Nazaruddin Sinaga

Laboratorium Efisiensi dan Konservasi Energi

Fakultas Teknik Universitas Diponegoro
 Convection
• Bulk movement of thermal energy in fluids

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Hot Water Baseboard Heating and
Refrigerators

3
Cold air sinks

Where is the Freezer

freezer compartment
compartment put in
a fridge?

It is warmer at
the bottom, so
this warmer air
It is put at the top,
rises and a
because cool air
convection
sinks, so it cools the
current is set up.
food on the way
down.
Convection
What happens to the particles in a liquid or a gas when you
heat them?

The particles spread out and become

less dense.

This effects fluid movement.

Fluid movement

Cooler, more dense, fluids sink

through warmer, less dense fluids.

In effect, warmer liquids and gases rise up.

Cooler liquids and gases sinks

 Convection
Convection is the process in which heat is carried from
place to place by the bulk movement of a fluid.
Convection currents are set up when a pan of water is
heated.

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Why is it windy at the seaside?
Theory of Convection Heat Transfer : Newton’s Law
& Nusselt’s Technology
 Concept of Solid Fluid Interaction : Maxwell’s Theory
• Perfectly smooth surface (ideal surface) Real surface
U2
U1

U1

U2
U2

U
U

Φ Φ
Φ

Specular reflection
Diffuse reflection

• The convective heat transfer is defined for a combined solid and fluid
system.
• The fluid packets close to a solid wall attain a zero relative velocity close to
the solid wall : Momentum Boundary Layer.
• The fluid packets close to a solid wall come to thermal
equilibrium with the wall.
• The fluid particles will exchange maximum possible
energy flux with the solid wall.
• A Zero temperature difference exists between wall and
fluid packets at the wall.
• A small layer of fluid particles close the the wall come to
Mechanical, Thermal and Chemical Equilibrium With solid
wall.
• Fundamentally this fluid layer is in Thermodynamic
Equilibrium with the solid wall.
 Physical Mechanism of
Convection Heat Transfer
Convection is the mechanism of heat transfer in
the presence of bulk fluid motion.
It can be classified as:
1) Natural or free convection:
The bulk fluid motion is due to buoyant force caused by density
gradient between the hot and cold fluid regions. The temperature &
velocity distributions of free convection along a vertical hot flat
surface is shown in figure below.

Ts

T∞
T∞

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 2) Forced convection :
The bulk fluid motion is caused by external means, such as a
fan, a pump or natural wind, etc.

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 The properties of the flow fields

• Due to the properties of fluid both velocity and thermal

boundary layers are formed. Velocity boundary layer is
caused by viscosity and thermal boundary layer is
caused by both viscosity and thermal conductivity of the
fluid.

• Internal versus external flow

- External flow : the solid surface is surrounded by the
pool of moving fluid
- Internal flow : the moving fluid is inside a solid channel
or a tube.

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 The properties of the flow fields
• Laminar flow versus turbulent flow
- Laminar flow: the stream lines are approximately parallel to
each other
- Turbulent flow: the bulk motion of the fluid is superimposed
with turbulence

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 Heat Transfer in Equilibrium Layer
At the wall for fluid layer : At Thermodynamic equilibrium
 T 
 k fluid A   hAT fluid , wall  T 
T fluid , wall  Twall

 y Across equilibrium layer

 T 
k fluid  
 y  wall
h
Twall  T 
• The thickness of stagnant layer decides the magnitude of normal temperature
gradient at the wall.
• And hence, the thickness of wall fluid layer decides the magnitude of convective
heat transfer coefficient.
• Typically, the convective heat transfer coefficient for laminar flow is relatively low
compared to the convective heat transfer coefficient for turbulent flow.
• This is due to turbulent flow having a thinner stagnant fluid film layer on the heat
transfer surface.
Estimation of Heat Transfer
Coefficient

 T 
k fluid  
 y  wall
h
Twall  T 
 T
q  h Ts  T  Across 
''
 k
y y 0

Non-dimensional Temperature:

T  T

Ts  T

Non-dimensional length: y
y 
*

T  Temperatur e scale  
   *
y y 0  Length scale  y y* 0
  T  Ts  
h Ts  T   k fluid   *
 L  y y* 0

k fluid 
h
L y * y* 0

 hL

y * y * 0
k fluid
 This dimensionless temperature gradient at the wall is named as
Nusselt Number:
L
hL k fluid Conduction resistance
Nu   
k fluid 1 Convection resistance
h
Local Nusselt Number
 hL
Nu  * 
y y * 0
k fluid
 havg L
Average Nusselt Number Nuavg 
k fluid ,avg

• Estimation of heat transfer coefficient is basically

computation of temperature profile at the wall.
• A general theoretical and experimental study is
essential to understand how the stagnant layer is
developed.
• The global geometry of the solid wall and flow
conditions will decide the structure of stagnant layer.
• Basic Geometry : Internal Flow or External Flow.
 The governing parameters of convection
heat transfer
• Newton’s law of cooling

Q  hA(Ts  T )

• The main objective to study convection heat transfer is to

determine the proper value of convection heat transfer
coefficient for specified conditions. It depends on the
following parameters:
- The Bulk motion velocity, u, (m/s)
- The dimension of the body, L, ( m)
- The surface temperature, Ts, oC or K
- The bulk fluid temperature, T∞ , oC or K
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 The governing parameters of convection
heat transfer (Cont.)
• - The density of the fluid, ρ , kg/m3
- The thermal conductivity of the fluid, kf, (W/m.K)
- The dynamic viscosity of the fluid, μ , (kg/m.s)
- The specific heat of the fluid, Cp , (J/kg.K)
- The change in specific weight, Δ, (kg/(m2s2) or (N/m3)
- The shape and orientation of the body, S

• The convection heat transfer coefficient can be written as

h = f( u, L, Ts, T∞, ρ, kf , μ, Cp, Δ , S)

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• It is impossible to achieve a correlation equation for
convection heat transfer in terms of 10 variables. A better
way to reduce the number of variables is required.

• Dimensionless analysis
There are 11 parameters with 4 basic units (length, m), (mass,
kg), (temperature, oC or K) , and (time, s).
Applying the method of dimensional analysis, it can be
grouped into 11- 4 = 7 dimensionless groups, they are:

hL  uL  c p  g  L3 Ts u 2
 F( , , , , , S)
k  k  2
T c pT

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1. Nusselt number : NuL = hL
k

Ek u2
2. Eckert number : =
c pT
 uL
3. Reynods number : Re L =

Ts
4. Temperature ratio : θs =
T
 g  L3
5. Grashof number : GrL =
2

6. S : shape of the surface

c p
7. Prandtl number : Pr = k

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 The Governing Parameters of
Convection Heat Transfer

• The convection heat transfer

coefficient can be written as:

Nu = f( Ek , ReL, θs , GrL , Pr, S)

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• To find Reynolds number
Choosing density (ρ), dimension (L), surface temperature (Ts), and dynamic
viscosity (μ) as the 4 basic parameters, and velocity (u) as the input
parameter. The dimensionless number is obtained by solving the 4
constants, a, b, c, & d.

 a LbTsc  d u  0
kg a c kg d L
b o
( 3 ) ( L) ( C ) ( )  1
L sL s
L  3a  b  d  1  0
kg  a  d  0
o
Cc0
s  d  1  0
d  1, c  0, a  1, b  1
 Lu
   Re L

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Simply the dimensionless equations !!!
Now we have reduced the equation involving 11
variables into a 7 dimensionless group equation.
However, 7 dimensionless groups is still too large, we
need neglecting the unimportant dimensionless
groups.

Eckert number is important for high speed flow. It can be

neglected for our application.
If the average fluid temperature is used for getting the fluid
properties, the temperature ratio can also be discarded.

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 Nu = f( Ek , ReL, θs , GrL , Pr, S)

After neglecting the two unimportant

dimensionless groups, the general
convection equation is

NuL  F (Re L , Pr, GrL , S )

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• Forced Convection: the density change is very small, the
Grashoff number is neglected

Nu L  F (Re L , Pr, S )

• Natural Convection: there is no bulk fluid motion induced

by external means, u = 0, Reynolds number is disappeared.

NuL  F (GrL , Pr, S )

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 The Physical Meaning of
The Dimensionless Numbers

• Nusselt Number
It is the ratio of convection heat transfer T2
rate to the conduction heat transfer rate.
Consider an internal flow in a channel of
height L and the temperatures at the lower L u
and upper surfaces are T1 & T2, respectively.
The convection heat transfer rate is
Q&cov  hA(T1  T2 ) T1

The conduction heat transfer rate is
kA
Q&cond  (T1  T2 )
 L
Q&cov hA hL
NuL   
The ratio &
Qcond kA k
 L 31
• The Reynolds Number
It is the ratio of inertia force to viscous force of the
moving fluid.
- Inertia force
L 2 L 2
Fi  ma   L3 2
  L ( )   L2 2
u
s s

- The viscous force

u 2 u
Fv   A   L   L2   uL
y L

 uL uL uL
- The ratio Re L   
  
 32
• The Prandtl Number
 It is the ratio of the momentum diffusivity to the thermal
diffusivity.
 The momentum diffusivity is the kinematic viscosity and it
controls the rate of diffusion of momentum in a fluid
medium.
 Thermal difusivity controls how fast the heat diffuses in a
medium. It has the form
k
 
cp
The ratio of the two is called Prandtl number.

  cp
Pr   
 k k
cp 33
• The Thermal Expansion Coefficient
It is defined as
1 
   ( )p
 T
The negative sign results from the fact that, for gases, the
change of density with respect to temperature under constant
pressure process is always negative. From ideal gas law

d  1
p   RT  dp   RdT  RTd   0 ( )p   
dT T T
For ideal gas, the thermal expansion coefficient is the inverse
of the absolute temperature

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• Grashoff Number

The Grashoff number represents the ratio of

the buoyant force to the viscous force.

g  L 3
Gr  2
 

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• Grashof number Ts

The change of density is

T∞
   T         (T  T )   (T  T ) T∞
Buoyant force
Substituting into Grashof number
Viscous force

g  L3 g  (T  T ) L3 g  (T  T ) L3
GrL  2  
   
2
2
The subscript L means that the characteristic length of the
Grashof number. It may be the length of the surface. For ideal
gas, GrL is

g (T  T ) L3
GrL 
 2T
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 Example
Air at 20°C blows over a hot plate, which is maintained at a
temperature Ts=300°C and has dimensions 20x40 cm.
T  20 C
Air

q”

TS  300 C

The convective heat flux is proportional to

q"x  TS  T

Chapter 1 Chee 318 37

• The proportionality constant is the convection heat
transfer coefficient, h (W/m2.K)

q"x  h(TS  T ) Newton’s law of Cooling

• For air h=25 W/m2.K, therefore the heat flux is qx”= 7,000
W/m2

• The heat rate, is qx= qx”. A = qx”. (0.2 x 0.4) = 560 W.

• In this solution we assumed that heat flux is positive when heat
is transferred from the surface to the fluid

• How would this value change if instead of blowing air we had

still air (h=5 W/m2.K) or flowing water (h=50 W/m2.K)
Chapter 1 Chee 318 38
 The End

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