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TEST   i> READINGASSAGE] , --~--~--~-_._-~------------ 

ACADEMIC --- ~------~-
READING

You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13 which are based on Reading Passage 1
on pages 98 and 99

A Early people had no need for and canais to control the flood
engineering works to supply their waters of the Tigris, Euphrates and
water. Hunters and nomads camped the Nile. Such canais not only
near natural sources and irrigated crops but also supplied
populations were   sparse that water for domestic purposes, the
pollution of the water supply did water being stored in large pottery
not pose a serious problem. But as jars, hand-carried from the river by
civilised life developed and small household slaves. The remains of
settlements grew into cities, water the earliest aqueduct on record have
management became a major been pinpointed to the works of the
concern, not only to supply the Assyrian king and master builder
urban centres but also to irrigate Sennacherib   705-681 BC), who
the farms surrounding them. The developed a 1O-mile canal in three
solution was to find a way to raise stages, including 18 fresh-water
water up from the rivers. courses from the mountains.

B Around 5000 BC, primitive attempts D But we can thank the Romans for
were made by the Egyptians. They being the first to consider seriously
used the Persian Wheel, a water- the sanitation of their water supply.
wheel that dipped containers into a Faced with the problem of directing
river, lifting up water as it revolved. enough water towards Rome -
Another method was a simple lever- water from the Tiber, a muddy, smelly
and-bucket system called the river, Vilas out of the question -
shadoof. The invention of the lever, they set about constructing the
as well as a screw, to lift water is most extensive system of aqueducts
  ·
often attributed to Archimedes in the ancient world. These brought
  287-213 BC) but both devices were the pure waters of the Apennine ··
without doubt in use thousands Mountains into the city, with  

of years before his time. A more settling basins and filters along the ·
accurate explanation is that way, to ensure the water s clarity
Archimedes was the first to try to and cleanliness. The first, built
describe in mathematical terms the around 312 BC during Appius
way these devices worked. Claudius Caecus s administration,
was Aqua Appia, an underground
C By 2000 BC, the rulers of
aqueduct about 10 miles in length.
Mesopotamia, Babylonia and Egypt

. had constructed systems of dams E The arch revolutionised water

. 

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supply. By using it, Roman architects
could raise aqueducts to the height
needed to span valleys. The Aqua
Marcian in Rome - around 56 miles
long with a 10-mile bridged section -
was built by the praetor Marcius in
144 B(, and was the first to carry
water above ground. Eventually,
Rome was served by eleven linked
aqueducts. These kept the city s taps
and fountains running - providing
an astonishing 38 million gallons of
water each day. Parts of several of
these are still in use, although
construction of such massive water-
supply systems declined with the fali
of the Roman Empire. For severa I
centuries afterwards, springs and
wells provided the main source of
domestic and industrial water.
F The introductionof the force pump
in England in the middle of the
16th century greatly extended the
possibilities of development of
water-supply systems. This pump
was by no means a new invention.
It was in fact the brainchild of
Ctesibius of Alexandria and it dates
to the 3rd century BC. Like ali great
engineers, Ctesibius took his
inspiration from his surroundings.
While working on a way to raise
and lower a mirror in his father s
barber shop by counterbalancing
with a lead weight, he stumbled
on a method of automatically
closing the shop s door without
slamming. He ran a weighted
from the door over a pulley and into
·· a pipe, which slowed the speed at
which the weight dropped. As the
·. door hissed away, opening and
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  READING PASSAGE 1
closing, he realised the weight was
displacing air and acting as a piston.
This realisation led Ctesibius to
investigate methods of moving
fluids along a pipe using a piston,
and to the founding principie of
hydraulics. Ctesibius s force pump
was not capable of pumping high
volumes of water but it played a
vital part in ancient Greek culture.
Among other uses, force pumps
drained the bilges of the trading
ships of the time. They were used to
the
extinguish fires and they brought to
life the fountains that graced
Alexandria.
G In London, the first pumping
waterworks were completed in
1562. This pumped river water to a
reservoir suspended 120ft above the
Thames. It was then distributed by
gravity via lead pipes to surrounding
buildings. In more recent times,
many aqueducts have been built
worldwide. Among them are the
aqueducts supplying water to
Glasgow (35 miles lonq), Marseilles
(60 rniles), Manchester (96 rniles),
Liverpool (68 miles) and Vienna (144
miles). California now has the most
extensive aqueduct system in the
world. Water drawn from the
it Colorado River s Parker Dam is
carried 242 miles over the San
Bernardino Mountains, supplying
it more than a billion gallons a day. In
line addition, the 338-mile Los Angeles
aqueduct draws water from the
Owens River in the Sierra Nevada,
giving a daily supply of around four
billion gallons.
. 
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P R A C llC E
TEST   REA DING PA SSA GE 11 
ACADEMIC
READING

Questions 1-6
C om plete the table below .
Ch o o s e N O M O R E T H N T H R E E W OR D S from the p assag e for each an sw er.
W rite your a nsw ers in bo xes 1-6 on yo ur answ er sh ee t.

EGYPTlANS MESOPOTAMIA ROMA NS E NG LA ND

 5000 BC BABYLONIA   EGYPT
 2000 Be

• P ers ia n W h ee l • system s of dam s • dealt w ith w ater • use of force

 a type of a nd c an ais supply 4 . pum p
water-w heel
• w ater for • system of • w ater pum ped to
• 1 . 2 and . aqueducts reservo ir a nd
 a le ver and c ar rie d to
buc ke t s ys te m • 3 used for • invention of building s
k ee pin g w ate r in 5 led to through
a q ue d uc ts a b ov e 6 .
ground

Questions 7 1

R ea din g P a ss ag e 1 has seven p ara grap hs la belled A -C .

W h ic h p ara gr ap h c on ta in s th e fo llo win g in fo rm atio n?
W rite th e co rre ct le tte r A C in bo xes 7-1 0 on yo ur an sw e r s he et.

7 an invention that could only supply lim ited am ounts of w ater

8 a reference to a w idespread but false bel ief
9 reasons w hy w ater-supply system s needed to be developed
1 the nam e of the person responsible for creating the first know n a qu ed uct

Questions 11 13

A ns we r the q uestio ns be low usin g N O M O R E T H N T H R E E W OR D S fo r e ac h a ns we r.

W rite your answ ers in boxes 11-13 on your answ er sheet.

11 W hat w as C tesibius trying to m ove?

12 W hat did C tesibius succeed in causing to m ove?
13 W ha t are a o f scien ce did C te sib iu s he lp to e sta blish ?

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  ~ ~   READING PASSAGE 2
ACADEMIC
READING

Questions 14-26

Y o u shou ld spend ab out 20 m inutes o n Questions 14 26 w h ich a re based on

R eading P assage 2 on th e fo llow ing p ages.

Questions 14 19

R e ad in g P a ss ag e 2 has six paragraphs A F 

C hoo se the co rrect h ea din g fo r each para graph fram the list of h ead in gs
belo w . W rite the co rrect n um bers i-x in bo xes 14-19 on yo ur an sw er sheet.

L is t o f H ead in gs

A change in dom inant species

ii Tw o m od ern -d ay re la tives o f th e d in osa urs

ii i The likelihood of surviving a sim ilar episode

iv Evidence of the coll ision and its effects
v A m argin of distinct anim al rem ains
vi A v olc an ic e ru ptio n
v ii A n explanation of the change
vi i i P oi sonous gases
ix A n abrupt and devastating even t
x H ollyw ood m ovie to be released

14 P ara gra ph A
15 P ara gra ph B
16 P ara gra ph C
17 P ara gra ph O
18 P ara gra ph E
19 P ara gra ph F

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PRACTICE
TEST
.   READING PASSAGE 2
•  
The collision that
transformed life
on Earth
A
Around 65 million years ago, life on earth
changed. However, to say it merely changed ,
is something of an understatement. It would
be more accurate to say that the living world
underwent one of the most dramatic,
cataclysmic transformations ever seen. The
skies darkened for a whole year and entire
species were wiped out by a single event.
This may sound like the stuff of a Hollywood
movie, but in fact the disaster, known as the
I -T cretaceous-tertiary) extinction event, is
well documented as a historical fact.
B dinosaurs, they could quickly multiply.
There has been some dispute over the cause
of K-T, but in 2010, a review of the
evidence by scientists from several leading
UI  universities agreed that a meteorite of
gargantuan proportions smashed into the
earth with such a tremendous impact that
its effects were felt globally. The rock, which
is estimated to have been around 15
kilometres wide, hit Chicxulub in Mexico
with an unimaginable force, said to be
around one billion times greater than that
of the Hiroshima atomic bomb. The impact
projected masses of dust and debris into
the atmosphere, blocking out the sun and
resulting in darkness and an enduring,
global winter.
C K-T boundary layer also clearly demonstrates
The impact proved to be a seminal moment
in the direction of the evolution of life.
Dinosaurs, which had roamed and ruled the
animal kingdom for over 200 million years
were wiped out almost ovemight, and
mammals, which had lived fearfully in the
shadow of the dinosaurs, were given an
  2 PRACTICE TEST
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opportunity to flourish unrivalled. The first
few days after the impactThis
sawwasdramatic
due torises
in ground temperatures. the
asteroid tuming into an enormous ball of fire
and burníng gases as it fell through the
earth s atmosphere. The resulting heat
proved too much for most dinosaurs, which
had nowhere to shelter from the rising
temperatures. Mammals, on the other hand,
were able to take shelter in burrows or
water. Those dinosaurs that survived this
period of intense heat were then faced with
another problem; namely, a lack of food. A
combination of heat and lack of sunlight
killed most plant life off relatively quickly.
This left a barren landscape with nothing for
the large herbivores to eat. As dead animals
decayed, then the camivores too were also
left with a failing supply of food. Mammals,
however, were able to adapt and live off the
abundant supply of insects and aquatic plant
life. No longe r being threatened by
D
The I -T boundary layer gives us a whole
weal th of evidence to support the claims of
impact theory, and also its consequences.
Scientistslook to this clay layer, dated to 65
million years ago, for two main pieces of
proof. Within this seam of the earth s crust,
high concentrations of the metallic element
iridium can be found. While this element is
not uncommon on earth, the intensity of the
traces suggests an extra-terrestrial source.
The second piece of evidence is the layer of
soot within the clay. Soot, a by-product of
buming carbon, supports the ideas of a brief
period of intense fires circling the earth and
wiping out most land-based vegetation. The
which animals died out, and which survived.
Through excavation and examination of
fossils below the 65 million year old
boundary, evidence of many species can be
found which simply do not exist today.
Above this boundary, as the dinosaurs and
other species became extinct, these fossils
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PRACTICE
  R E AD IN G P AS S AG E 2
TEST
ACADEMIC
READING

can no longer be found. While many therefore can go for long periods of time
fossilised dinosaur remains are found below without food. Non-avian dinosaurs, on the

this boundary,
marnmals above it, evidence of
dominates. other hand, are endothermic   warm-blooded)
and can survive for only a relatively short
period of time before they need to refuel
E with food.
To say that dinosaurs died out and mammals
flourished is somewhat over-simplistic. F
While non-avian dinosaurs became extinct,
The long-term consequences of this dramatic
avian-dinosaurs survived and went on to
event in the history of the evolution of life
evolve into modem birds. It is speculated
on earth led to the evolution of apes, and of
that this was down to two main reasons:
course, ultimately to man s world
fírstly their ability to fly and therefore scour
dominance. Meteorites half the size of the
wider areas for food; and secondly their
smaller size, which meant that they did not one experienced in the I -T event occur every
need as many calories, and therefore needed ten million years or so. It is a sober thought
less food to survive; and also they were more to consider if we are due another planet-
easily able to hide from the worst excesses changing ímpact, and whether humans
of heat. Crocodiles, another dose relative of would have the resources and technology to
the dinosaur also survived. This was because survive such a catastrophic event.
they are ectothermic cold-blooded) and

Questions 2 23

C o m ple te the n o tes b elo w .

C h o o se N O M O R E T H A N T H R E E W OR D S fro m th e p assa ge fo r each a nsw er. W rite yo u r an sw ers
in b o xes 20 -23 o n yo u r a n sw er sheet.
-   ~__ .

Collision transformed Earth

• The I  -T event produced initial sharp increases in 20 .
• If a creature survived the intense heat, it then had to overcorne the issue
of the 21 .
• The blazing wildfires destroyed 22 .
• Avian dinosaurs survived because of their size and 23 .

Questions 24 26

Choose T H R E E letters A F  
Write your answers in boxes 24-26 on your answer sheet.

Which THREE of the following are mentioned as happening after the K T event?

A Animais increasingly took to living in trees

B Sea creatures were able to survive the intense heat under the sea.
( Cold-blooded creatures_were better equipped to deal with the declining food supply.
O Some dinosaurs survived and ultimately evolved into modern-day creatures.
E It took many decades for the climate to become stable again.
F Mammals were able to hide underground.

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TEST
  READING PASSAGE 3
ACADEMIC
READING
You should spend about 20 minutes on Q u e s t i o n s 27-40
on pages 1 4 and 1 5
It s n ot ju st physicald an ge rs a str on au ts h av e to contend with- psychological
frictionis a bigproble~ says R a j P e rs au d
On space missions weightlessness and
radiation are often seen as being the key
dangers. But there is increasing
evidence to show that one of the
greatest hazards lies in the crew itself.
The hostile space environments and the
hardware are  of course crucial factors
in any space mission. But so is the
software of the human brain.
During long missions  space travellers
have shown signs of increased
territoriaIity withdrawal and need for
privacy.As a result of these sorts of
psychological difficulties one
cosmonaut had a reIigious experience
that led him to make a dangerous
unauthorised spacewaIk. Nasa s SkyIab
missions in 1973and 1974 almost
immediateIy ran into trouble. One
astronaut erroneously changed the
control systems while suffering from
psychological problerns. Crew members
began the third mission with a schedule
that was too strenuous. They fell behind
in their work and became demoralised.
On their 45th day in space the crew
went on strike refusing to perform
scheduIed tasks. Disregarding orders
was an unusual and dangerous
response for astronauts. After
concessions from mission control the
crew settIed down and eventually
completed an 84-day mission.
The Russians have identified three
phases in adaptation to space. The first
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PRACTICE TEST
which are based on Reading Passage 3
  ~ , , <
lasts up to two months and is
dominated by adjustments to the new
environment. This is followed by
increasing fatigue and decreasing
motivation  asthenia . What once  
seemed exciting becomes boring and
repetitious. Next comes a Iengthy period
during which the asthenia which can
include depression and anxiety
worsens. The spacefarers are unusually
upset by loud noises or unexpected
information. This is the period when
crew members get testy with one
another and with the ground crew.
There have been reports describing how
one crew member did not speak to
another for days; there are even
rumours of fist fights - one over a chess
game. Tensions frequently spill over to
mission control as they did in the
SkyIab strike. One Russian crew aboard
a SaIyut space station reportedly got so
cross with mission control that they
shut down communications for
24 hours.
According to Henry Cooper who wrote a
book A Housein Space on the lcneliness
of the long-distance astronaut  at least
three missions have been aborted for
reasons that were in part psychological.
In the 1976Soyuz-21 mission to the
SaIyut-5 space station the crew was
brought home earIy after the
cosmonauts complained fierceIy of an
acrid odour in the space station s
environmental control system. No cause
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  was ever found nor did other crews
smell it; conceivably it was a
  hallucination. Coincidentally  the crew
had not been getting alongoThe crew of
  the Soyuz T-14mission to Salyut-7 in
- 1985was brought home after 65 days
  after Vladimir Vasyutin complained that
  he had a prostate infection. Later the
doctors believed that the problem was
  partly psychological. Vasyutin had been
getting behind in his work and was
  under pressure  having been passed
over for a flight several times before.
  Alexander Laveikinretumed early from
the SoyuzTM-2mission to the Mir space
  station in 1987because he complained
  of a cardiac irregularity. Flight surgeons
could find no sign of it. The cosmonaut
  had been under stress - he had made a
couple of potentially serious errors. And
  he had not been getting along with his
partner  YuriRomanenko.
 
The same psychological phenomena
curse men and women on expeditions
to remote places. Isolation and sensory
deprivation are the common
denominators  whether the mission is
in the Arctic wastes or the realm of the
deep causing a series of symptoms -
heightened anxiety  boredom 
depression  loneliness excessive fear of
danger and homesickness. The
scientists and support staff who work in
Antarctica have been studied by Dr
Ioanna Wood of the National Space
Biomedical Research Institute in
Houston  who also studies how crews
behave in a special test chamber.  After a
few months you get tired of looking at
the same faces. People frequently have
behaviours that might be endearing in
the larger society but when you re living
with it day after day it s an annoyance. 
This continent  the last to be explored
L
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PRACTICE
  READING PASSAGE 3
TEST
ACADEMIC
READING
by humans  is the coldest windiest and
driest land mass. Because of the
extreme environment  researchers must
 winter over for six months out of the
year. During this period  there is little
contact with the outside world and
groups tend to be confined indoors by
the extreme temperatures. Antarctica
has served as one of the primary means
of gathering psychosocial data for
space missions according to DrIohn
Annexstad  a space scientist and ten-
time veteran of scientific missions
to Antarctica.
During the first few months of an
Antarctic mission interpersonal
problems don t play a major partoThe
problem arises  says DrAnnexstad after
the initial shock and awe of the
environment wear off and crew
members get to know their
surroundings a little better. Then they
begin to rebel against authority and
each other. In one ice base  anxiety
episodes increased from 3 during the
first four months to 19 during the last
four. In a study of personnel who
wintered over in the Antarctic  85 per
cent reported periods of significant
depression  65 per cent had periods of
anger or hostility 60 per cent suffered
from sleep disturbance and 53 per cent
had impaired cognition. During the 1977
Intemational Biomedical Expedition
to Antarctica  a 12-man adventure
lasting 72 days bickering became
such a problem that psychologists
accompanying the expedition had to
intervene. Antarctic literature is full of
stories about teammates who stopped
talking to one another or even fought-
one concerns a cook with a meat cleaver
facing off against an engineer
brandishing a fire axe.
 J
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PRACTICE
TEST
ACADEMIC 1 ~READIr-:G ~AS~~~ 3_i ~~~ ~ ~

READING

Questions 27-29
C om plete the sentences below w ith w ords taken from R ea din g P assage 3.
U se N O M O RE T H N T H R E E W OR O S fo r e ach a nsw er.
W rite your an sw ers in boxes 27-29 on your answ er sheet.

27 S pace travellers on long m issions dem onstrate the desire to have som e .
28 A stronauts can get into a state called after tw o m onths in space.
29 T he causes of psychological problem s on both space m issions and expeditions to rem ote
places are together w ith .

Questions 30-35
L oo k a t th e sta tem en ts  Questions 30-35 and the list of spa ce m issions b elow . M atch each
statem ent w ith the space m ission it reiers to .
W r ite th e c or re ct le tte r   O in boxes 30-35 on your answ er sheet.
NB V ou m ay use any letter m ore than once.

30 T wo of the astronauts had a bad relationship w ith each other.

  T he astronauts decided not to carry out their duties.
32 O ne of the astronauts did not com plete the m ission.
33 O ne of the astronauts had failed to be selected for previous m issions.
34 O ne of the astronauts m ade a m istake w ith the equipm ent.
35 T he astronauts perceived som ething that m ay not have existed.

L is t o f S pac e M i s s i o ns

A S kylab
B S oyuz-21
C S oyuz T-14
D S oyuz TM -2

Questions 36-40
C om plete the sum m ary b elow using w ords from the box.
W rite your answ ers in bo xes 36 -40 on your answ er sheet.

Antarctic missions
According to Dr [ohn Annexstad, relationships are not an important factor during the
first part of a mission because crew members lack 36 with their enviranment
and have a feeling of 37 After thís, there is less 38 ..:  fram crew
members and the number of events caused by 39 increases enormously as ;.
the mission continues. According to some stories, relationships can even result in
40 involving crew members.

expectation boredom cooperation improvement

sympathy discussion familiarity error
d e te rm i n a t io n carelessness disappointment violence
amazement involvement misunderstanding confidence
f ail u re tension com petition envy

PRACTICE TEST
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PRACTICE
  WRITlNG TASK 1
TEST
ACADEMIC
WRITING

Vou should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

T h e table below gives in form ation abou t on lin e sh oppin g in on e year in th e

U K I t sh ow s the am ou nts   m on ey spen t on variou s item s by m en an d
w o m en an d the percen tages for m en an d w om en o f th e total m on ey spen t
on those item s

Su m marise the in form atio n by selectin g an d reportin g the m ain featu res
an d m ake co mpariso ns w he re re le van t

Write at least 150 words.

ONLlNE SHOPPING

Grocery 340.1 762.9 1103 30.8 69.2

F u r n it u r e an d fl o o r c o v er i n g s 56.5 123.5 180 31.4 68.6

H ea lt h an d b e au t y 40.2 81.8 122 33.0 67.0

C l o th in g a n d f o ot w ear 176.8 348.2 525 33.7 66.3

Homewares 85.4 120.6 206 41.5 58.5

Books 168.5 201.5 370 45.5 54.5

E lec tr i c al g oo ds 829.6 324.4 1154 71.9 28.1

D IY g oo ds 259.7 90.3 350 74.2 25.8

M us i c an d v i d eo 280.0 148.0 428 65.4 34.6

Other 242.1 187.9 430 56.3 43.7

Total 2479 2389 4868 50.9 49.1

C op yright © Ver dict R esearch Lt d, w ww .verd ic t.co.uk

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PRACTICE
TEST
  WRITlNG TASK 2
ACADEMIC
WRITING

Vou should spend about 40 minutes on this task.

Write about the following topic.

These doys it is neither possible nor desirable for most people to stoy in the
some job throughout their working lives
To whot extent do you ogree or disogree with this stotement?

Give reasons for your answer and include any relevant examples from your own knowledge
ar experience.

Write at least 250 words.

1 8 PRACTICE TEST

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PRACTICE
TEST
SPEAKING

PA RT 1
E x am p l e q u es ti on s
• Where do you live?
• What kind of place is it?
• What do you like best about where you live?
• What kinds of jobs do people do where you live?
• Would you say it is a good place to work in?

• How much time do you spend playing or watching sports?

• Which sports are most popular in your country?
• Which sports d id you do when you were at school?
• Do you think ali children should do some sport?

• Do you Iike cooki ng?

• How often do you go to restaurants?
• What kinds of restaurants do you enjoy eating in?
• What does a restaurant need to do to be successful?

PA RT 2
E x am p le t as k
Read the topic card below carefully.
Vou will haveto talk about the topic for one to two minutes. Vou have one minute
to think about what you are going to say. Vou can make notes if you want.

D es c r ib e a s h o p t h a t y o u e n jo y g o in g t o  
V o u s ho ul d s ay :
• w h er e t h is s h o p i s
• w hat i t s el l s
• h o w o f t en y o u g o t h er e
a n d ex p l ai n w h y y o u e n jo y v i s i t i n g this s h o p

PART 3
E x am p l e q u es ti on s
• Are there certain kinds of shops that are becoming more popular?
• What disadvantages do you think there may be to an increase in consumerism?
• In what ways do you think advertising affects people s attitudes?
• In what ways do you think shopping may change in the future?

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