Transport Process Principles

3.0 Convection Heat Transfer

1
 Objectives
◼ Differentiate between conduction and convection heat transfer

◼ Differentiate between free and force convection

◼ Determine convection heat transfer coefficient, h in both Free &

Force Convection.

◼ Apply the dimensionless number in solving the heat convection

problems.

◼ Determine the heat transfer rate by convection, q .

2
3.1 Principle of Convective Heat Transfer

Convection is the mode of energy transfer between a solid

surface and the adjacent liquid or gas that is in motion, and it
involves the combined effects of conduction and fluid motion.
Heat transfer through the fluid layer will be by convection
when the fluid involves some motion and by conduction
when the fluid layer is motionless.
The presence of bulk motion of the fluid enhances the heat
transfer between the solid surface and the fluid.
The faster the fluid motion, the greater the convection heat
transfer.

3
Convection heat transfer strongly depends on the fluid properties :

•Dynamic viscosity, u
•Thermal conductivity, k
•Density, p
•Specific heat Cp
•Fluid velocity, v
•Geometry and roughness of the solid surface
•Type of fluid flow (streamlined or turbulence)

4
 Conduction vs. Convection
Conduction Convection
-Transfer of heat by the -Involves the transfer of heat by
interaction between adjacent the mixing and motion of a fluid
molecules of a material. due to the density differences.

-Formula: -Formula:

T
q = kA
x q = hA(Tw − Tb )
5
➢The transfer of heat by mixing the warmer
portions of the fluid with the cooler portions.

in the fluid arising from the

➢Density differences
heating process provide the buoyancy force
required to move the fluid.

➢Hot fluids are lighter than cool fluid & tend

to rise.

6
➢The hot air rises. This leaves empty space at
the bottom of the column of rising air.

➢Cold air moves into the empty space and the

fire warms it. The newly warmed air also
rises.
➢As the warm air gets close to the ceiling, it
loses some heat. Now this air is cooler. It
follows the cool air which is falling.

➢The cool air falls and then is drawn upwards

again.

7
Heat transfer from a hot surface to the surrounding fluid by convection and
conduction

The fluid is forced to flow over

the Surface (involves external
energy) e.g: pump, mixer, fan

Any fluid motion caused by natural

means such as buoyancy effects
(density diff)

Similarity: both mechanism require

the presence of a material medium

Diff: convection requires the

presence of fluid motion

8
Examples..

9
The rate of convection heat transfer is proportional to temp. difference

Q conv= h (Tw-Tb) (W/m2)

OR
qconv= h A (Tw-Tb) (W)

Where:
q = rate of heat transfer, W
h = convection heat transfer coefficient, W/m2.oC
A = surface area, m2
Tw = surface/wall temperature, oC
Tb = fluid/bulk temperature, oC

10
 qconv= h A (Tw-Tb)

Can be arranged as

q = (Tw-Tb) / Rconv

Where Rconv = 1/hA

11
Convection Heat Transfer Coefficient, h
Can be defined as the rate of heat transfer between a solid
surface and a fluid per unit surface area per unit temperature
difference.

The convection heat transfer coefficient, h is also known as film

conductance.

For the calculation of heat transfer, q the value for h has to be

determined first for either in natural or force convection ( if the value
of h is not given).

12
•Therefore, the value of heat transfer coefficient, h must be evaluated from the
Nusselt No.

The S.I unit for h is W/m2K and in English unit is btu/hr.ft2. F

13
The convection heat transfer coefficient, h is a strong function of
velocity. The higher the velocity, the higher the convection
heat transfer coefficient.

The fluid velocities associated with natural convection are low,

typically less than 1 m/s.

Therefore, the heat transfer coefficients encountered in

natural convection are usually much lower than
those encountered in forced convection.

14
 Try!
A 1.4-m-long, 0.2-cm-diameter electrical wire extends
across a room that is maintained at 200C. Heat is
generated in the wire as a result of resistance heating,
and the surface temperature of the wire is measured to be
2400C in steady operation. Also, the voltage drop and
electric current through the wire are measured to be 110V
and 3A, respectively. Disregarding any heat transfer by
radiation, determine the convection heat transfer
coefficient for heat transfer between the outer surface of
the wire and the air in the room.
(170.5w/m2. 0C)

15
SOLUTION :
q = Egenerated = VI = (110V)(3A) = 330W

= (πD)L = π(0.002m)(1.4m) =
As
0.00880m2
q = h A (Ts-T∞)
s

h = q/(A (Ts-T∞))
s

= 330/(0.00880(240-20)
= 170.5W/m2.oC

16
 Laminar and turbulent flows

Laminar
• Smooth streamlines
•Highly-ordered motion
Turbulent
• Velocity fluctuations
•Highly-disordered motion
Transition
•From laminar to turbulent flow
•Does not occur suddenly Laminar and turbulent flow regimes of
•Before it becomes fully turbulent. cigarette smoke

17
 Boundary Layer
•Boundary layer - the region of flow which develops from the leading
edge of the plate in which the effects of viscosity are observed

•We define the thickness of this boundary layer as the distance from the
wall to the point where the velocity is 99% of the "free stream" velocity,
the velocity in the middle of the stream.
•At the wall , the velocity is zero and the heat transfer into the fluid takes
place by conduction

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 Velocity boundary layer
Uniform upstream velocity

Free stream velocity

• Consider the parallel flow of a fluid over a flat plate

• The fluid approaches the plate in a x direction with uniform upstream velocity and identical to u∞ over the plate
away from the surface
• The velocity of the particles in the first fluid layer adjacent to the plate becomes zero
• This motionless layer slows down the particle of a neighboring fluid layer as a result of friction between the
particles
• This fluid layer then slows down the molecules next to it
• The u∞ will remain unchanged at distance, δ
• The x comp. of fluid velocity, u will vary from 0 at y=0 to nearly u∞ at y=δ
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Thermal boundary layer
• Like VBL, a TBL develops when a fluid at specified temp.
flows over a surface that is at different temp.
• A flow of a fluid at temp. T∞ over a flat plate at Ts. The
fluid particles near to the surface will reach eq. temp. to the
wall, Ts.
• These fluid particles will then exchange energy with the
particles in the adjoining-fluid layer
• As a result, a temp. profile will develop in the flow field that
ranges from Ts at the surface to T ∞, far from the surface
• Thus, the TBL increases in the flow direction since the effect
of HT are felt at greater distance from the surface further
down stream

20
▪The shape of the temperature profile in TBL tells about convection HT
between a solid surface and a fluid flowing over it.

▪In flow over a heated/cooled surface, both VTL and BTL develop
simultaneously

▪Fluid velocity will have a strong temperature profile, thus the

developments of VCL and TBL will have a strong effect on convection
HT.

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 3.2 Types of convection
3.1 Free/Natural Convection-Physical
Free convection would be associated with :
• Vertical plate & cylinder
• Horizontal plate & cylinder
• Spheres

3.2 Force Convection

• Flat plate - laminar & turbulent flow
• Cylinders
• Spheres

22
3.2.1 Free/Natural Convection-
Physical Mechanism
-Where any fluid motion occurs by natural means such as buoyancy.
-Often not noticeable because of the low velocities involved.

Examples..

The warming up of a cold drink

in a warmer environment by
natural convection

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 The cooling of a boiled egg in a cooler
environment by heat convection
•As soon as the hot egg is exposed to
cooler air, the T of the outer surface of
the eggshell will drop and the T of the
air adjacent to the shell will rise as a
result of heat conduction from
the shell to the air.

•So the egg will soon be surrounded by a thin layer or warmer air and heat will
then be transferred from this warmer layer to the outer layer or air.
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• The cooling process in this case would be rather slow since the egg would
always be blanketed by warm air, and it would have no direct contact
with the cooler air father away.

density is
• The temperature of the air adjacent to the egg is higher, thus its
lower, since at constant pressure the density of a gas is inversely
proportional to its temperature.
• Low-density/light gas is surrounded by a high-density or heavy gas, and the
natural laws dictate the light gas rise.

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•The space vacated by the warmer air in the vicinity of the egg is replaced
cooler air in the
by the cooler air nearby, and the presence of
vicinity of the egg speeds up the cooling process.

•The rise of warmer air and the flow of cooler air into its place
continues until the egg is cooled to the temperature of the surrounding
air.

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The Heating Of Cooler Room By Heat Convection

•The less dense fluid rises

because of its relatively high
buoyancy.

•Fluid is moving not by force.

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 The Grashof Number, Gr
➢Can be interpreted physically as a dimensionless
no. That represents the ratio of buoyancy forces
to the viscous forces acting on the fluid
➢Grashof no. In natural conv. Plays a role similar (For gas  = 1/Tf ; Tf = (Tw+Tb)/2 )
to the reynolds no. (Re) in forced convection
g (Ts − T) Lc 3
Gr =
2
Where;
g = gravitational acc (m/s2)
β = volume coeff.of expansion of the fluid in 1/K
Ts = Temp. of the surface oC
T∞ = Temp. of the fluid oC
Lc = characteristics length of geometry (m)
υ = kinematic viscosity of the fluid (m2/s)

28
The flow regime is turbulent for Gr > 109,otherwise the flow is laminar
  Cp
Pr = =
 k
The Prandtl Number, Pr

Pr = Molecular diffusivity of momentum

Molecular diffusivity of heat

Describes the relative thickness

of the velocity and the thermal
boundary layer

Heat diffuses very quickly in liquid

metals, Pr <1, very slow in oils
Pr >1 relative to momentum

29
 Nu =
hLc Nusselt Number
k Natural convection HT correlations
are usually expressed in terms of
Raleigh no. raised to a constant n
multiplied by another constant C.
Both of which are determined
experimentally.

g (Ts − T) Lc 3
➢ Common practice to find out the heat transfer
Ra = Gr Pr = Pr
 2
coeff. h
➢ It shows the result of convection relative to
conduction.
➢ The higher the Nu no. more effective the
convection
Nu = a (Gr. Pr)n
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a)Vertical Plate and Vertical Cylinder
2
 0.387 Ra L
1/ 6

Nu = 0.825 +
 1 +(0 .492 / Pr) 9 / 16
 8 / 27 


Range of Ra: Entire Range

Note: A vertical cylinder can be treated as a vertical plate
when

35 L
Lc = L D 1/ 4
GrL

31
For an isothermal vertical surface or plate, the free convection
heat transfer coefficient can be expressed by the following general
equation:

L  gT C p  3 2
= a(Gr. Pr) = a( )n
hLc
Nu = n

k 2 k
BUT,
All fluid properties are to be evaluated at film temp.

Tw + Tb
Lc = L Tf =
2 Tw or Ts = surface temperature
Tb = Bulk/fluid temperature

32
b) Horizontal Cylinder
2
 0.387 Ra D
1/ 6

Nu = 0.6 +
 
1 + (0.559 / Pr) 9 / 16
 8 / 27 


Range of Ra: Ra D  10 12

Lc = D

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c) Sphere
1/ 4
0.589 Ra D
Nu = 2 +

1 + (0.469 / Pr) 9 / 16
 4/9

Range of Ra: Ra D  10 11
(Pr  0.7)

Lc = D

34
35
 Try ok!
Heat loss from hot water pipes

A 6-m-long section of an 8-cm-diameter horizontal hot water pipe passes through a large
room whose temperature is 20 0C. If the outer surface temperature of the pipe is 70 0C,
determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe by natural convection.

36
 Solution:
Assumption: steady operating condition exist, air is an ideal gas, the P atm is 1 atm.
The properties of air at the film T of Tf =(Ts+T∞)/2 = (70+20)/2 = 45 0C. And 1 atm are
(Table A-15)
k= 0.02699 W/m. 0C Pr= 0.7241 v= 1.749x10-5 m2 ß= 1/Tf = 1/318K
Lc = D= 0.08m

g (Ts − T) Lc 3
Ra = Gr Pr = Pr
 2

( 9.81m / s 2 )[1 / 318K ]( 70− 20 K )( 0.08m ) 3

Ra = (1.749x10−5 m 2 / s ) 2
(0.7241 ) = 1.869 x10 6

37
 2
 0.387 Ra D
1/ 6
  0.387 (1.869 x10 6 )1/ 6 
Nu = 0.6 + = +
 1 +( 0.559 / Pr) 9 / 16
 8 / 27 



0.6
1+ ( 0.559 / 0.7241 ) 
9 / 16 8 / 27 

= 17 .40

Then, h = (kNu)/Lc = (0.02699 W/m.0Cx 17.40 )/0.08m = 5.869W/m2. 0C

As = πDL = π(0.08m)(6m) = 1.508 m2

q = h As (Ts-T∞) = (5.869W/m2. 0C)(1.508m2 )(70-20)0C = 443W

Therefore, the pipe will lose heat to the air in the room at a rate of 443 W by natural
convection

38
 3.2.2 Force Convection
External forced convection
➢ Parallel flow over flat plates
➢ Cross flow over cylinders and sphere
➢ Flow across tube banks

Internal forced convection

◦ Laminar, transition and turbulent flow in tubes

39
ii. Heating a room by means of a fan forced heater.

iii. Mechanical agitation greatly increase the mixing of the fluid.

40
Force Convection
-Velocity gradient:
T1
T2 Less: (T1-T2)
Cold
When the fluid is in turbulent flow. The temperature
Fluid, B T3 difference is small. Here the heat transfer is through
T4 Warm convection.
Fluid, A
T5
T6 -For (T5-T6).
Similar to (T1-T2).
q

Figure 3.8

*T1> T6
41
Force Convection
T1 - Velocity gradient:
T2
Cold Steep: (T2-T3)
Fluid, B T3 In the thin viscous sub layer where there
T4 Warm is no turbulence. Heat transfer is mainly
Fluid, A
T5 through conduction.
T6

q -For (T4-T5).
Figure 3.8 Similar to (T2-T3).
*T1> T6
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Force Convection
➢The velocity profile in this boundary layer is unlike the velocity profile in free
convection boundary layer.

➢In force convection, another dimensionless no are used to correlate data for h which
are Re and Pr.

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 5.3 Dimensionless Number
-The Nusselt number (Nu) represents the enhancement of heat transfer through a
fluid layer as a result of convection relative to conduction across the same fluid
layer.
-Heat flux through the fluid layer by convection and by conduction can be
expressed as, respectively:
qconv hT hL
= = = Nu
qcond k T / L k

-Taking their ratio gives

  T
q conv = hT q cond =k
L
-Nu=1 → pure conduction

44
FREE convection >
>Rayleigh Number, Ra
> Grashof Number, Gr
> Prandtl Number, Pr
> Nusselt Number, Nu

FORCE convection >

> Reynolds Number, Re
> Nusselt Number, Nu
> Prandtl Number, Pr

45
Reynolds Number
Reynolds, Re = inertia forces = VLc = ρVLc
viscous v µ

V = upstream velocity m/s

Lc= characteristic length of the geometry (m)
v = µ/ ρ = kinematic viscosity (m2/s)

46
 Force Convection
- Nu will also be used in order to determine the
value of h. General equation for determining h:

hx 1
Nu = = C Re Pr 3
m

C and m are constants from Table 4.6-1

- Force convection would be associated with:

i. Flat plate – laminar & turbulent flow.
ii. Flow of fluid across cylinders & spheres.

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a) Flat Plate
-Laminar Flow -Turbulent Flow
(Re < 5 x 10 5) (Re > 5 x 10 5)
Ub Ub

L L
hL 1 hL 1
Nu = = 0.664 Re Pr 3
0.5
Nu = = 0.0366 Re Pr 3
0.8

k k

48
b) Cylinder
-For cylinder with the axis is perpendicular to the flow, the equation
used to predict h is

Nu =
hD
= 0.3 +
0.62 Re1/ 2 Pr1/ 3

1 + (Re/ 282000 )
5/8
4/5

k 
1 + (0.4 / Pr) 2 / 3 1/ 4

or
hx 1
Nu = = C Re Pr 3
m

k
where the value of C & m is given in Table 7.1

49
c) Sphere
-When a sphere is being heated or cooled by a fluid flowing passed it, the
equation for predicting the h:

1/ 4
0.4    
Nu =
hD

= 2.0 + 0.4 Re + 0.06 Re Pr 
1/ 2 2/3
 
k  s 

The fluid properties are evaluated at Texcept

for  s , which is evaluated at the surface
temperature Ts
50
 Try!
Heat loss from a steam pipe in windy air
A long 10-cm-diameter steam pipe whose external surface temperature is
110 0C passes through some open area that is not protected against the
winds. Determine the rate of heat loss from the pipe per unit of its length
when the air is at 1 atm pressure and 10 0C and the wind is blowing across
the pipe at a velocity of 8m/s. (1093W)

51
Solution:
The properties of air at the average film temperature of Tf =(Ts+T∞)/2 =
(110+10)/2=600C and 1 atm pressure are (Table A-15)
k = 0.02808 W/m.0C
v = 1.896 x 10-5m2/s
Pr = 0.7202
Re = VD/v = (8m/s x 0.1m)/(1.896 x 10-5m2/s)
= 4.219 x 10 4

Nu =
hD
= 0.3 +
0.62 Re1/ 2 Pr1/ 3
+ (  )5/8

4/5

 
1/ 4
1 Re/ 282000
k 1 + (0.4 / Pr)2 / 3

= 0.3 +
0.62 (4.219 x10 4 )1/ 2 (0.7202 )1/ 3
1 + (0.4 / 0.7202 ) 
2 / 3 1/ 4
1 + (4.219 x10 / 282000 ) 
4 5/8 4/5

= 124
52
h = (kNu)/D = (0.02808W/m.0C x 124)/0.1m = 34.8W/m2 .0C
As = pL = πDL = π(0.1m)(1m) = 0.314m2
Then the rate of heat transfer from the pipe per unit of its length
becomes
q = h As (Ts-T∞) = (34.8W/m2 .0C)(0.314m2 )(110-10) 0C = 1093W

The rate of heta loss from the entire pipe can be obtained by
multiplying the value above by the length of the pipe in m.

53
d) Flow Across Tube Banks

Arrangement of the tubes in in-line

and staggered tube banks (A1, AT
and AD) are flow areas at indicated
locations and L is the length of
tubes.

54
Flow Across Tube Banks
ST ST
Vmax = V Vmax = V
In-line ST − D Staggered 2( S D − D)

Vmax D Vmax D
Re = =
 

55
Flow Across Tube Banks
hD
Nu = = C Re D Pr n (Pr/ Pr s )0.25
m

k
where the value of C, m & n are given in Table 7.2

-Note that all properties except Prs are to be evaluated at the arithmetic
mean temperature of the fluid.
Ti + Te
Tm =
2
-Ti and Te are the fluid temperatures at the inlet and the exit of the tube
bank

56
57
 Flow Across Tube Banks
➢The average Nusselt number relations in Table 7–2 are for tube banks with 16 or
more rows. Those relations can also be used for tube banks with NL provided that
they are modified as:

Nu D, N L = F Nu D

➢Where F is a correction factor F whose values are given in Table 7–3. For ReD >1000, the
correction factor is independent of Reynolds number.

58
Flow Across Tube Banks

59
Flow Across Tube Banks
The proper temperature difference for internal flow (flow over tube
banks is still internal flow through the shell) is the 1ogarithmic mean
temperature difference Tln defined as:

The exit temperature of the fluid Te can be determined from:

60
Flow Across Tube Banks
•
As = N  D L m =  V (NT ST L)

Where:
As - heat transfer surface area • •
m
N
- mass flow rate of the fluid.
- total number of tubes in the bank,
Q = h A Tln = m CP (Te − Ti )
s
NT - number of tubes in a transverse plane,
L - length of the tubes, and
V - velocity of the fluid just before entering the tube bank.

Then the heat transfer rate can be determined from:

61
 Example

In an industrial facility, air is to be preheated before entering a

furnace by geothermal water at 120°C flowing through the tubes of
a tube bank located in a duct. Air enters the duct at 20°C and 1 atm
with a mean velocity of 4.5 m/s, and flows over the tubes in normal
direction. The outer diameter of the tubes is 1.5 cm, and the tubes
are arranged in-line with longitudinal and transverse pitches of SL =
ST = 5 cm. There are 6 rows in the flow direction with 10 tubes in
each row, as shown in Fig. 7–28. Determine the rate of heat
transfer per unit length of the tubes.
Given @Tm ; k = 0.02808 W/mK, ρ = 1.059 kg/m3,cp =
1.007kJ/kg.K, Pr = 0.7202, µ = 2.008 x 10-5 kg/m.s,
Prs = Pr1200C = 0.7073.
(2.49 x 104 W)
62
Example

63
3.4 Film & Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient

64
 Objectives
Student should be able to:

i. Apply the concept of combined modes of heat transfer (conduction and convection) in
problem solving
ii. Determine the overall heat transfer coefficient, U

65
Many of heat transfer processes involve a combination of both conduction and convection

Eg: In heat exchanger :

➢There are two values for h.
➢There is the convective heat transfer coefficient (h) for the fluid film inside
the tubes & a convective heat transfer coefficient (h) for fluid outside the
tubes.
➢ The thermal conductivity (k) and thickness (dx) of the tube wall must
also be accounted for.
➢That is why we use u

66
 U for a Plate

- It is common practice to relate the

total rate of heat transfer(q) TA
Fluid A Fluid B
to the cross-sectional area for
heat transfer (A) & the overall heat T1 T2

transfer coefficient (U). h1 h2

X

67
- However U can also be defined as:

1
U =
1 X 1
+ +
h1 A k A h2 A
1
U =
R Total

- Therefore, q can also be defined as:

q = UAToverall

68
U for Tube or Cylinder
T4 .
T3 Outside the tube
In the tube .
.
T2
.T1

Using the figure representing flow in a pipe:

- Heat transfer by convection occurs between temperature T1 &
T2.
- Heat transfer by conduction occurs between temperature t2 & t3.
- Heat transfer occurs by convection between
temperature t3 & t4.
69
U for Tube or Cylinder
T4 .
T3 Outside the tube
.
.
T2
In the tube .T1

Thus, there are three processes involved. Each has an

associated heat transfer coefficient, cross-sectional area for
heat transfer, and temperature difference.
70
 TA − TB
q=
1 ln( ro / ri ) 1
+ +
hi Ai 2kL ho Ao
TA − TB
q=
Rconvection + Rconduction + Rconvection

1
U=
AR Total
T Overall
q = UA TOverall q=
R Total

71
3.5 Critical insulation thickness

72
Thermal insulations are material or combinations of material to
provide resistance to heat flow

Most commonly used; heterogeneous material with low k, and involve

air pockets. (air has one of the lowest thermal conductivity and readily
available)
E.g.: Styrofoam as a packaging material for TVs, VCRs, computers etc.

73
➢ Temperature difference is the driving force for heat
flow, and the greater the temperature difference, the larger
the rate of heat transfer.

➢ Can slow down the heat flow between two mediums at

different temperatures by putting ‘barriers’ on the path of heat
flow.

➢ Thermal insulations serve as such barriers, and they play a

major role in the design and manufacture of all energy-
efficient devices or system.
➢ The thicker the insulation, the lower the heat transfer rate.

74
 Heat generated in furnaces by burning coal
Insulations reduces the amount of heat loss

We minimize heat losses from our body

By wearing coat or sweater

The insulation layers in the walls of a

refrigerator reduce the amount of heat
flow into refrigerator
75
The R value of insulation
The effectiveness of insulation is given by R value
: the thermal resistance of the material
perunit surface area
Thickness
For flat insulator; L
R=
k Thermal conductivity

For pipe insulator; r2 r2

R = ln
k r1

76
Once R is available, the heat transfer rate through insulator can be
determined:

T
Q=  Area
R − value
In the US, R values is referred as no unit. Eg: R-20 insulation but
actually have the unit h.ft2.oF/Btu
SI unit, the unit is m2.oC/W
CONVERSION:
1m2.oC/W = 5.678 h.ft2.oF/Btu

77
 Optimum thickness of insulation corresponds to a minimum combined cost of insulation
and heat lost

Determination of the Optimum

thickness of Insulation On the basis
of minimum total cost

78
Determination of the most economical
types of insulation & its optimumthickness

79
Problem…

80
 r1 = 0.8 cm
r2 = 1.0 cm
r3 = ?

Taking L = 1m
A1 = 2Πr1L= 0.0503 m2
A3 = 2Πr3L = 6.28r3 m2

Calculate individual thermal

resistance;
Ri (conv)=1/hiA1= 0.284oC/W
R1 (pipe) =
ln (r2/r1)/ 2Πk1L= 0.0024oC/W
R2(insulation) =
RT =Ri+R1+R2+RO ln (r3/r2)/ 2Πk2L=
= 0.284+0.0024+4.188 ln (r3/0.01) 4.188 ln (r3/0.01)oC/W
+1/125.6r3 RO (conv) = 1/hoA3 =1/125.6r3

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The heat loss from steams is
Q = Ti-To= 120 – 25
Rtotal 0.284+0.0024+4.188 ln (r3/0.01)+1/125.6r3

The outer surface temp is specific at 40oC, the rate of heat loss is
Q = T3-To= 40 – 25 = 1884r3
Ro 1/125.6r3

Solving the equations simultaneously, yield

r3 = 0.017 m

Thus. The fiberglass insulation thickness is r3 – r2 = 0.007 m

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