backup relay for downstream side feeder uncleared faults and also acts as
backup relays of transformer relays.
13.2.5 OIL HEATING PROTECTION

Oil thermometer gives alarm and trip for persisting and high oil temperatures.

Long time constant delays oil for getting true winding temperature and hence incorrect
replica used also to start cooler fans.
13.2.6 WINDING TEMPERATURE PROTECTION
Sensing through bulb and heating through resistor connected from CT sec. gives hot spot
temperature. Usually shows higher reading during short time heavy overload than long
time higher overload.
BREATHER
OPERATION:-
Whenever the temperature of the transformer oil varies either due to

variations in transformer loading or due to variation in temperature of surrounding air,
there will be corresponding change in level of oil in conservator. This change of level of
oil causes the transformer to perform breathing action. To remove moisture and dust from
the air breathed thus, silica gel and dust filler are provided in the breathing path.
Air while passing through oil pot, dust will be filtered and while passing
through silica gel, moisture also will be removed to allow only dry air to go into the
transformer. The oil pot also performs another important function, which prevents the
atmospheric air to come into contact with silica gel when the transformer is not performing
breathing action.
The container is filled with a mixture of white and blue gels in the ratio
3:1. As the blue gel absorbs moisture its colour changes to whitish pink.

14. INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMER

14.1 CURRENT TRANSFORMER
CT is a current measuring device. Primary winding is connected in series with the
load. The ammeter, watt meter, energy meter, relays etc. are connected across secondary.
When the Load current is passed through primary winding a flux is produced in the
core (The mmf is proportional to Primary current and number of turns).The secondary
winding is wound on the core and an emf is induced in it.
Since the secondary is shorted through the low impedance (Ammeter) , a current is
circulated in the circuit. The Secondary Ampere turn is called the counter ampere turn. If
the secondary is opened when primary current is flowing there will not be any counter
ampere turns. The primary mmf will set up an abnormally high flux in the core which will
produce high voltage across the secondary terminals.Therefore no fuses shall be provided
at the secondary of a CT. The secondary should be short circuited while removing the
meters.
14.2 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMER
PT is a voltage measuring device. Potential transformers (PT) (also called voltage

transformers (VT)) are a parallel connected type of instrument transformer. They are
designed to present negligible load to the supply being measured and have an
accurate voltage ratio and phase relationship to enable accurate secondary connected
metering.
Capacitor Voltage Transformer
CVT s are single phase units ,connected in HV net works between Line and Ground .
It is used for HV Metering ,Protection, and as a Coupling Element for Carrier
Communication System. It Consists of Capacitor Voltage Dividers and a Transformer

15. SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

15.1 MAIN PARTS
1) Interrupter
 Fixed contact,
 Moving Contact,
 Puffer cylinder,
 Current carrying conductors,
 Teflon nozzle
 and SF6 Gas etc housed in the Interrupter porcelain
2) Support porcelain
 Hollow porcelain to provide insulation for the interrupter and surround the
operating rod.
3) Insulation Operating rod
 It is used to move the moving contact.
 It should have good mechanical strength and dielectric strength.
4) Operating Mechanism
 Trip coil
 Closing coil
 operating cylinder
 operating piston,
 control valves,
 Pilot valves, auxiliary switches etc.
 Terminal Blocks
 Gas Density Detector, Space Heater etc

15.2 WORKING PRINIPLE
When a circuit is interrupted an arc is formed In between the fixed and

moving contacts of the circuit breaker. In Circuit breakers, the electric arc is a self-
sustained discharge of Electricity between the two contacts in a dielectric medium .When
contacts are separated the dielectric medium gets ionized mainly due to the intense heat
produced during separation and dielectric medium thus changes into a plasma state. The
dielectric medium which formerly a nonconductor becomes a good conductor .The arc
discharge is thus conduction of Electricity through this ionized dielectric medium.
The unique feature of VCBs is that no arc extinguishing medium employed in it to
quench the arc. Vacuum circuit breakers are self-arc extinguishing type. Arc cannot persist
in an ideal vacuum. When the current carrying contacts are separated, ionized metal vapors
are released from the contacts tips giving rise to plasma, thus supporting arc. During the
decreasing mode of the current wave, the rate of release of vapour decreases. At the
current zero collapse of ionization and vapour condensation is very fast regaining
dielectric strength of the arc gap and the arc is self-extinguished.
The interrupting process is characterized by an arc which appears for a limited
period of time between the main contacts. Interruption of the circuit occurs after current
zero, the fixed contact and moving contact being pulled apart by the operating mechanism.
By this movement, the quenching medium inside the cylinder is forced to flow through the
contact system, and it rapidly removes the energy converted within the arc plasma and
changes the path between the open contacts into an insulating gap.

16.ON LOAD TAPCHANGER (OLTC)

OLTC facilitates changing of Tap connections without interruption of Supply.
Taps are provided at the neutral end of the three phase Star connected HV windings. For
Three phase Delta connected HV windings taps are provided at the line ends. Taps are
connected at the line end of the single phase auto Transformer banks.
OLTC CONSISTS OF
1) Diverter switch.
2) Tap Selector.
3) Driving Mechanism.
4) Remote Tap Changer Control Panel.
Diverter Switch – Separate Oil compartment. On load circuit breaking taking

place with in 150 milli second.
Consists of
1) Two concentric Insulation Cylinders,
2) Contact Compartment (Fixed and moving contacts (Copper tungsten)
named as ODD and EVEN).Movement of contact from ODD to EVEN AND
EVEN to ODD.
3) Transition Resistors (Nichrome).
Operating Time - 150 milli Seconds.
Operating Force - Charged Spring
Tap Selector–Immersed in Transformer tank. Off load tap changing

operation taking place.
 The tap lead wires from the tap winding of the Transformer are brought and
terminated at the fixed contacts of the tap selector.
 There are two Set of Rotary Switches for Tap Selector.

 The ODD numbered tappings are connected to one Switch.

 The EVEN Numbered tapings are connected to another Switch
 The two Switches are operated according to the operation of diverter switch.
 The tap selector operates under No Load Condition
17.BATTERY
Battery is the heart of power station. It provides the ultimate and final DC backup
for operating emergency equipments which power the turbo generators. DC power is
required for operation of all switchgears, protection relays, indicating lamps and
annunciators.Switchgear and relays will not operate causing extensive damage to
transformers and power lines.
18. RELAY FAMILY

1. Based on actuating parameter
o Current relays
o Voltage relays
o Frequency relays
o Power relays
2. Electromagnetic Based on characteristic
o Definite time relays
o Inverse time relays with define minimum time(IDMT)
o Instantaneous relays
o IDMT with inst.
o Stepped characteristic
o Programme switches
o Voltage restraint over current relay

3. Static Based on logic

o Differential
o Unbalance
o Neutral displacement
o Directional
o Restricted earth fault
o Over fluxing
o Distance schemes
o Bus bar protection
o Reverse power relays
o Loss of excitation
o Negative phase sequence relays
4. Mechanical
o Thermal
 OT Trip
 WT Trip
 Bearing temperature trip
o Float type
 Buchholz
 OSR
 PRV
 Water level control
o Pressure switches
o Mechanical inter locks
o Pole discrepancy relay

19.TYPES OF RELAY
19.1 DIRECTIONAL PHASE FAULT OVERCURRENT RELAY
When fault currents can flow in both directions through relay location, it may be necessary
to make the response of the relay directional by the introduction of a directional control
facility. The facility is provided by use additional voltage inputs to the relay.
19.2 DISTANCE RELAY

Distance relay is relaying device which measures impedance or reactance of the line which
are proportional to distance. Distance relay suitable for long EHV lines and is not normally
applied for lines less than 5 miles.
ADVANTAGES
 Fast fault clearance
 Fault coverage independent of source impedance variation
 Provides primary and backup in single unit
 Can be adapted to work like unit protection with signaling channel
PRINCIPLE
A distance relay compares the currents and voltages at the relaying point with current
providing the operating torque and the voltage provides the restraining torque. In other
words an impedance relay is a voltage restrained over current relay.
19.2.1TYPES OF DISTANCE RELAYS

a. Impedance relay
b. Reactance relay
c. Mho relay
d. Modified impedance relay

ADDITIONAL FEATURES IN DISTANCE SCHEME

1) Power swing blocking relay
2) VT fuse failure relay
3) Switch onto fault relay
4) Fault locator
5) Auto-reclosing scheme
6) Carrier communication scheme

CHAKKARAPARAMBU RELAY SETING
`CGI 14C
Current relay
CGI 14C Fault No=01 Fault No. & fault trip counter
Fault records Tcntr=-16 indication
Fault type indication

I>:IL1 “I >” for IDMT fault &
I>>:
“I >>” for high set fault
Date and time indication on

Flt;26/2/10
18;45;04;285
which fault occurred
Secondary phase fault current

IL1(sec):000.08 “IL1(R phase)” & “IL2 (Y
IL2(sec):000.06 phase)” indication
Secondary phase fault current

IL3(sec):000.08 “IL3(B phase)” & Earth fault
IL0(sec):000.06 current “Io” indication
Primary phase fault current

IL1(pri):00000 “IL1(R phase)” & “IL2 (Y
IL2(pri):00000 phase)” indication
Primary phase fault current

IL3(pri):00000 “IL3(B phase)” & Earth fault
I0(pri) :00006 current “Io” indication
Fault duration
Fault duration indication
000.000sec

20. ISOLATOR
Circuit Breaker always trip the circuit but open contacts of breaker cannot be visible
physically from outside of the breaker and that is why it is recommended not to touch any
electrical circuit just by switching off the . So for better safety there must be some
arrangement so that one can see open condition of the section of the circuit before
touching it. Isolator is a mechanical switch which isolates a part of circuit from system as
when required. Electrical isolators separate a part of the system from rest for safe
maintenance.
Isolator is a mechanical switching device capable of opening and closing a circuit
when a negligible current is broken or made or when no significant voltage across the
terminals of each pole exists. Isolators shall be capable of carrying current under normal
conditions and for a specified time short circuit currents. In open position, the isolating
shall provide an isolating distance between the terminals.
20.1 EARTHING SWITCH

It is a mechanical switching device for earthing a part of the circuit and capable of
withstanding short circuit current for a specified time
20.2 INTERLOCKING DEVICE.

It is a device which makes the operation of an isolator or earthing switch depending
upon the position or operation of a circuit breaker or an isolator
20.3 AUXILIARY CONTACT

A contact in the auxiliary circuit which is mechanically operated by the isolator or
earthing switch, while closing and opening.
20.4 RATED VOLTAGE

The rated voltage of an isolator or earthing switch indicates the upper limit of the
highest voltage of the system for which it is designed. Normal standard values are 3.6kv,
12kv, 36kv, 72.5kv, 123kv, 145kv, 245kv and 420kv.

20.5 RATED NORMAL CURRENT

The standard values of rated normal current are 200 A,400 A,630 A,800 A,1250
A,1600 A,2000 A,2500 A,3150 A,4000 A,5000 A,6300 A.
20.6 RATED SHORT TIME WITHSTAND CURRENT

The standard values are 8 KA,10 KA,12.5 KA,16 KA,20 KA,25KA,31.5 KA,40
KA,50 KA,63 KA,80 KA,100 KA.
When an earthing switch is combined with an isolator as a single unit, both shall
have the same rated short time withstand current unless otherwise specified.
20.7 DURATION OF SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT

The standard value of rated duration of short time withstands current for isolator and
earthing switch is normally 1sec. A value of 3 sec is also sometimes specified.
21 .LOAD – BREAK SWITCHES

These are load interrupters combined with isolating switches, enabling the desired
breaking of load currents without circuit breakers. Generally these devices are auxiliary in
nature. The load interruption is achieved by one of the following
(i) Insertion of a resistor in the circuit following opening of the main switch contact
and interruption of the current drawn between the arcing contacts in the air.
(ii) Use of air blasting and other gases to effectively lengthen the arc resulting in the
main contacts.
(iii) Use of an interrupter parallel to the main contacts just prior to the opening, and
interrupting in this auxiliary chamber after the main contacts are open.

22 EARTHING
Earthing is to provide a Zero potential surface in and around and under the area where
the electrical equipment is installed or erected. The non-current carrying parts of the
electrical equipment is connected to the general mass of the earth which prevents the
appearance of dangerous voltage on the enclosures and helps to provide safety to working
staff and public.
22.1 EARTH GRID

A system of the grounding electrodes which consists of inter-connected conductors
buried in the earth to provide a common ground for electrical devices and metallic
structures
22.2 EARTH MAT

A grounding system formed by a grid of horizontally buried conductors and which
serves to dissipate the earth fault current to earth and as an equipotential bonding
conductor system.
22.3 SUBSTATION EARTHING

Power system earthing has several important purposes. In the case of an ungrounded
system, it will be inherently coupled capacitively to the earth through the system
capacitance. During a ground fault the charging current will rise to three times the zero
sequence current, developing a very high value of over voltage. So the main intention of
earthing is to limit this transient over voltage caused by restricting ground faults, to the
level that the equipment is designed to withstand, which will be normally about 250% of
the rated voltage.
Proper system earthing will give a high degree of protection against steep wave
front surges entering the station and passing to earth through its grounding system. Under
fault conditions, the flow of current to earth will result in gradients within and around the

station. Unless earthing system are designed carefully, the maximum gradient along the
surface may be great enough to endanger a man walking in the vicinity.
22.4 IMPORTANCE OF EARTHING

The earthing is provided for
 Safety of Personnel
 Prevent or at least minimize damage to equipment as a result of flow of heavy fault
currents.
 Improve reliability of Power supply
 To keep the earth resistance as low as possible in order to achieve safe step and
touch voltages, an earth mat shall be buried at the specified depths below ground
and the mat shall be provided with grounding rods at suitable points. All non-current
carrying parts at the Substation shall be connected to this grid so as to ensure that
under fault conditions, none of these parts are at a higher potential than the
grounding grid.
The earth resistance shall be as low as possible and shall not exceed the following limits:
 Power Stations - 0.5 Ohms
 EHT Substations - 1.0 Ohms
 33KV Stations - 2.0 Ohms
 D/t Structures - 5.0 Ohms
 Domestic installations - 10.0 Ohms
 Tower foot resistance - 10.0 Ohms
22.5 SPECIFICATION FOR EARTHING SYSTEM EHT SUBSTATION
The supporting structures, C.T. chambers, P.T. tanks, Cable glands etc., are to be
connected to earth.

1. POWER TRANSFORMERS:
A) The transformer body or tank is directly connected to earth grid. In addition,
there should be direct connection from the tank to the earth side of the lightning
arresters.
B) The transformer track rail should be earthed separately.
C) The neutral bushing is earthed by a separate connection to the earth grid.
2. POTENTIAL AND CURRENT TRANSFORMERS:
The bases of the CTs and PTs. are to be earthed. All bolted cover plates of the
bushing are also to be connected the earth grid.
3. LIGHTNING ARRESTERS:
The bases of the L.As are to be earthed with conductors as short and straight as
Possible (for reducing impedance). Each L.A. should have individual earth rods,
which are in turn connected to earth grid.
4. CIRCUIT BREAKERS:
The supporting structures, C.T. chambers, P.T. tanks, Cable glands etc., are to be
connected to earth.
5. OTHER EQUIPMENT‟S:
All equipment‟s, structures, and metallic frames of switches and isolators are to be
earthed separately.
6. FENCING:
Providing separate earth or connecting to the station earth depends upon the distance
of the fence the station earth. If the distance is within feet, an inter-connection made
to the station earth. If not, the metallic fences are earthed by means of earth rods
spaced at not more than 200 feet.
7. GROUND WIRES:
The ground wires over the station are connected to the station earth. In order that the
station earth potentials during fault conditions are not applied to transmission line

ground wires and towers, all ground wires coming to the stations shall be broken on
the first tower external to station by means of strain disc insulators.
23. SAFETY
7 steps of safety
1. Permission
2. Isolation
3. Notice
4. Lock
5. Inspection
6. Testing
7. Earthing
23.1 SAFE WORK PRACTICES
BEFORE STARTING WORK…

 De-energize, Lock, Tag and Test all circuits of 50 volts or more
 De-energize all Power Sources
 Disconnect from all electric energy sources Control circuit devices such as
 push buttons
 selector switches
 interlocks
May not be used as the sole means for de-energizing circuits or equipment.
 Lock & Tag all Sources
 Place Lock & Tag on each disconnecting means used to de-energize circuits
 Attach Lock so as to prevent operating the disconnecting means
 Place Tag with each Lock
 If a Lock cannot be applied

A tag used without a lock must be supplemented by at least one additional safety
measure that provides a level of safety equal to that of a lock.
 Removal of an isolating circuit element such as a fuse
 Blocking of a controlling switch
 Opening of an extra disconnecting device
 Release Stored energy before starting work

 Discharge all Capacitors &
 Short-Circuit & Ground all high capacitance elements
 Verify the system is De-energized
 Operate the equipment controls to check that equipment cannot be restarted
 Use test equipment to the test circuits & electrical parts for voltage and
current.

Vyttila Substation Guide

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Operating Instructions

110KV SUBSTATION VYTTILA

SF6 CIRCUIT BREAKER

ON LOAD TAPCHANGER (OLTC)

110KV Substation, Vyttila Page 1

1.110 kV SUBSTATION VYTTILA

M/S PCBL (Philips Carbon Black Limited) has captive generation of 10 MW

110KV Substation, Vyttila Page 2

66 kV Vyttila- 6VTPR 300/1 DOG 1.5*0.5 225A

66 kV Vyttila- 6VTPT 1 300/1 DOG 0.8 240A

66 kV Vyttila- PCBL 6VTPT II 300/1 DOG 1.5*0.5 225A

66 kV Kalamassery - 6KLNP 200/1 DOG 2.5*0.5 250A

66 kV Kalamassery- 6KLVT 400/1 DOG 1.5*0.5 300A

110KV Substation, Vyttila Page 3

Name of feeder Capacity

110kV Kalamassery-Vyttila 330A

110kV New Vyttila-Vyttila 600A

66 kV Vyttila- Perumanoor I 254A

66 kV Vyttila- Puthencruz 254A

66 kV Vyttila- PCBL 254A

66 kV Kalamassery -Vyttila I 254A

66 kV Kalamassery- Vyttila II 254A

110KV Substation, Vyttila Page 4

Incomer I & II 600A 600/5 1*500 mm2 XLPE

Vadakkekotta 200A 200/5 3*300 mm2 XLPE

Nettoor 200A 200/5 3*300 mm2 XLPE

Kadavanthra 200A 200/5 3*300 mm2 XLPE

Palarivattom 200A 200/5 3*300 mm2 XLPE

Eroor 200A 200/5 3*300 mm2 XLPE

Ambalamugal 200A 200/5 3*300 mm2 XLPE

Udayamperoor 200A 200/5 3*300 mm2 XLPE

Ernakulum 200A 200/5 3*300 mm2 XLPE

Chakkaraparambu 200A 200/5 3*300 mm2 XLPE

110KV Substation, Vyttila Page 5

manually.11 kV vadakkekkotta,Palarivattom.Eroor,Udayampoeroor and Ambalamugal

Name of 11 KV feeders and connected substations to which the 11 KV feeders of

NAME OF THE NAME OF THE FEEDER TO BE

Vadakkekotta Tripunithura New Vyttila

Palarivattom Chalikkavattom New Vyttila

Kadavantra Gandhi square New Vyttila

Eroor Thuthiyoor Kakkanadu

Ambalamugal Irumbanam,Chithrapuzha Kakkanadu,Brahmapuram

Udayamperoor Puthiyakavu Kandanadu

Ernakulam S A Road Kadavantra

Chakkaraparambu Vennala Kakkanadu

110KV Substation, Vyttila Page 6

2.2 11 kV FEEDERS AND THEIR CONTROLLING SECTIONS

110KV Substation, Vyttila Page 7

3. Electrical Power Transformer, Distribution Transformer & Instrument Transformer -

3.1 TEMPERATURE SETTING OF POWER TRANSFORMER

110KV Substation, Vyttila Page 8

3.2LOADING CAPACITY OF POWER TRANSFORMERS

Rating with Max Loading Capacity

3.3 ON LOAD TAP CHANGING IN POWER TRANSFORMERS

110KV Substation, Vyttila Page 9

An indication wheel with a green zone is provided on the mechanical tap

Under normal condition 12.5 MVA (110/11kV) transformers No. I

40 MVA (110/66kV) and 63 MVA (110/66kV) transformers are kept in

But in 63 MVA transformer diverter switch of tap changer at 5 and 7 tap

110KV Substation, Vyttila Page 10

5.ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT BREAKER

110KV Substation, Vyttila Page 11

5.1 SF6 GAS PRESSURE IN DIFFERENT CIRCUIT BREAKERS