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Analytical Solutions for Laminated Composite Plates Considering Nonlocal

and Shear Deformation Effects

Conference Paper · January 2014

DOI: 10.3850/978-981-09-1139-3_413

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 Composite Structures 139 (2016) 13–29

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Composite Structures
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/compstruct

Nonlocal third-order shear deformation theory for analysis of laminated

plates considering surface stress effects
Piska Raghu a, Kasirajan Preethi a, Amirtham Rajagopal a,⇑, Junuthula N. Reddy b
a
Department of Civil Engineering, IIT Hyderabad, India
b
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this work, analytical solutions are presented for laminated composite plates using a nonlocal third-
Available online 12 December 2015 order shear deformation theory considering the surface stress effects. The theory is based on Eringen’s
theory of nonlocal continuum mechanics (Eringen and Edelen, 1972) and the third-order plate theory
Keywords: of Reddy (1984, 2004). The mathematical formulation for surface stress is based on Gurtin and
Laminated composites Murdoch’s work (Gurtin and Murdoch, 1975, 1978). Analytical solutions of bending and vibration of sim-
Third order shear deformation ply supported laminated and isotropic plates are presented using new formulation to illustrate the effects
Surface stress
of nonlocality and surface stress on deflection and vibration frequencies for various span-to-thickness
Nonlocal theory
Analytical solutions
ratios (a=h).
Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Background higher-order gradient theories can be found in [19]. A more

In modeling micro and nano structures, where material size
effects are prominent (e.g., study of elastic waves when dispersion
effect is taken into account and the determination of stress at the
crack tip when the singularity of the solution is of concern), con-
ventional theories cannot model the material behavior accurately.
There has been considerable focus in recent yeas towards the
development of generalized continuum theories that account for
the inherent micro-structure in natural and engineering materials
(see [6–9]). The notion of generalized continua unifies several
extended continuum theories that account for such size
dependence due to the underlying micro-structure of the material.
A systematic overview and detailed discussion of generalized con-
tinuum theories has been given by Bazant and Jirasek [10]. These
theories can be categorized as gradient continuum theories (see
the works by Mindilin et al. [11–13], Toupin [14], Steinmann
et al. [7,15–17], Casterzene et al. [18], Fleck et al. [19,20], Askes
et al. [21–23]), micro continuum theories (see Eringen
[24,25,6,26,1], Steinmann et al. [27,28]), and nonlocal continuum
theories (see works by Eringen [26], Jirasek [29,30], Reddy
[31–34] and others [35]). Recently, the higher-order gradient the-
ory for finite deformation has been elaborated (for instance see
[36–38,18,39]) within classical continuum mechanics in the
context of homogenization approaches. A comparison of various
⇑ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: rajagopal@iith.ac.in (A. Rajagopal).
detailed formulation of gradient approach in spatial and material
setting has been presented in [27].
Nonlocality of the stress–strain relationship introduces length
scale at which classical elasticity theories are inadequate in model-
ing the response. Classical theory is inherently size independent.
The nonlocal formulations can be of integral-type formulations
with weighted spatial averaging or by implicit gradient models
which are categorized as strongly nonlocal, while weakly nonlocal
theories include, for instance, explicit gradient models [10]. The
nonlocality arises due to the discrete structure of matter and the
fluctuations in the inter-atomic forces. The two dominant physical
mechanisms that lead to size dependency of elastic behavior at the
nanoscale are surface energy effects and nonlocal interactions [40].
Recently, various beam theories (e.g., Euler–Bernoulli, Timoshenko,
Reddy, and Levinson beam theories) were reformulated using
Eringen’s nonlocal differential constitutive model by Reddy [31],
and analytical solutions for bending, buckling, and natural vibra-
tions for isotropic plates were also presented. Various shear defor-
mation beam theories were also reformulated by Reddy [31] using
nonlocal differential constitutive relations of Eringen. Subse-
quently, similar works have been carried out by Aydogdu [32]
and Civalek [33].
Nonlocal elastic rod models have been developed to investigate
the small-scale effect on axial vibrations of the nanorods by
Aydogdu [41] and Adhikari et al. [42]. Free vibration analysis of
microtubules based on nonlocal theory and Euler–Bernoulli beam
theory was carried out by Civalek et al. [33]. Free vibration analysis

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2015.11.068
0263-8223/Ó 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
14 P. Raghu et al. / Composite Structures 139 (2016) 13–29
of functionally graded carbon nanotubes using the Timoshenko
beam theory has been studied, and numerical solutions were
obtained using the Differential Quadrature Method (DQM) by
Janghorban et al. [43] and others (see [44–46]). Eringen’s nonlocal
elasticity theory has also been applied to study bending, buckling,
and vibration of nanobeams using the Timoshenko beam theory
(see [47–50]). Numerical solutions were obtained using two differ-
ent collocation techniques, global (RDF) and local (RDF-FD), with
multi-quadrics radial basis functions (see Roque et al. [51]). Static
deformation of micro- and nano-structures were studied using
nonlocal Euler–Bernoulli and Timoshenko beam theories and
explicit solutions were derived for displacements for standard
boundary conditions by Wang et al. [52–54]. Iterative nonlocal
elasticity for classical plates has been presented in [55]. Thai
et al. [56] developed a nonlocal shear deformation beam theory
with a higher-order displacement field that does not require shear
correction factors [57].
Analytical study on the nonlinear free vibration of functionally
graded nanobeams incorporating surface effects has been
presented in [58–60]. The effect of nonlocal parameter,
surface elasticity modulus, and residual surface stress on the vibra-
tional frequencies of Timoshenko beam has been studied in
[61,62]. The coupling between nonlocal effect and surface stress
effect for the nonlinear free vibration case of nanobeams has been
studied in [63].
Some explicit solutions involving trigonometric expansions are
also presented recently for nonlocal analysis of beams [64]. A finite
element framework for nonlocal analysis of beams is presented in a
recent work by Sciarra et al. [65]. Size effects on elastic moduli of
plate like nanomaterials has been studied in [66]. Studies to under-
stand thermal vibration of single wall carbon nanotube embedded
in an elastic medium using DQM has also been reported in [67].
The recent studies has been towards the application of nonlocal
nonlinear formulations for the vibration analysis of functionally
graded beams [68]. The effect of surface stresses on bending prop-
erties of metal nanowires is presented in [69]. There has been some
works on transforming nonlocal approaches to gradient type for-
mulations [70]. Semi analytical approach for large amplitude free
vibration and buckling of nonlocal functionally graded beams has
been reported in [71]. Barretta et al. [72] derived a new variational
frame work following the gradient type nonlocal constitutive law
and a thermodynamic approach. Wang et al. [52] presented the
scale effect on static deformation of micro- and nano-rods or tubes
through nonlocal EulerBernoulli beam theory and Timoshenko
beam theory. Explicit solutions for static deformation of such
structures with standard boundary conditions are derived. Huu
et al. [56] based on the modified couple stress theory and
Timoshenko beam theory examined static bending, buckling and
free vibration behaviors of size dependent functionally graded
sandwich micro beams [57].
These nonlocal laminated plate theories allow for the small-
scale effect which becomes significant when dealing with micro
and nano laminated plate-like structures [31]. The nonlocality
arises due to the discrete structure of matter and the fluctuations
in the inter atomic forces [73]. In the case of plate like structures,
when the width to thickness ratio of the plate becomes less than
20, transverse shear stresses play a key role on the behavior of
the plate. Various theories have been developed to take care of
shear strains into account such as first order shear deformation
theory (FSDT) by Mindlin, Third order shear deformation theory
(TSDT) by Reddy [3], and other generalized higher order shear
deformation theories (e.g., see [74–80]). Lu et al. [81] proposed a
non-local plate model based on Eringens theory of nonlocal contin-
uum mechanics. The basic equations for the non-local Kirchhoff
and the Mindlin plate theories are derived. Maranganti et al. [40]
estimated nonlocal elasticity length scales for various classes of
materials like semiconductors, metals, amorphous solids, and poly-
mers using a combination of empirical molecular dynamics and
lattice dynamics. The effect of inter atomic forces is also studied.
Farajpoura et al. [82] investigated the buckling response of ortho-
tropic single layered graphene sheet subjected to linearly varying
normal stresses using the nonlocal elasticity theory. The nonlocal
theory of Eringen and the equilibrium equations of a rectangular
plate are employed to derive the governing equations. Differential
quadrature method (DQM) has been used to solve the governing
equations for various boundary conditions.
Wang et al. [80] presented a large-deflection mathematical
analysis of rectangular plates under uniform lateral loading. The
analysis is based on solving two fourth-order, second-degree, par-
tial differential von Krmn equations relating the lateral deflections
to the applied load. Plates with two boundary conditions, namely,
simply supported edges and held edges, are considered. Neves
et al. [83] derived higher-order shear deformation theory for mod-
eling functionally graded plates to account for extensibility in the
thickness direction. Arash et al. [84] studied the application of
the nonlocal continuum theory in modeling of carbon nano tubes
and graphene sheets. A variety of nonlocal continuum models in
modeling of the two materials under static and dynamic loadings
are introduced and reviewed. The superiority of nonlocal contin-
uum models to their local counterparts, the necessity of the cali-
bration of the small-scale parameter and the applicability of
nonlocal continuum models are discussed. Yan et al. [85] applied
nonlocal continuum mechanics to derive complete and asymptotic
representation of the infinite higher-order governing differential
equations for nano-beam and nano-plate models.
Wang et al. [86] presented elastic buckling analysis of micro-
and nano-rods/tubes based on Eringens nonlocal elasticity theory
and the Timoshenko beam theory. Sun et al. [66] presented a semi
continuum model for nano structured materials that possess a
plate like geometry such as ultra-thin films. This model accounts
for the discrete nature in the thickness direction. In-plane Youngs
modulus, and in-plane and out-plane Poissons ratios are investi-
gated with this model. It is found that the values of the Youngs
modulus and Poissons ratios depend on the number of atomic lay-
ers in the thickness direction and approach the respective bulk val-
ues as the number of atom layers increases. Murmu et al. [87]
solved vibration of double-nano beam-systems which are impor-
tant in nano-optomechanical systems and sensor applications.
Expressions for free bending-vibration of double-nano beam-
system are established within the framework of Eringens nonlocal
elasticity theory. The increase in the stiffness of the coupling
springs in double-nano beam-system reduces the nonlocal effects
during the out-of-phase modes of vibration. Wang et al. [88] con-
ducted study of the mechanisms of nonlocal effect on the trans-
verse vibration of two-dimensional 2D nano plates, for example,
mono layer graphene and boron-nitride sheets. It is found that
such a nonlocal effect stems from a distributed transverse force
due to the curvature change in the nanoplates and the surface
stress due to the nonlocal atom-to-atom interaction. Using the
principle of virtual work the governing equations are derived for
rectangular nanoplates. Solutions for buckling loads are computed
using differential quadrature method (DQM). It is shown that the
nonlocal effect is quite significant in graphene sheets and has a
decreasing effect on the buckling loads.
Murmu et al. [89–91] have studied small-scale effects on the
free in-plane vibration of nano plates employing nonlocal contin-
uum mechanics. Equations of motion of the nonlocal plate model
for this study are derived and presented. Explicit relations for
natural frequencies are obtained through direct separation of vari-
ables. It has been shown that nonlocal effects are quite significant
in in-plane vibration studies and need to be included in the
continuum model of nanoplates such as in graphene sheets.
 P. Raghu et al. / Composite Structures 139 (2016) 13–29 15

Han et al. [92] studied influence of the molecular structure on three-dimensional Laplace operator. The nonlocal parameter l can
indentation size effect in polymers. The indentation size effect in be taken as l ¼ s2 l2 .
polymers is examined which manifests itself in increased hardness
at decreasing indentation depths. Nikolov et al. [93] applied the 3. Third-order shear deformation theory
micro-mechanical origin of size effects in elasticity of solid poly-
mers. It was shown that size effects related to rotational gradients In the third-order shear deformation theory (TSDT) of
can be interpreted in terms of Frank elasticity arising from the Reddy [2,3] the assumptions of straightness and normality
finite bending stiffness of the polymer chains and their interac- of the transverse normal after deformation are relaxed by
tions. A relationship between the gradient of the nematic director expanding the displacements as cubic functions of thickness
field, related to the orientation of the polymer segments, and the coordinate. Consequently, the transverse shear strains and
curvature tensor associated with rotational gradients was derived. transverse shear stresses vary quadratically through the thickness
The focus of the present work is to develop analytical solutions of the laminate and avoids the need for shear correction factors.
for bending and free vibration of laminates composite plates using Here, the Reddy third-order shear deformation theory is reformu-
the nonlocal third-order shear deformation theory which accounts lated to account for the Eringen’s nonlocal model and surface stress
for surface stress effects. The nonlocal theory used here is that of effect.
Eringen [1], which considers the size effect by assuming that stress
at a point depends not only on the strain at that point but also on
strains at the neighboring points. Navier solutions of bending and 3.1. Displacement field
vibration of simply supported rectangular laminates are presented
using this nonlocal theory to illustrate the effect of nonlocality on The displacement field is based on a quadratic variation of
deflections and natural frequencies for various side-to-thickness transverse shear strains (and hence stresses) and vanishing of
ratios a=h and plate aspect ratios a=b. transverse shear stresses on top and bottom of a general laminate
The paper is organized as follows. Section 2 contains an intro- composed of different layers. The displacement field of the Reddy
duction to the nonlocal theories. In Section 3 the third-order shear third-order theory [2,3] is
deformation theory of Reddy [3,2] is extended to include the non-  
@w0 4z3
local and surface effects. The surface stresses for plates and lami- uðx; y; zÞ ¼ u0 ðx; yÞ þ z/x  /x þ
3h
2 @x
nates are discussed in detail in this section. The equilibrium  
4z 3
@w
equations are also presented in the section. In Section 4 the Navier v ðx; y; zÞ ¼ v 0 ðx; yÞ þ z/y  2 /y þ 0 ð4Þ
solutions for antisymmetric cross-ply and angle-ply laminates are 3h @y
presented. Section 5 is devoted to numerical examples. Conclu- wðx; y; zÞ ¼ w0 ðx; yÞ
sions and remarks are presented in 6.
where u0 ; v 0 ; w0 are in-plane displacements of a point on the mid-
plane (i.e., z ¼ 0). /x and /y denote the rotations of a transverse nor-
2. Nonlocal theories
mal line at the mid-plane (/x ¼ @u
@z
and /y ¼ @u
@z
). The total thickness
Nonlocal elasticity theory invokes the length scale parameter in of the laminate is given by h.
order to account for the size effects [1]. Neglecting the size effects,
when dealing with micro and nano scale fields, may result in 3.2. Strain–displacement relations
inaccurate solutions. So one must consider the small scale effects
and atomic forces to obtain solutions with acceptable accuracy. The strain fields of the TSDT is
In nonlocal elasticity theory, it is assumed that the stress at a point 8 9 8 ð0Þ 9 8 ð1Þ 9 8 ð3Þ 9
in a continuum body is function of the strain at all neighbor points < exx >
> = >
< exx >
= >
< exx >
= >
< exx >
=
ð0Þ ð1Þ ð3Þ
of the continuum. The effects of small scale and atomic forces are eyy ¼ eyy þ z eyy þ z3 eyy ð5Þ
considered as material parameters in the constitutive equation. >
:c >
; >
: >
; >
: >
; >
: >
;
ð0Þ
Following experimental observations, Eringen proposed a
xy cxy cð1Þ
xy cð3Þ
xy

constitutive model that expresses the nonlocal stress tensor rnl   ( ) ( )

ð0Þ ð2Þ
at point x as cyz cyz cyz
¼ þ z2 ð6Þ
Z cxz ð0Þ
cxz ð2Þ
cxz
0
rnl ¼ Kðjx0  xj; sÞrðx0 Þ dx ð1Þ
where
where, rðxÞ is the classical macroscopic stress tensor at point x and 8 ð0Þ 9 8 9 8 ð1Þ 9 8 @/x 9
@u0
Kðjx0  xj; sÞ is the Kernel function which is normalized over the vol- > > > > >
< exx >
= >
< >
= @x >
< exx >
= >
< @x >
=
ume of the body represents the nonlocal modulus. jx0  xj is the ð0Þ @v 0 ð1Þ @/y
eyy ¼ ; @y eyy ¼ @y ð7Þ
>
: ð0Þ >; >
> > > >
; > >
nonlocal distance and s is the material constant that depends on
c : @u0 þ @v 0 >
; :
cð1Þ
>
: @/x @/y >;
the internal and external characteristic length. xy @y @x xy @y
þ @x
As per Hooke’s law we have
8 9
8 ð3Þ 9 > @/x 2
þ @@xw20 >
rðxÞ ¼ CðxÞ : ðxÞ ð2Þ >
< exx >
=
>
>
< @x >
>
=
@/y
eð3Þ
2
where e is the strain tensor and C is the fourth-order elasticity yy ¼ c1 þ @@yw20 ð8Þ
>
: >
; >
> >
>
@y
tensor. Eqs. (1) and (2) together form the nonlocal constitutive ð3Þ
cxy >
: @/x þ @/y þ 2 @ 2 w0 >
;
@y @x @x@y
equation for Hookean solid. Eq. (1) can be represented equivalently
in differential form as ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
  ð0Þ
cyz /y þ @w 0
cð2Þ /y þ @w 0

1  s2 l r2 rnl ¼ r
2 @y yz @y
ð3Þ ¼ ; ¼ c2 ð9Þ
ð0Þ
cxz /x þ @w
@x
0
cð2Þ
xz /x þ @w
@x
0

ðe0 aÞ2
where s ¼ l2
; e0 is a material constant and a and l are the internal
where c1 ¼ 3h42 and c2 ¼ 3c1 .
and external characteristic lengths respectively. In general, r2 is the
16 P. Raghu et al. / Composite Structures 139 (2016) 13–29

3.3. Stress–strain relationships rsab ¼ ss dab þ 2ðls  ss Þeab þ ðks þ ss Þuc;c dab þ ss ua;b ð15aÞ

The constitutive equations for each layer in the global coordi- rs3b ¼ ss u3;b ð15bÞ
nates are given by [3]
8 9 2 38 9 where a; b; c ¼ 1; 2 and where ks and ls are the Lame’s constants
> rxx >  11
Q  12
Q  16 > exx >
Q
>
> >
> >
> >
> and ss is the surface stress parameter. From Eqs. (15), we can write
< = 6 7< =
6  22 Q 7
 26 7 eyy ;
ryy ¼ 6Q Q individual surface stresses as
>
> >
> 4 12 5>
> >
>
>
: >
; >
: >
;  
rxy  16
Q  
Q 26 Q 66 e ð10Þ @u s
xy
rsxx ¼ ð2ls þ ks  ss Þexx þ ðks þ ss Þeyy þ 1 þ s ð16Þ
( ) " @x
ryz Q 44  45 #( cyz )
Q
¼  
rxz  45
Q  55
Q cxz @v
rsyy ¼ ð2ls þ ks  ss Þeyy þ ðks þ ss Þexx þ 1 þ ss ð17Þ
@y
where
h i
 11 ¼ Q 11 cos4 h þ 2ðQ 12 þ 2Q 66 Þ sin2 h cos2 h þ Q 22 sin4 h
Q @u
rsxy ¼ 2ðls  ss Þexy þ ss ð18Þ
  @y
 12 ¼ ðQ 11 þ Q 22  4Q 66 Þ sin2 h cos2 h þ Q 12 sin4 h þ cos4 h
Q
 16 ¼ ðQ  Q  2Q Þ sin h cos3 h þ ðQ  Q þ 2Q Þ sin3 h cos h
Q @w
11 12 66 12 22 66
rsxz ¼ ss ð19Þ
 22 ¼ Q sin4 h þ 2ðQ þ 2Q Þ sin2 h cos2 h þ Q cos4 h
Q 11 16 66 22 ð11Þ @x
 26 ¼ ðQ  Q  2Q Þ sin3 h cos h þ ðQ  Q þ 2Q Þ sin h cos3 h
Q 11 12 66 12 22 66
@w
 66 ¼ ðQ þ Q  2Q  2Q66Þ sin2 h cos2 h þ Q sin4 h cos4 h
Q rsyz ¼ ss ð20Þ
11 22 12 66
@y
 44 ¼ Q 44 cos2 h þ Q 55 sin2 h
Q
 45 ¼ ðQ  Q Þ cos h sin h
Q ð12Þ Gurtin and Murdoch [4,5] also gave the surface equilibrium equa-
55 44
 55 ¼ Q 44 sin2 h þ Q 55 cos2 h tions as
Q
rsia;a þ ri3 ¼ qs u€i ð21Þ
E1 m12 E1 E2
Q 11 ¼ ; Q 12 ¼ ; Q 22 ¼ ; Q 66 ¼ G12 ; where i ¼ 1; 2; 3 and a ¼ 1; 2. The equilibrium Eq. (21) will not be
1  m12 m21 1  m12 m21 1  m12 m21
ð13Þ satisfied since we have taken rzz to be zero. To satisfy the equilib-
rium condition (21), we assume rzz to vary linearly through the
Q 16 ¼ Q 26 ¼ 0; Q 44 ¼ G23 ; Q 45 ¼ G12 ; Q 55 ¼ G13 ð14Þ thickness and is given by the equation
2    3
where h is the orientation, measured counterclockwise, from the @ rsxz @ rsyz @w  @ rsxz @ rsyz @w 
@x
þ @y
 qs @t 2  þ @x
þ @y
 qs @t 2 
fiber direction to the positive x-axis, E1 and E2 are elastic moduli, rzz ¼ 6
4
at top at bottom 7
5
m12 and m21 are Poisson’s ratios, and G12 ; G13 and G23 are the shear 2
moduli. 2    3
@ rsxz @ rsyz @w  @ rsxz @ rsyz @w 
þ  qs @t 2   þ  qs @t 2 
6 @x @y
at top
@x @y
at bottom 7
3.3.1. Surface stress þ4 5z
h
Because of interaction between the elastic surface and bulk
material, in-plane forces in different directions act on the plate. ð22Þ
The resulting in-plane loads lead to surface stresses. The general
expression for surface stresses as given by Gurtin and Murdoch The superscript s is used to denote the quantities corresponding to
(see [4,5]) is given by the surface.

Table 1
Comparison of dimensionless maximum deflection, stresses, and fundamental frequency considering nonlocal and surface effects.

a=b a=h l ss (N/m) 

x 
w r xx r yy syz sxz
1 10 0 0.0 3.12158 4.67311 0.28817 0.28817 0.45601 0.45601
0 1.7 3.12158 4.67311 0.28817 0.28817 0.45600 0.45600
0 3.4 3.12157 4.67312 0.28816 0.28816 0.45600 0.45600
0 6.8 3.12157 4.67312 0.28816 0.28816 0.45600 0.45600
1 0.0 2.33344 5.50767 0.32446 0.32446 0.99054 0.99054
3 0.0 1.70051 7.17679 0.39105 0.39105 2.05960 2.05960
5 0.0 1.40336 8.84591 0.45954 0.45954 3.12866 3.12866
1 1.7 2.33344 5.50765 0.32447 0.32447 0.99054 0.99054
3 3.4 1.70051 7.17678 0.39108 0.39108 2.05960 2.05960
5 6.8 1.40335 8.84592 0.45955 0.45955 3.12866 3.12866
1 20 0 0.0 6.02405 4.49614 0.28749 0.288171 0.46252 0.46252
0 1.7 6.02405 4.49615 0.28749 0.287488 0.45252 0.45252
0 3.4 6.02405 4.49616 0.28749 0.287489 0.46252 0.46252
0 6.8 6.02406 4.49617 0.28749 0.28749 0.46252 0.46252
1 0.0 4.50309 5.30811 0.32345 0.32346 1.00854 1.00854
3 0.0 3.28214 6.93205 0.39539 0.39539 2.10057 2.10057
5 0.0 2.70821 8.55599 0.46733 0.46733 3.12606 3.12606
1 1.7 4.50308 5.30812 0.32346 0.32346 1.00854 1.00854
3 3.4 3.28214 6.93206 0.39539 0.39539 2.10057 2.10057
5 6.8 2.70821 8.55600 0.46733 0.46733 3.12605 3.12605
 P. Raghu et al. / Composite Structures 139 (2016) 13–29 17

 nl =w
Fig. 1. (a) Deflection ratio w  versus a=h for various values of l and ss ¼ 0. (b) Fig. 2. (a) Deflection ratio versus a=h for various values of l and ss , (b) frequency
Deflection ratio versus a=h for various values of ss and l ¼ 0. ratio versus a=h for various values of l and ss ¼ 0.
8 9 8 9 8 s 9
3.4. Stress resultants >
>
Q xz >
> Z >
>
rxz >
> > rxz
> >
>
>
<Q > = >
< >
= I >
>
< rs
>
>
=
yz ryz yz
The stress resultants for TSDT including surface stress effects ¼ dA þ dS ð26Þ
>
> Rxz >> >
> rxz z2 >
> C>
> rsxz z2 >
>
>
: >
;
A
>
: >
; >
> >
are given as
Ryz ryz z2 : rs z2 > ;
8 9 8 9 8 s 9 yz
>
> Nxx >
> >
> rkxx >
> > rxx >
>
< >
= Z >
< >
= I >
>
<
>
>
= where rkxx ¼ rxx þ ð1m mÞ rzz and rkyy ¼ ryy þ ð1m mÞ rzz .
Nyy ¼ rk dA þ rsyy dS ð23Þ
>
> >
> > yy >
> > C>
> >
> After substituting the values of stresses from Eqs. (10), and
>
: >
;
A
>
: > > >
Nxy rxy ; :
0
; (16)–(22) into Eqs. (23)–(26), we obtain stress resultants in terms
of strains as,
8 9 8 9 8 s 9 8 9 2 38 ð0Þ 9 2 38 ð1Þ 9
>
> M xx >
> >
> rk > > rxx >
>
< >
= Z > xx >
< >
= I >
>
<
>
>
= >
>
<
Nxx >
>
= 6
A11 A12 A16 > >
<
exx >>
=
B11 B12 B16 > > exx >
>
7 6 7< ð1Þ =
M yy ¼ r k z dA þ ryy z dS
s
ð24Þ 6 7
Nyy ¼ 4 A12 A22 A26 5 eyyð0Þ 6 7
þ 4 B12 B22 B26 5 eyy
>
> >
> >
>
yy >
> C>
> >
> >
> >
> >
> > > >
>
: >
;
A
>
: > > > : ; : ð0Þ >; >
: ð1Þ >
;
M xy rxy ; :
0
; Nxy A16 A26 A66 cxy B16 B26 B66 cxy
2 32 ð3Þ 3 2 3
8 9 8 9 8 s 9 E11 E12 E16 exx Z 11
>
> Pxx >
> >
> rk > > rxx >
>
< >
= Z > xx >
< >
= I >
>
<
>
>
=
6 76 ð3Þ 7 6 7
þ6 76 7 s 6
4 E12 E22 E26 54 eyy 5 þ ð2l þ k Þ4 Z 21 5
s 7
Pyy ¼ rk z 3
dA þ r s
z3 dS ð25Þ
>
> >
> >
>
yy >
> C>
>
yy
>
> E16 E26 E66 ð3Þ
cxy Z 31
>
: >
;
A
>
: > > >
Pxy rxy ; :
0
;
ð27Þ
18 P. Raghu et al. / Composite Structures 139 (2016) 13–29

Fig. 3. (a) Frequency ratio versus a=h for various values of ss , (b) frequency ratio
versus a=h for various values of l and ss .
8 9 2 32 ð0Þ 3 2 38 ð1Þ 9
< M xx >
> = B11 B12 B16 exx D11 D12 D16 >< exx >
> >
=
6 766 ð0Þ 7
7 6 7 ð1Þ
M yy ¼ 4 B12 B22 B26 54 eyy 5 þ 4 D12 D22 D26 5 eyy
>
: >
; >
> >
>
M xy B16 B26 B66 cð0Þ
xy
D16 D26 D66 : cð1Þ
xy
;
2 38 ð3Þ 9 8 9
F 11 F 12 F 16 > < exx >
> > > L11 >
= < = Fig. 4. (a) Distribution of r  xx predicted by both local and nonlocal TSDT (b)
6 7 ð3Þ
þ 4 F 12 F 22 F 26 5 eyy þ L21  yy predicted by both local and nonlocal TSDT.
distribution of r
>
> > > >
: ð3Þ > ; :L ;
F F 16 F 26 66 cxy 31 8 h  i 9
> ss cð0Þ
xz ð2b þ hÞ þ cxz
ð2Þ bh2 h3
þ 12 >
ð28Þ 8 9 > >
>
>
>
i >
2
> Q xz > > > h  2 >
>
>
> >
> >
> >
s cyz ð2a þ hÞ þ cyz 2 þ 12 >
ð0Þ ð2Þ 3
< = < s ah h =
8 9 2 38 ð0Þ 9 2 38 ð1Þ 9 Q yz
> P E11 E12
E16 >> exx > F 11 F 12 F 16 > e > ¼ h  2    i ð30Þ
< xx >= < >
= >
< xx > = >
> Rxz >> > > ss cð0Þ h3 ð2Þ 4
h5 >
>
6 7 ð0Þ 6 7 ð1Þ >
: ; >
> >
bh
þ 12 þ cxz bh8 þ 80 >
>
Pyy ¼ 4 E12 E22 E26 5 eyy þ 4 F 12 F 22 F 26 5 eyy >
>
xz 2
>
>
>
: >
; >
> > > > Ryz > h    i >
Pxy : ð0Þ >; >
: ð1Þ >; >
: ss cð0Þ ah 2
þ 12 þ cyz 8 þ 80 ;
h 3 ð2Þ ah 4
h 5 >
E16 E26 E66 cxy F 16 F 26 F 66 cxy yz 2

2 32 ð3Þ 3 8 9
H11 H12 H16 exx > O
< 11 > =
where Z i1 ; Li1 and Oi1 ði ¼ 1; 2; 3Þ are given in the Appendix.
6 6
7 ð3Þ 7 7
þ 4 H12 H22 H26 56 Z
4 eyy 5 þ > O21 >
XN zkþ1  
 ðkÞ 1;z;z2 ;z3 ;z4 ;z6 dz; ði;j ¼ 1;2;6Þ
ð3Þ
: ; Aij ;Bij ;Dij ;Eij ;F ij ;Hij ¼ Q ij
H16 H26 H66 cxy O31 k¼1 zk

ð29Þ ð31Þ
 P. Raghu et al. / Composite Structures 139 (2016) 13–29 19

8 nl 9 8 9
>
> Pxx >
> > P xx >
>
> >
> >
> >
>
 < = < =
1  lr2 nl
Pyy ¼ P yy ð34Þ
>
> >
> > >
>
> > >
> >
>
: nl >; : P xy ;
Pxy
8 nl 9
> Q xz > 8 9
>
> > Q xz >
> nl > > >
> >
 >
<Q > = >
<Q > =
yz yz
1  lr2 ¼ ð35Þ
>
> Rxz >
nl
> > Rxz >
> >
>
> > >
> : >
;
>
: nl > ; R
Ryz yz

3.5. Equations of equilibrium

The governing equilibrium equations for the third-order shear

deformation theory for laminated plates can be derived using the
principle of virtual displacements (Hamilton’s principle). By substi-
tuting the nonlocal stress resultants in terms of displacements into
the statement of principle of virtual displacements and using
integration-by-parts, the equations of motion can be obtained as
[73]

@Nnl @Nnl   €

xx
þ
xy
€0 þ J1 /
¼ 1  lr2 I0 u € x  c1 I3 @ w0 ð36Þ
@x @y @x
@Nnl @N nl   €

xy
þ
yy € y  c1 I3 @ w0
¼ 1  lr2 I0 v€ 0 þ J 1 / ð37Þ
@x @y @y

 nl @ Q nl    
@Q y @ @w0 @w0 @ @w0 @w0
x
þ þ Nnl þ Nnl þ Nnl þ Nnl
@x @y @x xx
@x yy
@y @y xy
@x yy
@y
2 nl 2 nl
!
2 nl
@ Pxx @ Pxy @ Pyy
þ c1 þ2 þ þq
@x2 @x@y @y2
" !#
  € 0 @2w
@w €0
¼ 1  lr2 I0 w € 0  c21 I6 þ
@x2 @y2
( "   !#)
  @u€0 @ v€ 0 @/€ x @/ €y
þ 1  lr 2 c 1 I 3 þ þ J4 þ ð38Þ
@x @y @x @y

 nl
 nl @ M
@M   @w€0

þ
xy  nl ¼ 1  lr2 J u
Q € €
1 0 þ K 2 /x  c1 J 4 ð39Þ
xx
@x @y x
@x
 nl @ M
@M  nl   €

xy
þ
yy
Q € y  c1 J @ w0
 nl ¼ 1  lr2 J v€ 0 þ K 2 / ð40Þ
1 4
@x @y y
@y
where
 nl ¼ M nl  c1 Pnl
M ða; b ¼ 1; 2; 6Þ :  a ¼ Q nl  c2 Rnl
Q ða ¼ 4; 5Þ
ab ab ab a a

Fig. 5. (a) Distribution of s yz predicted by both local and nonlocal TSDT (b) ð41Þ
xz predicted by both local and nonlocal TSDT.
distribution of s
N Z
X zkþ1
Ii ¼ qðkÞ ðzÞi dz ði ¼ 0; 1; 2; . . . ; 6Þ ð42Þ
k¼1 zk

Using Eq. (3), the nonlocal stress resultants can be written as

8 nl 9 8 4
9 J i ¼ Ii  c1 Iiþ2 ; K 2 ¼ I2  2c1 I4 þ c21 I6 ; c1 ¼ ; c2 ¼ 3c1
>
> N > > Nxx > 2
> xx >
> >
> >
> >
>
3h
 < = < = ð43Þ
1  lr2 Nnl ¼ N yy ð32Þ
>
>
yy
>
> > >
>
> > > > >
>
: nl > ; : Nxy ;
N xy 4. Navier’s solution procedure
8 nl 9 8 9
>
> M xx >
> > M xx > In Navier’s method, the generalized displacements are
>
> >
> >
> >
>
 < = < = expanded in a double Fourier series in terms of unknown parame-
1  lr2 nl
M yy ¼ M yy ð33Þ ters. The choice of the functions in the series is restricted to those
>
> >
> > >
>
> > >
> >
> which satisfy the boundary conditions of the problem. Substitution
: nl > ; : M xy ;
M xy of the displacement expansions into the governing equations
20 P. Raghu et al. / Composite Structures 139 (2016) 13–29

Table 2
Dimensionless maximum deflections and stresses in simply supported antisymmetric cross-ply laminate (0/90/0/90) under sinusoidally distributed transverse load.

a=b a=h l ss (N/m) 

w 
x r xx r yy syz sxz
1 10 0 0.0 1.05268 0.02440 0.74527 0.69058 0.62303 0.62303
0 1.7 1.05271 0.02440 0.74529 0.69060 0.62303 0.62303
0 3.4 1.05273 0.02440 0.7453 0.69062 0.62303 0.62302
0 6.8 1.05276 0.02440 0.74534 0.69066 0.623022 0.62302
1 0.0 1.05314 0.01824 0.74546 0.69086 0.62471 0.62471
3 0.0 1.05405 0.01329 0.74585 0.69141 0.62808 0.62808
5 0.0 1.05496 0.01097 0.74624 0.69196 0.62145 0.62145
1 1.7 1.05316 0.01824 0.74548 0.69088 0.62470 0.62470
3 3.4 1.05409 0.01330 0.74589 0.69144 0.62807 0.62808
5 6.8 1.05504 0.01097 0.74632 0.69203 0.62144 0.62143
20 0 0.0 0.86949 0.01235 0.73810 0.69693 0.63228 0.63228
0 1.7 0.86963 0.01235 0.73830 0.69705 0.63227 0.63227
0 3.4 0.86976 0.01235 0.73840 0.69718 0.63227 0.63226
0 6.8 0.86003 0.01235 0.73870 0.69742 0.63225 0.63225
1 0.0 0.86959 0.00923 0.73825 0.69700 0.63273 0.63273
3 0.0 0.86979 0.00673 0.73837 0.69713 0.63364 0.63364
5 0.0 0.86999 0.00555 0.73850 0.69727 0.63454 0.63454
1 1.7 0.86972 0.00923 0.73838 0.69712 0.63273 0.63272
3 3.4 0.87006 0.00672 0.73863 0.69726 0.63345 0.63362
5 6.8 0.87053 0.00550 0.73902 0.69776 0.63451 0.63450

should result in a unique, invertible, set of algebraic equations 4.2. Boundary conditions and displacement expansions for SS-2
among the parameters of the expansion (see Reddy [3]). Navier’s
solution can be developed for rectangular laminates with two sets The SS-2 boundary conditions for the third-order shear defor-
of simply supported boundary conditions (SS-1 and SS-2). It turns mation plate theory are
out that the type of simply supported boundary conditions for
antisymmetric cross-ply (SS-1) and antisymmetric angle-ply (SS-
u0 ð0; y; tÞ ¼ 0; u0 ða;y;tÞ ¼ 0; v 0 ðx;0;tÞ ¼ 0; v 0 ðx; b;tÞ ¼ 0
2) are different, as will be shown shortly. In the following subsec- /x ðx;0; tÞ ¼ 0; /x ðx;b;tÞ ¼ 0; /y ð0; y; tÞ ¼ 0; /y ða;y;tÞ ¼ 0 ð47Þ
tions, Navier solutions of cross-ply laminates for the SS-1 boundary
conditions and anti-symmetric angle-ply laminates for the SS-2 w0 ðx;0; tÞ ¼ 0; w0 ðx; b;tÞ ¼ 0; w0 ð0; y; tÞ ¼ 0; w0 ða; y; tÞ ¼ 0
boundary conditions including nonlocal and surface stress effects Nxy ð0;y;tÞ ¼ 0; Nxy ða; y; tÞ ¼ 0; N xy ðx; 0; tÞ ¼ 0; Nxy ðx; b; tÞ ¼ 0
are presented.
M  xx ða; y; tÞ ¼ 0; M
 xx ð0; y; tÞ ¼ 0; M  yy ðx; 0;tÞ ¼ 0; M
 yy ðx; b;tÞ ¼ 0

4.1. Boundary conditions and displacement expansions for SS-1 The following displacement expansions that satisfy SS-2 boundary
conditions are used:
The SS-1 boundary conditions for the third-order shear
X
1 X
1
deformation plate theory are u0 ðx; y; tÞ ¼ U mn ðtÞ sin ax cos by
n¼1 m¼1
u0 ðx; 0; tÞ ¼ 0; u0 ðx; b; tÞ ¼ 0; v 0 ð0; y; tÞ ¼ 0; v 0 ða; y; tÞ ¼ 0 X
1 X
1

/x ðx; 0; tÞ ¼ 0; /x ðx; b; tÞ ¼ 0; /y ð0; y; tÞ ¼ 0; /y ða; y; tÞ ¼ 0 ð44Þ v 0 ðx; y; tÞ ¼ V mn ðtÞ cos ax sin by

n¼1 m¼1
w0 ðx; 0; tÞ ¼ 0; w0 ðx; b; tÞ ¼ 0; w0 ð0; y; tÞ ¼ 0; w0 ða; y; tÞ ¼ 0 X1 X 1
w0 ðx; y; tÞ ¼ W mn ðtÞ sin ax sin by ð48Þ
n¼1 m¼1
N xx ð0;y;tÞ ¼ 0; N xx ða;y;tÞ ¼ 0; Nyy ðx;0;tÞ ¼ 0; Nyy ðx;b;tÞ ¼ 0 X
1 X 1
ð45Þ /x ðx; y; tÞ ¼ X mn ðtÞ cos ax sin by
M  xx ða;y;tÞ ¼ 0; M
 xx ð0;y;tÞ ¼ 0; M  yy ðx;0;tÞ ¼ 0; M
 yy ðx;b;tÞ ¼ 0
n¼1 m¼1
X1 X 1
The following displacement expansions that satisfy SS-1 boundary /y ðx; y; tÞ ¼ Y mn ðtÞ sin ax cos by
conditions are used: n¼1 m¼1

X
1 X
1
u0 ðx; y; tÞ ¼ U mn ðtÞ cos ax sin by 4.3. The Navier solutions
n¼1 m¼1
X1 X 1
For both SS-1 and SS-2, the transverse load qz ðx; y; tÞ is
v 0 ðx; y; tÞ ¼ V mn ðtÞ sin ax cos by
expressed in double Fourier sine series as
n¼1 m¼1
X1 X 1 X
1 X
1
w0 ðx; y; tÞ ¼ W mn ðtÞ sin ax sin by ð46Þ qz ðx; y; tÞ ¼ Q mn ðtÞ sin ax sin by
n¼1 m¼1 n¼1 m¼1
Z Z ð49Þ
X
1 X 1
4 a b
/x ðx; y; tÞ ¼ X mn ðtÞ cos ax sin by Q mn ðtÞ ¼ qz ðx; y; tÞ sin ax sin by dx dy
n¼1 m¼1 ab 0 0
X
1 X
1
Substituting the displacement expansions in Eq. (48) into the gov-
/y ðx; y; tÞ ¼ Y mn ðtÞ sin ax cos by
n¼1 m¼1
erning equations of equilibrium yields the following ordinary differ-
ential equations in time:
where a ¼ and b ¼ nbp. U mn ; V mn ; W mn ; X mn and Y mn are coeffi-
mp
a € ¼F
S D þ MD ð50Þ
cients that are to be determined.
 P. Raghu et al. / Composite Structures 139 (2016) 13–29 21

Fig. 7. Distribution of shear stress predicted by both local and nonlocal TSDT for
Fig. 6. Distribution of normal stress predicted by both local and nonlocal TSDT for a=h ¼ 10 (a) syz (b) s
xz .
a=h ¼ 10 (a) r xx (b) r
 yy .

€ is the acceleration vector, S

where D is the displacement vector, D The coefficients of the stiffness matrix S and mass matrix M for the
and M are the stiffness and mass matrices, respectively. The dis- two types of boundary conditions are given in the subsections to
placement D and force vector F are given as follow.
8 9 8 9 For static bending analysis we set D € to zero and obtain
>
> U mn >
> >
> 0 >>
>
> >
> >
> >
>
>
> >
> >
> >
> SD ¼ F ð52Þ
> >
> V mn > >
> 0 >>
>
> >
> >
> >
>
< = < = 16q
D ¼ W mn ; F ¼ ð1  lr Þ Q mn ; Q mn ¼ 2 0 for uniform load
2 For the natural vibration, we assume that the solution is periodic
>
> >
> >
> >
> p mn DðtÞ ¼ D0 eixt , where x is the frequency of natural vibration and
>
> >
> >
> >
> pffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
>
> X >
> >
> 0 >
>
>
> mn > > >
> >
> i ¼ 1. Thus, the free vibration problem consists of solving the
>
> >
> >
> >
>
: ; : ; eigenvalue problem
Y mn 0
 
ð51Þ S  x2 M D ¼ 0 ð53Þ
22 P. Raghu et al. / Composite Structures 139 (2016) 13–29

4.3.1. Anti-symmetric cross-ply laminate  44 b  c1 ½F^22 b3 þ ðF^12 þ 2F^66 Þa2 b þ ð2ls

S35 ¼ A
The coefficients of the stiffness matrix Sij for anti-symmetric !
5 7 4 6
c1 h 3 c21 h 3 c1 h
s c2 h
cross-ply laminate are þk Þ b þ b  ab3 þ 1 ab3
  80 448 8 32
S11 ¼ A11 a2 þ A66 b2 þ ð2ls þ ks Þ a2 h þ 2a2 b
!
S12 ¼ ðA12 þ A66 Þab bh 2
3
! S41 ¼ S14 þ ð2l s s
þ k Þ bha  c1 2
a
4 3
h 3 bh 3 8
S13 ¼ c1 ½E11 a2 þ ðE12 þ 2E66 Þb2 a  c1 ð2ls þ ks Þ a þ a
32 4 S42 ¼ S24
4 3
!
S14 ^ 33 b2 þ ð2ls þ ks Þ c1 h a2 þ bha2  c1 bh a2
^ 11 a2 þ B
¼B !
32 4 mh2 ss 4
c1 h mss
S43 ¼ S34 þ  ða3 þ ab2 Þ
^ 12 þ B
^ 66 Þab 6ð1  mÞ 40ð1  mÞ
S15 ¼ ðB !
5 7 4 6
S21 ¼ S12 sc1 h 3 c21 h 3 c1 h c2 h
  þ ð2l s
þk Þ a þ a  ba3 þ 1 ba3
S22 ¼ A66 a2 þ A22 b2 þ ð2ls þ ks Þ b2 h þ 2b2 a 80 448 8 32
4 3
!
h 3 ah 3  55 þ D
 11 a2 þ D
 66 b2
S23 ¼ c1 ½E22 b2 þ ðE12 þ 2E66 Þa2 b  c1 ð2ls þ ks Þ b þ b S44 ¼ A
32 4 !
3 5 4 7 6
h 2 c1 h 2 c1 bh 2 c21 h 2 c21 bh 2
S24 ^ 12 þ B
¼ ðB ^ 66 Þab þ ð2l s
þk Þs
a  a  a þ a þ a
12 40 4 448 32
!
c1 h 2
4
c1 ah 2
3  12 þ D
S45 ¼ ðD  66 Þab
^ 66 a2 þ B
S25 ¼ B ^ 22 b2 þ ð2ls þ ks Þ b þ ahb2  b
32 4 S51 ¼ S15
!
3 3
bh 3 ah 2
S31 ¼ S13  c1 a ð4ls þ ks Þ S52 ¼ S25 þ ð2ls þ ks Þ ahb2  c1 b
8 8
3
ah 3
S32 ¼ S23  c1 b ð4ls þ ks Þ !
8 mh2 ss 4
c1 h mss
S53 ¼ S35 þ  ðb3 þ ba2 Þ
 55 a2 þ A
 44 b2 þ c2 ½H11 a4 þ 2ðH12 þ 2H66 Þa2 b2 þ H22 b4  6ð1  mÞ 40ð1  mÞ
S33 ¼ A 1 !
5 7 4 6
4 s c1 h 3 c21 h 3 c1 h c2 h
c 1 mh s þ ð2l s
þk Þs
b þ b  ab3 þ 1 ab3
þ ða4 þ b4 þ a2 b2 Þ þ ð2ls 80 448 8 32
40ð1  mÞ
" #
7 6
s h 2 4 h 2 4 2 4 S54 ¼ S45
þk Þ ðc a þ c1 b Þ þ
2 4
ðbc1 a þ ac1 b Þ
448 1 32
 44 þ D
S55 ¼ A  33 a2 þ D
 22 b2
^ 55 a  c1 ½F^11 a3 þ ðF^12 þ 2F^66 Þab 2 !
S34 ¼ A 3 5
h 2 c1 h 2 c1 ah 2 c21 h 2 c21 bh 2
4 7 6
! þ ð2l s
þk Þs
b  b  a þ b þ b
5 7 4 6
c1 h 3 c21 h 3 c1 h c2 h 12 40 4 448 32
þ ð2ls þ ks Þ a þ a  ba3 þ 1 ba3 ð54Þ
80 448 8 32
where

Table 3
Comparison of dimensionless maximum deflection, stresses, and fundamental frequency considering nonlocal and surface effects.

a=b a=h l ss (N/m) 

w 
x r xx r yy syz sxz
1 10 0 0.0 1.04791 0.63904 0.78113 0.51637 0.35436 0.83210
0 1.7 1.04793 0.63904 0.78115 0.51639 0.35435 0.83215
0 3.4 1.04795 0.63904 0.78117 0.51640 0.35430 0.83216
0 6.8 1.04799 0.63904 0.78121 0.51643 0.35425 0.83217
1 0.0 1.22372 0.47770 0.87500 0.56740 0.98390 1.48640
3 0.0 1.57532 0.34812 1.06275 0.66960 2.24299 2.79510
5 0.0 1.92690 0.287291 1.25050 0.77180 3.50208 4.10370
1 1.7 1.22374 0.44769 0.87503 0.56750 0.98380 1.48650
3 3.4 1.57539 0.34811 1.06282 0.66970 2.24297 2.79520
5 6.8 1.92710 0.28729 1.25066 0.77190 3.50203 4.10380
20 0 0.0 0.77599 0.32140 0.81068 0.40153 0.32469 0.87520
0 1.7 0.77610 0.32145 0.81081 0.40160 0.32464 0.87530
0 3.4 0.77621 0.32142 0.81094 0.40167 0.32460 0.87534
0 6.8 0.77642 0.32139 0.8112 0.4018 0.32450 0.87540
1 0.0 0.80988 0.24025 0.84070 0.40867 0.48547 1.05720
3 0.0 0.87760 0.17509 0.90000 0.42295 0.80704 1.42010
5 0.0 0.94545 0.14449 0.96070 0.43720 1.12860 1.78490
1 1.7 0.81000 0.24024 0.84080 0.40874 0.48543 1.05723
3 3.4 0.87790 0.17508 0.90100 0.42311 0.80694 1.42110
5 6.8 0.94600 0.14448 0.96316 0.43756 1.1284 1.78510
 P. Raghu et al. / Composite Structures 139 (2016) 13–29 23

^ ij ¼ Aij  c1 Dij ;
A ^ ij ¼ Bij  c1 Eij ;
B M 11 ¼ I0 ; M 22 ¼ I0
4
^ ij ¼ Dij  c1 F ij c1 h mqs
D ði; j ¼ 1; 2; 6Þ M 33 ¼ I0 þ c21 I6 ða2 þ b2 Þ þ 2aqs ða2 þ b2 Þ; M34 ¼ c1 J 4 a
160ð1  mÞ
F^ij ¼ F ij  c1 Hij ; mh2 qs 4
c h mqs
M 35 ¼ c1 J 4 b; M 43 ¼  aþ 1 b
6ð1  mÞ 160ð1  mÞ
 ij ¼ A
A ^ ij  c1 D
^ ij ¼ Aij  2c1 Dij þ c2 F ij ði; j ¼ 1; 2; 6Þ ð55Þ
1
mh2 qs 4
c1 h mqs
M 44 ¼ K 2 ; M 53 ¼  bþ a
 ij ¼ D
D ^ ij  c1 F^ij ¼ Dij  2c1 F ij þ c2 Hij ði; j ¼ 1; 2; 6Þ 6ð1  mÞ 160ð1  mÞ
1
M 55 ¼ K 2
The coefficients of the mass matrix M ij are
ð56Þ

Fig. 8. Distribution of stresses predicted by both local and nonlocal TSDT for Fig. 9. Distribution of shear stresses predicted by both local and nonlocal TSDT for
a=h ¼ 10 (a) r xx (b) r
 yy . a=h ¼ 10 (a) syz (b) s
xz .
24 P. Raghu et al. / Composite Structures 139 (2016) 13–29

where qs is the surface density. ^ 55 a  c1 ½F^11 a3 þ ðF^12 þ 2F^66 Þab2  þ ð2ls

S34 ¼ A
The in-plane stresses in each laminate layer can be computed !
5 7 4 6
using Eq. (10), where the strains are given as sc1 h 3 c21 h 3 c1 h c2 h
þk Þ a þ a  ba3 þ 1 ba3
8 9 8  9 80 448 8 32
exx > > R xx ð1; 1Þ þ zSxx ð1; 1Þ þ c1 z3 T xx ð1; 1Þ sin ax sin by >
>
> > >
> mn mn mn >
>
>
< >
= X1 X 1 <> >
=
 xx 
eyy ¼ R ð2; 1Þ þ zSxx ð2; 1Þ þ c1 z3 T xx ð2; 1Þ sin ax sin by  44 a  c1 ½F^22 b3 þ ðF^12 þ 2F^66 Þa2 b2  þ ð2ls
S35 ¼ A
>
> >
> >
>
mn mn mn
>
> !
>
: ; m¼1 n¼1 >
> > >
>
:   xx  ;
Rmn ð3; 1Þ þ zSxx 3  xx 5 7 4 6
exy ð3; 1Þ þ c z T ð3; 1Þ sin a x sin by sc1 h 3 c21 h 3 c1 h c2 h
ab3 þ 1 ab3
1
mn mn
þk Þ b þ b 
ð57Þ 80 448 8 32
where !
3
8 9 8 9 8 9 8 9 bh 2
>  xx > > aU mn
R > > Sxx > > aX mn > S41 ¼ S14 þ ð2l s s
þ k Þ bha  c12
a
>
> >
> > > > > > >
= > > > = >
> >
mn mn 8
< < = < < =

Rmn ¼
yy
bV mn ; Syy ¼ bY mn
>
> > >
> > >
> >
>
mn
> >
> > >
>
> ; >
:  xy > : >
; >
: xy >; > : >
; S42 ¼ S24
Rmn bU mn þ aV mn Smn bX mn þ aY mn
!
ð58Þ mh2 ss 4
c1 h mss
S43 ¼ S34 þ  ða3 þ ab2 Þ
8 9 8 9 6ð1  mÞ 40ð1  mÞ
>
> T xx
mn >
> >
> aX mn þ a2 W mn >
>
>
< > >
= < >
=
  55 þ D
S44 ¼ A  11 a2 þ D
 66 b2 þ ð2ls
T mn ¼
yy 2
bY mn þ b W mn ð59Þ
>
> > > > !
> xy >
: > >
; >
:
>
>
; 3 5
h 2 c1 h 2 c1 bh 2 c21 h 2 c21 bh 2
4 7 6

T mn ðbX þ a Y þ 2 abW Þ s
mn mn mn þk Þ a  a  a þ a þ a
12 40 4 448 32
The transverse stresses are determined from the following
equations  12 þ D
 66 Þab;
( ) " #( ) S45 ¼ ðD S51 ¼ S15
ryz X
1 X
1 Q 44 0 ðY mn þ bW mn Þsin ax cos by
¼ ð1  c2 z2 Þ 3
!
ah 2
rxz m¼1 n¼1 0 Q 55 ðX mn þ aW mn Þcos ax sinby S52 ¼ S25 þ ð2l s s
þ k Þ ahb  c12
b
8
ð60Þ
!
mh2 ss 4
c1 h mss
4.3.2. Anti-symmetric angle-ply laminate S53 ¼ S35 þ  ðb3 þ ba2 Þ þ ð2ls
6ð1  mÞ 40ð1  mÞ
The stiffness coefficients Sij for the SS-2 case are given by
!
  5
c1 h 3 c21 h 3 c1 h
7
c2 h
4 6
S11 ¼ A11 a2 þ A66 b2 þ ð2ls þ ks Þ a2 h þ 2a2 b þ ks Þ b þ b  ab3 þ 1 ab3
80 448 8 32
S12 ¼ ðA12 þ A66 Þab
4 3
!
2 h 3 bh 3 s S54 ¼ S45
S13 ¼ c1 ð3E16 a þ E26 b Þb  c1 ð2l þ k Þ
2
a þs
a
32 4
!  44 þ D
S55 ¼ A  33 a2 þ D
 22 b2 þ ð2ls
4 3
S14 ^ 16 ab þ ð2ls þ ks Þ c1 h a2 þ bha2  c1 bh a2
¼ 2B 3 5 4 7 6
!
32 4 h 2 c1 h 2 c1 ah 2 c21 h 2 c21 bh 2
þ ks Þ b  b  a þ b þ b
12 40 4 448 32
^ 16 a2 þ B
S15 ¼ B ^ 26 b2 ; S21 ¼ S12
  The coefficients of the mass matrix for anti-symmetric angle-ply
S22 ¼ A66 a þ A22 b þ ð2ls þ ks Þ b2 h þ 2b2 a
2 2

! laminates are same as those in Eq. (56). The in-plane stresses in

4 3
h 3 ah 3 each layer can be computed using the Eq. (10) where the strains
S23 ¼ c1 ðE16 a2 þ 3E26 b2 Þa  c1 ð2ls þ ks Þ b þ b
32 4 are given as
8 ð0Þ 9 8 9
S24 ¼ S15 >
< exx >
= 1 >
1 X
X
aU mn cos ax cos by
< >
=
! ð0Þ
4 3 eyy ¼ bV mn cos ax cos by ð62Þ
^ 26 ab þ ð2ls þ ks Þ c1 h 2 c1 ah 2 >
: ð0Þ >; m¼1 n¼1 >
: >
;
S25 ¼ 2B b þ ahb2  b ðbU mn þ aV mn Þ sin ax sin by
32 4 exy
3
bh 3 8 ð1Þ 9 8 9
S31 ¼ S13 þ c1 a ð4ls þ ks Þ >
< exx >
= X1 X 1 >< aX mn sin ax sin by >
=
8
eð1Þ
yy ¼ bY mn cos ax cos by ð63Þ
ah 3
3 >
: ð1Þ >; >
m¼1 n¼1 :
>
;
S32 ¼ S23 þ c1 b ð4ls þ ks Þ exy ðbX mn þ aY mn Þ cos ax cos by
8
8 ð3Þ 9 8 9
 55 a2 þ A
S33 ¼ A  44 b2 þ c2 ½H11 a4 þ 2ðH12 þ 2H66 Þa2 b2 >
> e > > ðaX mn þ a2 W mn Þ sin ax sin by >
1 > xx >
< >
= X 1 >
1 X <
> >
>
=
4
c 1 m h ss eð3Þ
yy ¼ c1 ðbY mn þ b2 W mn Þ sin ax sin by
þ H22 b4  þ ða4 þ b4 þ a2 b2 Þ þ ð2ls >
> >
> m¼1 n¼1 >
> >
>
40ð1  mÞ >
: > > >
ð3Þ ; : ;
" # exy ðbX mn þ aY mn þ 2abW mn Þ cos ax cos by
7 6
h h 2 4
s
þk Þ 2 4
ðc a þ c1 b Þ þ
2 4 2 4
ðbc1 a þ ac1 b Þ ð61Þ ð64Þ
448 1 32
 P. Raghu et al. / Composite Structures 139 (2016) 13–29 25

  2
!   2
!
5. Numerical examples a b h h a b h h
r xx ¼ rxx ; ; ; r yy ¼ ryy ; ;
2 2 2 b2 q0 2 2 2 b2 q0
ð65Þ
5.1. Preliminary comments a  h  
b
 
h
syz ¼ syz ; 0; 0 ; sxz ¼ sxz 0; ; 0
In this section we present several examples of the analytical 2 bq0 2 bq0
solutions obtained in this study. Navier’s solution is obtained using
100 terms in the series for uniformly distributed load. Both bend- 5.2. Isotropic plates
ing and free vibration solutions are presented for each problem.
The following four examples are considered: A simply supported isotropic square plate subjected to a
uniformly distributed transverse load is considered. Both static
(1) Isotropic plates with following material properties bending and free vibration analysis has been performed. Table 1
E ¼ 30  106 Mpa, m ¼ 0:3; a ¼ 10 mm, q0 ¼ 1, and q ¼ 1, shows the nondimensional maximum values of deflections, stres-
and subjected to a uniformly distributed transverse load of ses and fundamental frequency. Two different aspect ratios of
intensity q0 . a=h ¼ 10 and a=h ¼ 20 are considered. The nonlocal parameter l
(2) Antisymmetric cross-ply (0 =90 =0 =90 ) laminated plates. and surface effect parameter ss are varied. It is observed that the
(3) Symmetric cross-ply (0 =90 =90 =0 ) laminated plates. maximum values of the dimensionless deflection increases with
(4) Antisymmetric angle-ply (30 =  30 =30 =  30 ) laminated increase in nonlocal parameters l and ss . The dimensionless fre-
plates. quency decreases with an increase in nonlocal parameters. For a
fixed nonlocal parameter an increase in surface parameter has a
For all examples the thickness of all layers are equal and each stiffening effect and there is a decrease in the maximum deflection
layer is orthotropic with following material properties: E1 ¼ and increase in the frequency as given in Table 1. The rate of
175  103 MPa, E2 ¼ 7  103 MPa, G12 ¼ 3:5  103 MPa, G13 ¼ change in the solutions for the surface effect is quite small; the
3 3
3:5  10 MPa, G23 ¼ 1:4  10 MPa, m12 ¼ 0:25; m13 ¼ 0:25; m21 ¼ change is not seen in some cases unless additional decimal places
ðE2 =E1 Þm12 , and a ¼ 20 mm. The following notations are used for are reported.
deflection and frequency namely: w  nl is the dimensionless maxi- Fig. 1(a) shows the variation of deflection ratio w  nl =w (ratio of
mum deflection with nonlocal effect; w  s is the dimensionless max- dimensionless maximum deflection with nonlocal effect to the
imum deflection with surface effect; w  nls dimensionless maximum dimensionless maximum deflection with out nonlocal effect) with
 nl dimensionless increasing values of a=h. Fig. 1(b) shows variation of deflection
deflection with nonlocal and surface effect. x
ratio w  with increasing values of a=h where w
 s =w  s =w
 is the ratio
fundamental frequency with nonlocal effect; x  s dimensionless
of dimensionless maximum deflection with surface effect to the
first mode frequency with surface effect. x  nls dimensionless
dimensionless maximum deflection with out surface effect. It is
fundamental frequency with nonlocal and surface effect. For the
observed that the ratio increases as the value of a=h increases.
isotropic plate example, the dimensionless maximum center
Fig. 2(a) shows the variation of deflection ratio w  nl =w
 with
deflection, fundamental frequency, respectively, are obtained as
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi increasing values of a=h. Fig. 2(b) shows the variation of frequency
w  ¼ xh q=G. For all the laminated
 ¼ w0  ðEh3 =q0 a4 Þ  102 ; x
 nls =x
ratio i.e., x  with increasing values of a=h where x  nls =x is the
plate examples, the maximum center deflection, and fundamental
ratio of dimensionless fundamental frequency with nonlocal effect
frequency are dimensionless as w  ¼ w  ðE2 h3 =q0 a4 Þ  102 and to the dimensionless fundamental frequency without the nonlocal
pffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffiffi
x ¼ xh q=G13 , where a; b, and h are the length, width and thick- effect.
ness of the plate, respectively; q0 is the intensity of the uniformly Fig. 3(a) shows the variation of frequency ratio x  s =x
 with
distributed transverse load and q is the material density; E and G  s 
increasing values of a=h where x =x is the ratio of dimensionless
are Young’s and shear moduli, respectively. The dimensionless fundamental frequency with surface effect to the dimensionless
stress measures used are fundamental frequency without the surface effect. Fig. 3(b) shows

Table 4
Dimensionless maximum deflections, fundamental frequencies, and stresses in simply supported (SS-2) antisymmetric angle-ply laminates (30=  30=30=  30) under
sinusoidally distributed transverse load.

a=b a=h l ss (N/m) 

w 
x r xx r yy syz sxz
1 10 0 0.0 0.74203 0.16985 0.36808 0.14231 0.64644 0.887065
0 1.7 0.74204 0.16985 0.368085 0.14231 0.64644 0.887064
0 3.4 0.74205 0.16985 0.36809 0.14231 0.64644 0.887061
0 6.8 0.74206 0.16985 0.3681 0.14232 0.64644 0.887059
1 0.0 0.74956 0.12696 0.36951 0.14280 0.75265 1.01536
3 0.0 0.76463 0.09254 0.37238 0.14379 0.96506 1.27196
5 0.0 0.77970 0.07635 0.37525 0.14477 1.17746 1.52856
1 1.7 0.74957 0.12696 0.36952 0.14280 0.75265 1.01535
3 3.4 0.76465 0.09254 0.37239 0.14379 0.96505 1.27195
5 6.8 0.77973 0.07636 0.37528 0.14478 1.17745 1.52855
20 0 0.0 0.55072 0.08552 0.32459 0.12745 0.58790 0.95253
0 1.7 0.55077 0.08552 0.32463 0.12746 0.58789 0.95253
0 3.4 0.55083 0.08552 0.32466 0.12748 0.58787 0.95254
0 6.8 0.55094 0.08552 0.32473 0.12750 0.58784 0.95254
1 0.0 0.55213 0.06393 0.32471 0.12752 0.61420 0.98801
3 0.0 0.55494 0.04659 0.32496 0.12768 0.66679 1.05897
5 0.0 0.55775 0.03845 0.32521 0.12783 0.71938 1.12993
1 1.7 0.55218 0.06393 0.32475 0.12754 0.61419 0.98802
3 3.4 0.55505 0.04659 0.32503 0.12771 0.66676 1.05898
5 6.8 0.55796 0.03845 0.32535 0.12789 0.71931 1.12995
26 P. Raghu et al. / Composite Structures 139 (2016) 13–29
the variation of frequency ratio x  nl =x
 with increasing values of a=h
where x  =x
nl  is the ratio of dimensionless fundamental frequency
with surface and nonlocal effect to the dimensionless fundamental
frequency with no surface and nonlocal effects. As stated earlier, the
rate of change in the solutions for the surface effect is quite small.
Figs. 4(a), (b) and 5(a), (b) respectively shows the variation of
r xx ; r yy ; syz ; sxz with thickness coordinate z=h for various values of
nonlocal parameter l. The plot clearly indicates that the nonlocal
parameter has a significant effect on the stresses.
5.3. Antisymmetric cross-ply (0 =90 =0 =90 ) laminated plates
A simply supported square antisymmetric cross ply laminated
plate subjected to a uniformly distributed transverse load is
considered. Both static bending and free vibration analysis
Fig. 10. Distribution of normal stresses predicted by both local and nonlocal TSDT
 xx (b) r
for a=h ¼ 10 (a) r  yy .
has been performed. Table 2 shows the dimensionless
maximum deflections, stresses and first mode frequency for aspect
ratio of a=h ¼ 10 and a=h ¼ 20 with nonlocal and surface effects.
The dimensionless stresses are computed as before except r  yy is
now computed at h=4. The nonlocal parameter l and surface effect
parameter ss are varied. It is observed that the maximum values of
the dimensionless deflection increases with increase in nonlocal
parameter. The dimensionless frequency decreases with increase
in nonlocal parameter. For a fixed nonlocal parameter an increase
in surface parameter there is a increase in the maximum deflection
and decrease in the frequency as given in Table 2.
Figs. 6(a), (b) and 7(a), (b) respectively shows the variation of
r xx ; r xx ; syz , and sxz with thickness coordinate z=h for various values
of nonlocal parameter l clearly indicating the dependence of stres-
ses on nonlocal parameter.
Fig. 11. Distribution of shear stresses predicted by both local and nonlocal TSDT for
a=h ¼ 10 (a) syz (b) s
xz .
 P. Raghu et al. / Composite Structures 139 (2016) 13–29 27

5.4. Symmetric cross-ply (0 =90 =90 =0 ) laminated plates
A simply supported, symmetric cross-ply, square laminated
plate subjected to a uniformly distributed transverse load is con-
sidered. Both static bending and free vibration analysis has been
performed. Table 3 shows the nondimensional maximum deflec-
tions, stresses, and fundamental frequency for aspect ratios of
a=h ¼ 10 and a=h ¼ 20, and with nonlocal and surface effects.
The dimensionless stresses are computed as before except r
and s xz and are computed at h=4. The nonlocal parameter l and
surface effect parameter ss are varied. It is observed that the max-
imum values of the dimensionless deflection increases with
increase in nonlocal parameter. The dimensionless frequency
decreases with increase in nonlocal parameter. For a fixed nonlocal
parameter an increase in surface parameter there is a increase in
the maximum deflection and decrease in the frequency as given
in Table 3.
Figs. 8(a), (b) and 9(a), (b) respectively shows the variation of
r xx ; r yy ; syz , and sxz with thickness coordinate z=h for various values
of nonlocal parameter l.
plates are developed using this theory to illustrate the effect of
nonlocality and surface stress on deflection and vibration frequen-
cies for various span-to-thickness (a=h) ratios. The results indicate
that the maximum center deflections increase with an increase in
the nonlocal parameter l and surface stress parameter ss , latter
having relatively less effect. The opposite is observed for frequen-
cies. The difference in solutions between the two theories
decreases as the value of a=h increases. Thus, the parameters asso-
 yy ciated with the nonlocal formulation have the softening effect.
The nonlocal third-order theory can be extended to include the
von Kármán nonlinearity and finite element models of the theory
can be developed. Bending and vibration solutions of composite
laminates for other types of boundary conditions can be developed
using the finite element method. The effect of nonlocal parameter
on the bending and free vibration response of plates with non-
rectangular geometries and for boundary conditions that do not
admit analytical solutions can be determined with the help of
the finite element model.
Appendix A

5.5. Antisymmetric angle-ply (30 =  30 =30 =  30 ) plates

2 3 2 3
ð0Þ ð1Þ ð3Þ h4 3
An simply supported square antisymmetric angle-ply laminated Z 11 exx ðb þ hÞ þ exx bh þ exx ð32 þ bh4 Þ þ ss ðb þ hÞ
6 7 6 7
plate subjected to a uniformly distributed load is considered for 4 Z 21 5 ¼ 6 ð0Þ ð1Þ ð3Þ h4
4 eyy ða þ hÞ þ eyy ah þ eyy ð32
3 7
þ ah4 Þ þ ss ða þ hÞ 5 ð66Þ
static bending and free vibration analysis. Table 4 shows the Z 31 0

8   h    i 9
8 9 > mh6 ss @2 w @ 2 w
þ ss ðb þ hÞ >
ð0Þ ð1Þ h3 2 ð3Þ h5 4

> L > >

> 2 þ @y2 þ ð2ls þ ks Þ exx bh þ exx 12 þ bh2 þ exx 80 þ bh8 >
>
< 11 = < 6ð1 mÞ

@x
 h    i =
L21 ¼ mh6 ss @ 2 w þ @ 2 w þ ð2ls þ ks Þ eð0Þ ah þ eð1Þ h3 þ ah2 þ eð3Þ h5 þ ah4 þ s s
ða þ hÞ ð67Þ
>
: ; >
> > 6ð1mÞ @x2 @y2 yy yy 12 2 yy 80 8 >
>
L31 >
: >
;
0
8   h    i 9
8 9 > mh4 ss @2 w @ 2 w s ð0Þ bh3 ð1Þ h5 bh4 ð3Þ h7 bh6 >
> > þ þ ð2 ls
þ k Þ e þ e þ þ e þ þ s s
ðb þ hÞ >
< 11 >
O = >
< 40ð1mÞ  @x 2 @y 2
 h
xx 4 xx

80 8

xx

448 32
i
>
=
O21 ¼ 4 s
mh s 2
@ w
þ
2
@ w
þ ð2 l s
þ k s
Þ e ð0Þ ah 3
þ e ð1Þ h 5
þ ah4
þ e ð3Þ h 7
þ ah 6
þ s s
ða þ hÞ ð68Þ
>
: ; >
> > 40ð1mÞ @x2 @y2 yy 4 yy 80 8 yy 448 32 >
>
O31 >
: >
;
0

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