Basic Safety

“Safety is not an intellectual exercise to keep us in work. It is a matter of

life and death. It is sum is of our contribution to safety management
that determines whether the people we work with live or die” by Sir
Brayn Appleton. Meaning we need to be safe always because if we
took for granted we became careless especially in electricity we will
die in a split second.

Objectives:

After studying this lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Know the different safety procedure.

2. Follow safety procedure.

3. Identify different safety sign, poster and slogan.

4. Demonstrate safety procedure and good housekeeping.

5. Perform safety in every activity

Electrical Safety Rules
Electrical safety is a system of organizational measures and technical
means to prevent harmful and dangerous effects on workers from electric
current, electric arc, electromagnetic field and static electricity.
Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia-Electrical Safety Standards

Why is it so important to work safely with or near electricity?

The voltage of the electricity and the available electrical current in
regular businesses and homes has enough power to cause death by
electrocution. Even changing a light bulb without unplugging the lamp can
be hazardous because coming in contact with the "hot", "energized" or "live"
part of the socket could kill a person.

What do I need to know about electricity?

All electrical systems have the potential to cause harm.

Electricity can be either "static" or "dynamic."

Static electricity is accumulation of charge on surfaces as a result of contact

and friction with another surface. This contact/friction causes an
accumulation of electrons on one surface, and a deficiency of electrons on
the other surface.

Dynamic electricity is the uniform motion of electrons through a conductor

(this is known as electric current).

Conductors are materials that allow the movement of electricity through it.
Most metals are conductors. The human body is also a conductor.

What kinds of injuries result from electrical currents?

People are injured when they become part of the electrical circuit. Humans
are more conductive than the earth (the ground we stand on) which means
if there is no other easy path, electricity will try to flow through our bodies.

There are four main types of injuries:

1. electrocution (fatal)
 2. electric shock

3. burns

4. falls

Electrical Safety Rules

1. Don’t remove a plug from a power point by pulling on the cord; pull the
plug instead.

2. Never plug adaptors into adaptors and avoid using adaptors filled with
plugs where possible.

3. Switch off electrical items that are not in regular use at the plug and ensure
that when we are away from the house for any length of time that you
unplug and switch off electrical items as items left plugged in can be a fire
risk and waste energy if left on standby.

4. Do not use any electrical items in the bathroom unless specifically

designed for use there, eg. shavers and electric toothbrushes. Even with these
items however, take care not to get wet and avoid plugging and unplugging
with wet hands.

5. Do not use items with damaged cords so that the wires are exposed. Either
repair or replace. Check items regularly.

6. Do not use damaged sockets, replace with care when necessary.

7. Always turn the electrics off at the mains if carrying out any electrical
repairs and only attempt repairs if you know what you are doing.

8. Ensure any electrical items are approved standard when purchasing and
keep them correctly maintained where necessary.

9. Do not use electrical equipment outside if it’s raining.

10. Use the correct wattage light bulb for all light fittings.

11. Circuit breakers and fuses should be the correct size current rating for their
circuit.

12. Always wear your safety glasses.

13. Always cut wire leads so the clipped wire falls on the table top
and not toward others.

14. Do not touch the tip end of a soldering iron to check for heat.

15. Avoid an earth ground when working with AC powered units.

16. Only work with powered units when necessary for troubleshooting.

17. Avoid skin contact with chemicals.

Use the correct cleaning solvent for the job.

18. Avoid pinching wires when putting equipment back together.

19. Never solder a circuit that has the power applied.

20. Double check circuits for proper connections and polarity prior to
applying the power.

21. Observe polarity when connecting polarized components or test

equipment into a circuit.

22. Make sure test instruments are set for proper function and range prior to
taking a measurement.

23. When measuring uncertain qualities, start with the range switch on the
highest setting.

24. When cutting with an X-Acto knife, avoid cutting towards yourself.
25. Always OBSERVE POLARITY when connecting components into a circuit,
especially with electrolytic capacitors.

Always read the MSDS (Material Safety and Data Sheet) for all chemicals
prior to their use.

Electron Theory
 Objectives:

After studying this lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Define electricity and electronics

2. Identify the fundamental properties of matter.

3. Describe the structure of an atom.

4. Differentiates conductor and insulator.

5. Know good conductor and insulator.

Electricity is the flow of electrons from one place to another. Electrons

can flow through any material, but does so more easily in some than in others.
How easily it flows is called resistance. The resistance of a material is measured
in Ohms. (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)
 Electronics deals with electrical circuits that involve active electrical
components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes, integrated circuits,
optoelectronics, and sensors, associated passive electrical components, and
interconnection technologies. (From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia)

Atoms and electrons

Everybody knows about atoms and electrons don't they? Well we could skip
this part but of course we won't because you will likely learn something new.

Electron theory states all matter is comprised of molecules, which in turn are

comprised of atoms, which are again comprised of protons, neutrons and
electrons. A molecule is the smallest part of matter which can exist by itself
and contains one or more atoms.

If you turn on a light switch for example you will see the light bulb (globe) glow
and emit light into the room. So what caused this to happen? How does
energy travel through copper wires to light the bulb? How does energy travel
through space? What makes a motor turn, a radio play?

MODULE 1
To understand these processes requires an understanding of the basic
principles. For the light to glow requires energy to find a path through the light
switch, through the copper wire and this movement is called electron flow. It
is also called current flow in electronics. This is the first important principle to
understand.

The word matter includes almost everything. It includes copper, wood, water,

air....virtually everything. If we were able to take a piece of matter such as a
 drop of water, divided it by two and kept dividing by two until it couldn't be
divided any further whileit was still water we would eventually have a molecule
of water.

A molecule, the smallest particle which can exist, of water comprises two
atoms of Hydrogen and one atom of Oxygen - H2O.

An atom is also divisible - into protons and electrons. Both are electrical
particles and neither is divisible. Electrons are the smallest and lightest and
are said to be negatively charged. Protons on the other hand are about 1800
times the mass of electrons and are positively charged. Each are thought to
have lines of forces (electric fields) surrounding them. In theory, negative lines
of force will not join other negative lines of force. In fact they tend to repel
each other. Similarly positive lines of force act in the same way.

The fact that electrons repel electrons and protons repel protons, but
electrons and protons attract one another follows the basic law of physics:

Photo Source:https://www.istockphoto.com/vector/physics-science-about-the-movement-of-magnetic-fields-positive-and-negative-gm1133607686-300927879

Figure 2.2 Laws of Magnets

Sounds a bit like a teenage romance - opposites attract.
https://www.electronics-tutorials.com/basics/electron-theory.htm#:~:text=Electron%20theory%20states%20all%20m
atter,contains%20one%20or%20more%20atoms.

Conductor- a conductor is an object or type of material that allows the flow of

charge in one or more directions.

Examples of good conductors are: metal, silver, copper, gold, aluminum, iron,
brass, steel, bronze, mercury, graphite, and water.

Type of wire: solid and stranded

 Photo source: working with wire-learn sparkfun.com

Insulator is a material whose internal electric charges do not flow freely; very

little electric current will flow through it under the influence of an electric field. 

Materials like glass, rubber, plastic, mica, oil, fiber glass, dry wood, porcelain, dry
cotton, ceramic, air and asbestos are good insulators. Source: Electricity 1 (Device, Circuits and
Materials-Philippine Edition) by: Tomas Kubala

Forms and Sources of Energy

 Objectives:

After studying this lesson, the student should be able to:

1. Identify the different forms and sources of energy.

2. Know the application of different forms of energy.

3. Familiar with the function of sources of energy.

4. Appreciate the forms and source of energy.

5. Conserve energy

What do you need to know?

 Energy -exists in a wide range of structures. Example of these are: light

vitality, heat vitality, mechanical vitality, gravitational vitality, electrical

vitality, sound vitality, compound vitality, atomic or nuclear vitality, etc. Each
structure can be changed over or changed into different structures.

Photo source:https://i.pinimg.com/originals/9c/2b/e4/9c2be4c8da02b785baea4b9029e6b837.jpg

Figure 6.1 Forms of Energy

Forms of energy:

1. Chemical energy - Chemical energy is stored in the bonds of atoms

and molecules – it is the energy that holds these particles together. Stored
chemical energy is found in food, biomass, petroleum, and natural gas.
 2. Kinetic energy - energy of a moving object.

3. Gravitational potential energy (GPE) - Gravitational energy is a form

of potential energy. It is energy associated with gravity or gravitational force
– in other words, the energy held by an object when it is in a high position
compared to a lower position.

4. Elastic energy - is a form of potential energy which is stored in an

elastic object - such as a coiled spring or a stretched elastic band. Elastic
objects store elastic energy when a force causes them to be stretched or
squashed.

5. Electrical energy - is the movement of electrons (the tiny particles

that make up atoms, along with protons and neutrons). Electrons that move
through a wire are called electricity. Lightning is another example of
electrical energy.

6. Thermal (heat) energy - energy is created from the vibration of

atoms and molecules within substances. The faster they move, the more
energy they possess and the hotter they become. Thermal energy is also
called heat energy.
7. Nuclear energy is stored in the nucleus of atoms. This energy is
released when the nuclei are combined (fusion) or split apart (fission).
Nuclear power plants split the nuclei of uranium atoms to produce electricity.

8. Radiant Energy-Also known as light energy or electromagnetic

energy, radiant energy is a type of kinetic energy that travels in waves.
Examples include the energy from the sun, x-rays and radio waves.

9. Light energy - is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Light consists of

photons, which are produced when an object's atoms heat up. Light travels
in waves and is the only form of energy visible to the human eye.

10. Sound energy - is the movement of energy through substances. It

moves in waves and is produced when a force makes an object or
substance vibrate. There is usually much less energy in sound than in other
forms of energy.

11. Motion energy – or mechanical energy – is the energy stored in

objects; as objects move faster, more energy is stored. Examples of motion
energy include wind, a flowing river, a moving car, or a person running.

Sources: https://www.solarschools.net/knowledge-bank/energy/types
What do you need to know?
Sources of Energy
1. Wind energy

Figure 7.1

. When the propeller or blade rotate the wind turbines works and generating
electricity going to generator, transformer, distribution of electricity to
community.

  2. Solar energy
 Photo source:
http://muwo1.unibo.it/steamgreenuniboit/wp-content/uploads/sites/6/2015/07/solar-energy.gif

Figure 7.2 Solar Panel

Solar power is the conversion of the energy from the sun to usable
electricity. Photovoltaic utilize a semiconductor to absorb the radiation from
the sun, when the semi-conductor absorbs this radiation it emits electrons,
which are harnessed as electricity..

3. Hydroelectric power

Photo Source: http://electricalacademia.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/08/Figure-1-3.png

Figure 7.3 Hydro Electric Power

Hydroelectric power is electricity generated by hydropower.

Hydropower is harnessed through the gravitational force of falling or flowing
water. The electricity is typically created when the water is passed over large
mechanical turbines; the water pressure forces the turbines to turn, the
mechanical energy created is then converted into electricity

4. Biomass

Photo Source: https://trade-fair-trips.com/uploads/cache/original/public/uploads/media-manager/app-modules-events-models-eventgroup/1715/67197/03.jpg

 Figure 7.4 Biomass

Biomass is organic material that comes from plants and animals, and it
is a renewable source of energy. Biomass contains stored energy from the
sun. Plants absorb the sun's energy in a process called photosynthesis.
When biomass is burned, the chemical energy in biomass is released as heat.

5. Geothermal energy
Geothermal power
stations are similar to other
steam turbine
thermal power stations in
that heat from a fuel source
(in geothermal case, the
Earth's core) is used
to heat water or another
working fluid. The working
fluid is then used to turn a
turbine of a generator,
thereby producing
electricity. From Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia

Photo source http://www.eniscuola.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/11/migrazione/assets/6519/geothermal_plants.jpg

6. Fossil fuel energy

A fossil fuel is a fuel formed by natural processes, such as anaerobic
decomposition of buried dead organisms, containing energy originating in
ancient photosynthesis. Such organisms and their resulting fossil fuels typically
have an age of millions of years, and sometimes more than 650 million years.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
 Photo source: https://www.keyframe5.com/wp-content/uploads/Fossil-Fuels-energy-source.jpg

Figure 7.6 Fossil Fuel power Plant

7. Nuclear energy
Nuclear power can be obtained from nuclear fission, nuclear decay
and nuclear fusion reactions. Presently, the vast majority of electricity
from nuclear power is produced by nuclear fission of uranium and
plutonium. Nuclear decay processes are used in niche applications such as
radioisotope thermoelectric generators. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Photo source http://barrelperday.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/nuclear_plant2.gif

Figure 7.7 Nuclear Power Plant

8. Tidal energy
Tidal power or tidal
energy is the form of hydropower
that converts
the energy obtained
from tides into useful forms of
power, mainly electricity.
Although not yet widely
used, tidal energy has potential
for future electricity
 generation. Tides are more
predictable than the wind and
the sun. From Wikipedia, the free
encyclopedia
Photo Source: Adobe image

Figure 7.8 Tidal Stream Generators

ACTIVITY No.1

Activity No.1 : Electronics /Electrical inventors

Materials : Pictures, Long bond paper and paste

Tools : Ruler

1. Find and search the pictures of invention of the discussed

lesson and paste a picture in column A (6 inventors of your choice) and in
column B pictures of invention and write a description. paper.

CRITERIA PERCENT (%) SCORE

SIMILARITY 50
QUALITY OF 20
WORK
TIME 10
WORKVALUE 20
TOTAL SCORE
 1. What did you learned in this activity?

2. If you will make an invention, what is this and Why? And who will be
the benefactors of your invention?

ACTIVITY No.1
Invention/creative works
Inventors Description

Invention/creative works
Inventors Description