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Materials Letters: Xiao-Song Wang, P.L. Narayana, A.K. Maurya, Hong-In Kim, Bo-Young Hur, N.S. Reddy
Materials Letters: Xiao-Song Wang, P.L. Narayana, A.K. Maurya, Hong-In Kim, Bo-Young Hur, N.S. Reddy
Materials Letters
journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/mlblue
a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t
Article history: Chemical composition affects the properties and the martensite start (Ms) temperature of steels. This
Received 21 September 2020 study predicts the Ms temperature of high carbon steel via artificial neural networks. Meanwhile, it
Received in revised form 17 November 2020 enables us to estimate the quantitative effect of alloying elements on the Ms temperature on a sizeable
Accepted 12 February 2021
selectable scale, which is the first time to release such results exactly. Compared to the previous formulas,
Available online 18 February 2021
this one is simple, visual, with high accuracy.
Ó 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
High carbon steel
Alloying element
Ms temperature
Quantitative effect
ANN
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.129573
0167-577X/Ó 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Xiao-Song Wang, P.L. Narayana, A.K. Maurya et al. Materials Letters 291 (2021) 129573
Fig. 1. The trial results of different parameters on the training, testing and total datasets:
Table 1
High carbon steel sets for the predictive result comparisons.
contains several nodes grouped in three layers - input, hidden, and 3. Grouping: The dataset is divided into training and testing. The
output; wherein the input and output layer have their exact items proportion of the two is generally between 6:4 and 8:2. The
by the case. However, the configuration of other parameters (i.e., more training data are used, the higher partial accuracy the
the number of the hidden layer(s), the included nodes of each model has, but concurrently, the more limited its application
hidden layer, learning rate, momentum term, and iteration) should scope is. We adopted 6:4 here. Therefore, steel sets #1~#33
be determined by trial and error. In general, building an ANN has are for training, and the others (#34~#55) are for testing.
the following procedures: 4. Training: Do trials through the ANN using training data by
changing the parameters one by one, and then find out the most
1. Targeting: Make exact the input and output layer items, namely reliable result by comparing errors of the testing data. The trial
what you have and what you want. In this study, the input layer and error results for different parameters on the training, test-
refers to alloying elements’ content, and the output layer corre- ing, and total data are shown in Fig. 1.
sponds to the Ms temperature. 5. Building: Based on the training results, the optimal structure of
2. Collecting: Collection and construction of the database. Herein, the ANN is considered to be 12-2-1/0.5/0.6/11000, that is, three
fifty-five sets of high carbon steel data are found (Table S2 in layers with respective nodes 12-2-1, learning rate 0.5, momen-
Supplementary data), along with their chemical composition tum term 0.6, and 11,000 iterations, at which the resulting error
and Ms temperature. of the training and testing part is 6.87, and 17.25 degree,
2
Xiao-Song Wang, P.L. Narayana, A.K. Maurya et al. Materials Letters 291 (2021) 129573
Fig. 2. The comparison results of the predictive Ms temperature of high carbon steel sets.
Fig. 3. Step-wise prediction of Ms temperature and the quantitative effect of alloying elements of steel set #55.
3
Xiao-Song Wang, P.L. Narayana, A.K. Maurya et al. Materials Letters 291 (2021) 129573
respectively, and the mean square error (M.S.E.) is as low as CRediT authorship contribution statement
5.15 10-4 degree2. Construct the best-fit ANN model via the
parameters of the least deviation (average error percentage Xiao-Song Wang: Formal analysis, Writing - original draft,
0.0606% on the testing data). Writing - review & editing. P.L. Narayana: Investigation, Data
6. Applying: Calculating the Ms temperature by inputting reason- curation. A.K. Maurya: Investigation. Hong-In Kim: Investigation.
able contents of the alloying elements in the trained ANN model Bo-Young Hur: Funding acquisition. N.S. Reddy: Conceptualiza-
for estimation. tion, Methodology, Software, Writing - review & editing,
Supervision.
A virtual program of alloy addition system is constructed for the
ANN model using JAVA. The relationship between alloying con- Declaration of Competing Interest
tents and Ms temperature can be presented in a visual expression
through the model (Fig. S1 in Supplementary result). The authors declare that they have no known competing finan-
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared
3. Results and discussion to influence the work reported in this paper.
Eight steel sets randomly selected from the untrained database N.S. Reddy Acknowledges YSJ-TV for the inspiration and Y.K.K.
(testing part) are ready to compare the formulas and the ANN’s for helping in Model G.U.I. Development. The authors would like
prediction, listed in Table 1. Fig. 2 shows the predictive Ms temper- to appreciate the Engineering Research Institute’s support,
ature values, along with the linear fitting of the ANN data. The Gyeongsang National University.
figure indicates that the ANN model’s predictions are much more
accurate than those of the previous formulas. For the model, the Appendix A. Supplementary data
Pearson correlation coefficient (Pearson’s r) is up to 0.94999; thus,
the predictions are in good agreement with actual values. Supplementary data to this article can be found online at
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2021.129573.
3.2. Quantitative effect of alloying elements
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an easy and efficient way for alloy design and guide actual exper-
iments or manufacturers.