Int. J. Nanosci. Nanotechnol., Vol. 10, No. 2, June 2014, pp.

103-110

Entropy Generation Analysis of EG – Al2O3 Nanofluid Flows

through a Helical Pipe

A. Zamzamian*

Materials and Energy Research Center (MERC), Karaj, I. R. Iran

(*) Corresponding author: azamzamian@merc.ac.ir

(Received: 01 Dec. 2013 and accepted: 28 Jan. 2014)

Abstract:
Nanofluids, i.e. fluid suspensions of nanometer-sized solid particles are the new generation of heat transfer
fluids for various industrial applications because of their excellent thermal performance. This study analytically
and experimentally examines the effects of nanoparticle dispersion on the entropy generation of EG–Al2O3
nanofluid flows through a helical pipe as a heat exchanger under constant wall heat flux thermal boundary
condition in laminar regime. It is found that adding nanoparticles improves the thermal performance of EG–
Al2O3 flow with Re numbers less than 3700. On the other hand the results shows that adding the 5% by volume
Al2O3 nanoparticles in the EG in Dean numbers less than 100 can decrease the entropy generation by 4.511%.
Also it is shown that adding nanoparticles leads to increase entropy generation in the cases that fluid flow
(pressure drop) irreversibility is dominant. Moreover, optimum conditions of radius ratio and Dean Number
for laminar nanofluid flow are obtained.
Keywords: Thermodynamic optimization, Nanofluid, Helical coil, Entropy generation, Laminar flow.

1. INTRODUCTION heating buildings in cold regions have been

Nanofluid is envisioned to describe a fluid in
which nanometre sized particles are suspended in
conventional heat transfer basic fluids. Conventional
heat transfer fluids, including oil, water and
ethylene glycol mixture are poor heat transfer fluids
since the thermal conductivity of these fluids play
an important role on the heat transfer coefficient
between the heat transfer medium and the heat
transfer surface.
Since the solid nanoparticles with typical length
scales of 1–100 nm with high thermal conductivity
suspended in the base fluid (low thermal
conductivity) have been shown to enhance effective
thermal conductivity and the convective heat
transfer coefficient of the base fluid.
Nanofluid convective heat transfer and viscosity
measurements, and evaluates how they perform
investigated. Use of nanofluids to heat applications
can reduce the size of the heat transfer system and
reduce the accompanying pressure loss and the
subsequent pumping power. This will reduce energy
consumption that comes from power plants and will
thus indirectly reduce environmental pollution [1].
Choi [2] is the first who used the term nanofluids
to refer to the fluid with suspended nanoparticles.
Choi et al. [3] showed that the addition of a small
amount (less than 1% by volume) of nanoparticles
to the conventional heat transfer liquids increased
the thermal conductivity of the fluid up to
approximately two times. The performance of any
thermodynamic system can be truly judged by
thermodynamic performance only.
Entropy generation in a system is the measure
of entropy created by the irreversibility such as
fluid friction and heat transfer through a finite

103
 of thermodynamic. The results showed the γ-Alumina (gamma type) - EG
that significant irreversibility caused by (ethylene glycol) nanofluid through the
pressure drop led to the entropy helical tube under the constant heat flux
temperature difference, etc. [4]. The above two Experimental investigation of forced convective heat
generation
interrelated phenomena improvement. The optimized
which are manifestations of and laminar
transfer flow
coefficient will be investigated
in nanofluids of Al2O3/EG and
thermodynamic irreversibility and
conditions according to the entropyinvestigation of CuO/EG in
analytically a double pipe
and and plate heat exchangers
experimentally.
a process from this standpoint are known as second under turbulent flow have been investigated [8].
generation rate for the laminar and
law analysis. Furthermore,
Also the effectsbyof applying the onEGM
nanoparticles flat-plate
EGM (Entropy Generation Minimization) is the collector efficiency by using nanofluids have been
turbulent flow have been obtained. In optimization method, optimized values
method of modelling and optimization of the studied [9].The heat transfer characteristics in
devicesaddition,
accountinga forfew bothworks have and
heat transfer studied
fluid of thecoiled
spirally nanoparticles volumehave
heat exchangers fraction,
been rarely
flow irreversibilities. The second law analysis of investigated. Experimental studies on the heat
friction irreversibilities
thermodynamic factor characteristics
in a coiled tube heatof Dean Number
transfer and drop
and pressure radius ratio will be
characteristics of Cu–
exchanger has been flow
nanofluids carriedbesides
out for both laminar and
the convective water and Al–water nanofluids in a spiral coil have
calculated.
turbulent flow conditions. been done [10].
heat
The expression fortransfer.
the scaled nonExperimental
dimensional In this study, the entropy generation of the γ-Alumina
entropyinvestigation
generation rateofforforced
such a convective
system is derived 2. Thermophysical
(gamma Properties
type) - EG (ethylene of nanofluid
glycol)
heat
in terms of four dimensionless parameters: Prandtl through the helical tube under the constant heat flux
Nanofluids
number,transfer coefficientdutyin parameter,
heat exchanger nanofluidsDean of and laminar flow will be investigated analytically
number and coil to tube diameter ratio. It has been and experimentally. Furthermore, by applying the
Al2O3/EG and CuO/EG in a double By optimization
considering method,
a littleoptimized
change values
in theof the
observed that for a particular value of Prandtl EGM
number,pipeDeanand plate and
number heatduty
exchangers
parameter,under
there nanoparticles
temperaturevolume of thefraction, Dean all
fluid, Number
of and
exists an optimum diameter ratio where the entropy radius ratio will be calculated.
turbulent
generation rate isflow have been
minimum. Coiledinvestigated
tube heat Thermophysical properties such as
exchanger
[8].was
Alsooptimized thermodynamically
the effects of nanoparticles under
on 2. THERMOPHYSICAL PROPERTIES
density, specific heat, viscosity and
the constant heat flux condition by Ashok [5]. OF NANOFLUIDS
flat-plate
With increase in collector efficiencynumber,
Dean or Reynolds by usingthe thermal conductivity can be calculated
optimum value of havediameter By considering a little change in the temperature
nanofluids beenratio decreases
studied for
[9].The
a particular value of Prandtl number and duty ofby
thethe functions
fluid, of volume fraction.
all of Thermophysical The such
properties
heat Pawan
parameter. transfer et characteristics in spirally
al. [6] have discussed the asdensity
density,of specific heat,can
nanofluids viscosity and thermal
be calculated
entropy generation of the nanofluids through three conductivity can be calculated by the functions
coiled heat exchangers have been rarely ofbyvolume
utilizing of The
fraction. general
densityequation for can
of nanofluids
channels with different diameters: conventional
investigated.
tubes, micro Experimental studies on
and mini channels. be calculated by utilizing of general equation for
mixtures. This equation is being
For both the types of flow, laminar and turbulent, mixtures. This equation is being mentioned as
the heat transfer and pressure drop
there is an optimum diameter at which the entropy mentioned as below:
below:
generation rate is the minimum.
characteristics In case ofand
of Cu–water turbulent
Al– Refer to [11], if the nanoparticles and
ߩ௡௙ ൌ ሺͳ െ ߮ሻߩ௕௙ ൅ ߮ߩ௣ (1) (1)
flow the optimum diameter is higher than that
base fluid are in thermal equilibrium, 3. Governing Equa
of laminar flow. For microchannel and NFs with
4 Refer to [11], if the nanoparticles and base fluid
laminar flow, the entropy generation is rate ratio the thermalequilibrium,
capacity the
ofthermal
nanofluid
are in thermal capacity of
is always above unity and increases with volume The problem inves
nanofluid obtains by equation
obtains by equation 20. 20.
fraction. Moghaddami et al. [7] investigated the
flow of Alumina- water nanofluids considering �������� ����� ���� ���� consists of the nan
C���� � (2) (2)
analysis of the second law of thermodynamic. The ��� generation inside
results showed that significant irreversibility caused
by pressure drop led to the entropy generation Viscosityand
Viscosity andthermal
thermal conductivity
conductivity of O
of EG–Al geometrical con
2 3
improvement. The optimized conditions according nanofluids
EG–Al2O3 nanofluids are evaluated by by
are evaluated by the model developed
Maiga et al. [12] based on experimental works of consideration is sh
to the entropy generation rate for the laminar and
turbulent flow have been obtained. In addition, a few the model
previous developed
researchers. Theybysuggested
Maiga et the al.
equation shown in the figure
works have studied friction factor characteristics of 3 and 4 respectively for viscosity and thermal
[12] based on experimental works of of the pipe receives
nanofluids flow besides the convective heat transfer. conductivity.
previous researchers. They suggested (q=500 watt). The
104 the equation 3 and 4 respectively for
Zamzamian diameter represent
viscosity and thermal conductivity. diameter (measured
μ�� � μ�� ��0�φ� �0.�9φ � �� (3) of the pipes) is rep
k �� � k �� �28.905φ� � 2.82��φ � �� (4) distance between t
In that equation the changes of called pitch, b.
 previous researchers. They suggested (q=500 watt). The pipe has an inner
properties
the equation of
3 andthe4 respectively
base fluids for and diameterentropy generation is given in terms of
represented by d. The coil
nanoparticles
viscosity are evaluated
and thermal at a mean diameter
conductivity. fluid, flow and
(measured geometry
between parameters.
the centers
are
Byevaluated
using at a first
the mean and
temperature (about 300
μtemperature (about
� 300 K). Since
�� � μ�� ��0�φ �0.�9φ � �� (3) the
(3) of the pipes) is represented

by D.second
The law in
K). Since the variation of thermal conductivity
kvariation
�� � k �� of thermal
�28.905φ� conductivity
� 2.82��φ � �� (4) and
(4) and
distancethermodynamic,
viscosity
between istwo heat2.5%
lessadjacent
than transfer equation,
whenis temperature
turns
changes about 5oC [13], the temperature dependency
In that equation
viscosity is less thethanchanges
2.5% ofwhen called pitch,
offluid
the b. The
mechanic
nanofluid ratiois neglected.
equation
properties of andpipe equations
In that equation the changes of temperature is less
This to
diameter method is one of (d/D) the current procedures for
temperature
than. ischanges
less of
All of the property
temperature than.
the All 5of oCtheand
nanoparticles
about the
[13], whichcoilarediameter
related to isthermo called
analysing the behaviour of nanofluids in the both
physical
EG are mentioned in the Table 1.
property of the nanoparticles and the curvature
aspect, ratio
thermal andandthehydrodynamic.
invert of this
the temperature dependency of the properties of nanofluid, we As canpreviously
obtain
Table
EG are1:mentioned
The properties of Table
in the nanoparticles
1. and EG mentioned in this article,
parameter is called radius ratio, δ. entropy generation of
nanofluid
Materials properties
Density is neglected.
Viscosity Thermal Specific heat the objective function which is the
nanofluid flow through a helical pipe is analytically
Table 1. The(kg/m
properties
3
) of nanoparticles
(N.s/m 2
) and EG
conductivity (j/kg.K) investigated. So it is vital to find a relation in
Materials Density(kg/m3) Viscosity
(W/m.K)
Thermal Specific minimum
which entropy entropy
generationgeneration.
is given in termsThere are
of fluid,
EG 1132 0.0157
(N.s/m2) 0.258
conductivity 2349
heat
flow and geometry parameters. By using the first
Al2O3 3900 - (W/m.K)
40
(j/kg.K)
880 andtwosecond
possible
law in irreversibility
thermodynamic,mechanisms
heat transfer
EG 1132 0.0157 0.258 2349 equation,
for anyfluid fluidmechanic
flow. equation and equations
These mechanisms
Al2O3 3900 - 40 880 which are related to thermo physical properties
3. GOVERNING EQUATIONS ofare heat we
nanofluid, transfer
can obtain and pressurefunction
the objective drop
which is the
Fig.1.Basic minimum
geometry entropy
of a helical pipegeneration. There
The problem investigated in this paper consists arethrough
lengthlength
two due the
possible due passage.
to irreversibility
heat
to heat
transferSomechanisms
it can
transfer
and and
the the be
for generation
generation
contr
of the nanofluid flow entropy generation inside a any fluid flow. These mechanisms are heat transfer
helical pipe. The geometrical configuration under andconsidered
entropy
entropy
pressure drop that:
generation
generationrate rate
due due to fluid whilewhile
to fluid
through the passage. So it can be
the seco
the
consideration is shown in Figure 1. As shown in considered
friction that:
friction
respectively.
respectively.Considering
Consideringa a entropy
entropy
generat
ge
the figure, the outer perimeter of the pipe receives
a constant heat flux (q=500 watt). The pipe has an length
passage S�������
S����passage
�due of� S�length
ofto length
heat transfer and
(dx) (dx)
������ as (5)
as the
the (5) generation
the drop.drop. contri
In order
In o
inner diameter represented by d. The coil diameter 5
entropy
thermodynamic
Where generation
thermodynamic
����� , ��control rate duevolume,
control
volume, tothethe
� are fluid
first
the first while the
recallrecall secon
the defin
the
(measured between the centers of the pipes) is Where ������ and ������� are the
entropy
represented by D. The distance between two adjacent generation
friction
and the andsecond ratesecond
respectively.
the per state
law unitConsidering
law length,
can
statebecan thederived:
derived:
be aentropy entropy(f),generati
(f), Stanton
Stanton
num
turns is called pitch, b. The ratio of pipe diameter to entropy rate
generation generation
per unit length rate dueper tounit
heatlength,
transfer
coil diameter (d/D) is called curvature ratio and the
passage
m�dh
and them�entropy
� dh of
q́ dx length rate
� q́generation
dx (dx)dueas the
(6)friction
to fluid (6) drop. In hydrauli
(G) and
(G) order
and hyt
the entropy
respectively. �� Considering
generation avolume, rate
passagethe per unit
of length (dx)
invert of this parameter is called radius ratio, δ. thermodynamic
m� ��m� control � TT� � T first recall
� � �the�� defini
��
�́ �́ �ρ� �� �ρ� ��
S�
as ���
�S����
the thermodynamic
�� ��∆�
��
�, ∆T �, T
��∆�
∆T��
control
(7) (7)
volume, the first and ��
�� �� ��
��
and
the
Where the
second second
Where ∆�law state
is
∆� lawthestate
can can be derived:
is betemperature
thederived:
temperature gap gap (f), Stanton num
6 �́
� � �� �
�́
Γ∆� Γ∆�
m
� dh � q́ dx (6)� ∆�) S� �
(6) (G) S� hydraulic
and �
betweenbetweenthe wall the temperature
wall temperature (� � (� ∆�) �� � �� �
�� �́

S�and
��� �the
m� bulk
and � bulk , ∆Ttemperature
� T� � of T theofstream (7) � � �ρ�
(7)stream �� � �
��
�� ,πd
�� the ��∆�temperature the � �� �� ,� Γ��� Γ�
� �
Where
Where DT∆�
(T). (T). is theisUsing
Using thethetemperature
temperature the
gapfundamental gapthe wall
fundamental
between �́ �
S�Where
�
�WhereΓ is� the
Γ∆� Γ is
temperature
between
thermodynamic (T+DT)
the wallrelation
thermodynamic and the
temperature bulk
[14] (�
relation temperature
it �
[14]can∆�)
it be of the
can be �� �
Figure 1: Basic geometry of a helical pipe stream (T). Using the fundamental thermodynamic is theiscross-sect the cros
and the
concluded bulk
concluded temperature
that: that:
relation [14] it can be concluded that: of the stream �
��
, Γ � entro
� definitions, πd
definitions,
�
Nanofluid flow in laminar regime and nanoparticles
(T).
dh � dh Td�Using
��Td� �d�� �d� the fundamental (8) (8)
volume concentration (f) ranged from 1% to 5% Where Γ is becom
(10)) (10))
becomes: the w
are studied in this paper. The Reynolds number is thermodynamic
Combining
Combining Eqs.relation
Eqs.– (6)
(6) (8),[14] (8),it ��can
–����� be
��� isS� the ��cross-secti
�́ � �
based on the mass flow rate (m), the pipe diameter, ��� S��� ��
d, and intrinsic properties of the nanofluids.The
concludedbecomes:
becomes: that: �� � � ���
�
�
�
definitions, entro
temperature rise along the coil is small (<5oC), thus
dh � �Td� �́�∆��d� �́ ∆� �� � �
�� �� (8) The Theaboveabove equ
the properties of the base fluids and nanoparticles S���� �S���� � ∆�� � ∆� �� � �� � � (9) (9) (10)) becomes:
� ��� � ���� � �� ��
�� ��
Combining Eqs. � (6)� – (8), ��
���
straight
straighttube
� tuo
S� ��� � ��́ �
Where Where
q́ is the q́ isheatthe transfer
heat transfer rate per rateunit
per unit section section
��and���� can
and
��
becomes:
International Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 105
length.length.
Note
�́ ∆� Note
that � that
� ⁄T∆T
∆T �� is⁄aT veryis a very
smallsmall The above
helicalhelical
coiled equa
coil
tu
S���� � � ∆� � �� � (9)
��
term term
in� comparison
��� in� comparison
� to ��unity.
to unity.So it Socanit can straight
calculated tube
calculated on of th
Where beq́ is
be neglected the and
neglected heatas transfer
and rateresult,
theasresult,
the per
Eq.unit
(9)
Eq. (9) section
line length
line andlengthofcanth
length. Note that ∆T⁄T is a very small
becomes:
becomes: helical coiled
the quantity
the tub
quantit
on
term
S���� in
�
�́comparison
S����
��
∆� �́ ∆�
� to���unity.
��
�� ��
� So it (10)
can (10) calculated
ariseson th
� �� � �� (14) (14) arises
due
 � straight
S���� tube
�S���� are of
� thenany arbitrary
� �defined:
� cross- (15) (15) we discussed
number number aboutf
and frictio
and
quantities π��� ��π���π�� ρ� ��π�� ρ� ���
Where q́ is the heat transfer rate per unit section and��can be safely applied to a this
Re
�
The �Thefollowing followingnon-dimensional
non-dimensional
(16) flownew equation.
flow
in theinhelical
the h
length. Note that ∆T⁄T is a very small π�μ
helical coiled tube provided that ����� is
quantities
quantities
� are then aredefined:
then defined: we discussed
we discussed
about
term in comparison to rate
unity. So itlength.
can Note �� � (17) 4. Results and Disc
Where is the heat transfer per unit calculated
on
� � the
�� ���basis of unit center- this new
thisequation.
new equa
that is a very small
be neglected and as termtheinresult,
comparison to unity.
Eq. (9) Re ��′ Re � (16) (16)
line length π�μ π�μ
r and the generation
So it can becontributed
neglected and by asheat
the transfer
result, Eq. (9) � � of the tube. The first part of (18) Similar to Reynold
��μ�
becomes:
becomes: � � 4. Results
4. Results
and Disc
and
e to fluid while the second one represents the �� � ��
the quantity � on � ��right hand side of Eq. (17) (17)
� pipes, Dean num
er
ransfer
and andthe the generation
generation
�́ ∆�
contributed
��
contributed
��
by heat
by heat
transfer
transfer B� �
�′� � �
(19)
idering a �
S
entropy� �
generation �� caused by pressure (10)
� (10) (14) arises�′ ���due��′to heat transfer, while
ue
te due
to fluid
to fluid
���
whilewhile �� second
the the
�� second
��one one
represents
represents
the the �� �� (18) (18) characterize
Similar
Similar the
to Reynoldflo
to Rey
�� ��
as the drop. In termorder to apply Eq. (10), we Where
the second���� Q
part is non-dimensional
is due to friction. It is heat flux,
sidering
Considering a a The
The first
first
Stanton
entropyentropy termnumber
ononthethe
generation
generation right
right hand
handbyside
contributes
causedcaused side
to
pressureof (10)
byofreducing
Eq.
pressure � � �� � � The Dean
pipes, number,
pipes,
Dean DeanD
num
B S�� �
�B�′� ��� ��′ � �
number,
(21)
(19) (19)
me, the first represents
recall the the entropy generation
definitions of friction contributed
factor by Re isfrom
evident Reynolds
����Eq.
��
����(14) that a high
Pr is Prantdl
Eq. (10) Inrepresents the entropy
���� characterize
) (dx)
as the as the drop. theInheat
drop. ordertransfer
order share
totheapply
to applyof
Eq.
one�(10),
Eq. , (10),
while
we we a �� �characterize
Re�� the� flot
�
heat transfer while second represents the Indeed the term in Eq. (20) is our
be derived: (f), Stanton number (St), mass velocity number
WhereWhereand B is the
Q is non-dimensional heat
Q is non-dimensional exchanger
heat flux,
heat flux, �
entropy generation caused of by ofpressure drop. In The Dean
The Dean
number,
numD
me,
volume,
the first
the first recallhigher
recall
the definitions
the definitions
friction factor friction
has friction
thetofactor
effect of7
factor Where �Q ��� is non-dimensional heat flux, Re is
order Stanton
to apply number
Eq. (10),contributes
we recall the reducing
definitions objective
S
duty�
Re� isRe
Reynolds function,
parameter
Reynolds that
�is Reynolds
number, by
Prnumber,respecting
represents
number,
is Prantdl that
the
Prnumber
is Pr in
(21)
heat
PrantdlB is the According to the re
is Prantdl
and
be (6) (G) and (f),hydraulic diameter (Γ): mass ��
ebecan
derived:
derived: of(f), Stanton
friction
the Stanton
increasing number
factor
heat thenumber
(f),
transfer (St),
share(St),
entropy
Stanton mass ��velocity
ofgeneration
number velocity
(St), rate
mass � �
��� , while a heat
this exchanger
study duty
weterm parameter that represents the �� ���
(7) �ρ� �� load.
number
Indeed Using
number
and
the Bperused
above
andis the
Btheis
in Eq. laminar
heat
the heatis flow
dimensionless
exchanger
(20) exchanger
our Re��
[15], the
�
�
�
� Re�
Re��
critical
(6) (6) velocity
�(G)
� and
�due
(G)to
higher
and
� �hydraulic
(G) hydraulic
� viscous
and hydraulic
friction diameterdiameter
diameter
effects.
factor (Γ): (G):
In athe
has (Γ):(11) tube
round
effect of
heat load. Using above dimensionless quantities Eq.
�� of
dutynanofluids
quantities
(14) thereby
objective Eq. inthat
(14)
reduces
parameter
dutyfunction,
parameterthe
to helical
thereby
byrepresents
that coils,
reduces
represents
respectingthe
that we
toheat
the flow, According
which
in heat According deter
ature to thetore
� T gap (7) (7) � � �of �ρ� internal
��́��Γ∆�
increasing� � � �� � diameter
��
�ρ� ��
� d, Eq. (14) (11) assumes (11)
��the entropy generation rate substituted the thermo physical
� �� ��� �
S� � � ��� (12) Sload.
this �
�
load.
study Using
� we Using above
perused above the
dimensionless
laminar dimensionless
flow
(20) (20) flow is
[15], thelaminar
[15], orRe
critical tu
the critic
eemperature
(� � ∆�) the �
�́ form:
� � ��� �� ��
rature gap gap due
�
to���́viscous effects. In a round tube properties and(14) the equations ofcoils,
Nusselt the radius ratio as fo
� �Γ∆� �
Γ∆��� quantities
of
Where
Where quantities
StStEq.
nanofluids inEq.the
isis scaled thereby
scaled(14) thereby
helical reduces
non-dimensional
non-dimensional reduces
toweentropy
to flow, flow,
which which
deter
the stream S� � � S�� �
Γ���� �πd ����� � (12) (12)
∆�)� ∆�) � � Sof � ,�internal � � �d, �Eq. (14)(13)
�́
re
erature
(� � (� ���� � � diameter assumes (15) number
generation � and rate��friction
(entropy
��� ��� factor
generation
� for physical
laminar
number) given
π�� �� � π ρ �� substituted
entropy
S � S � �
� the
���
generation
� thermorate (entropy
(20) (20) flow
Re���� is
�flow
laminar
is��
���� lamina
�or��tu
undamental by: � �
retheofstream
the stream Where � �the
��
�Γ,� form:��
Γis�the Γ wetted
,πd � πd perimeter and(13) A (13) flow ��� ���
in the
�
�� � �� �
helical
�
coils and after that
The � following non-dimensional properties and the equations of Nusselt the radius
the radius
ratio as
ratifos
it can be � generation
Where WhereS number)
is S scaled
is given
scaled by:
non-dimensional
non-dimensional Therefore in this
undamental
fundamental is the Stanton
�Where number
cross-sectional �́ �
contributes
area.
���� �Using
�
to these
reducing Swe
���� t
discussed t
about the optimization (21)of (21)
Where
Where Squantitiesis �
Γ is π��
the the
Γwetted are
is wetted
thethen defined:
�perimeter
wetted
perimeter perimeter and Aand (15)A � � ��� and
number friction factor for laminar
G
��� � �� π� ρ� ��� and A is the cross- entropy entropy generation
generation rate rate (entropy (entropy ratio
Re���� 10,
� the���
Re����
���� calcula
����
� ��
��
n] [14]
it canit be can be sectional
definitions,
theiscross-sectional
heat entropy
� Usinggeneration
transfer share �
�rate (Eq.
is the Thethe
Re
area. ��
�ratecross-sectional
following area.of
these definitions,
area.
Using , these
���Using
non-dimensional
while a
entropy
these
(16)
this
flow in
Indeed
Indeed
newthe
the
equation.
the
term helical
termin Eq. coils
in(20) and
Eq.is given
our after
(20)objective
is our that
function,
8
(8) generation π�μ (Eq. (10)) becomes: generationgenerationnumber) number)
given by: by: Therefore
Therefore
in thisin s
(10))higher becomes: friction factor has the by respecting that in this study we perused the
definitions,definitions,
quantities entropy
� are then defined:
entropy generation generation rateeffect
(Eq. of
rate (Eq. we discussed
objective function, about by the optimization
respecting of we
that incoils,
�� ��́ (17) 4. Results
laminar flow and Discussions
of nanofluids in the helical ratio 10,
ratiothe
10,calcula
the c
� (8) (8) S� increasing �
� � the
� ���
� entropy
� �
generation (14) rate
��� �
(10)) (10))
becomes:
�� becomes:
�� � � ��� (14) substituted
thisstudy
this the perused
new equation.
we thermo physical
the laminar properties
flow and the8 8
� Re ��′ �� � � � �� � (16) equations of Nusselt number and friction factor
8),
�� ���� due �� �to �́viscous π�μ
� �́�� effects.��� � � �� � � In� �a round tube
(18) Similar to Reynolds number for flow in that
TheS����above
The above
S���equation
� ��� equation �is is
�
derived derived
for for(14)
a straight atube (14) of offor nanofluids
laminar flowininthe the helical
helical coils coils, andweafter
(9) of �� internal
�
� μ�
�� ����� �� �� � ���� ���� ��
diameter
�
d, � � ���
�
Eq. (14) assumes (17) we4. Results
discussed and Discussions
any arbitrary cross-section
�′ �
� � �� and can be safely applied pipes,
substituted Deanabout
the numberthe
thermooptimization usedof this
is physical to new
straight BThe � tube� of any arbitrary cross-
� coiled equation (19)a equation.
�� toThea the
helicalabove form: above equation
� tube
�′ ��� contributes to reducing
is derived
provided isthat derived
isforcalculated
afor
�ate �per unit (9) (9) on Stanton number characterize
����
properties toand the
the flow
equationsin a helical
offor(21) pipe.
Nusselt
�� the�basis
section �and ofcan unitbecenter-line safely applied length of a (18)
to the tube. S� �Similar Reynolds number flow in
straight straight
Where tube
�� Q �tube
�́ of non-dimensional
is anyof��� � any
arbitrary
�� arbitrary cross-
heat cross-
flux,of ���
The first
� part of the quantity on� right hand side 4.The Dean
RESULTS number,
AND Dn is defined
DISCUSSIONS as: to
very
rate
sferper small
rateunit
the Sheat
helical
per unit Eq. ���coiled �transfer
�′� �tube ������share
�provided of � that, while
��� ���
π� ρ�transfer, ���� isa(15)
�applied number
pipes, and
Dean friction
Indeed the term in Eq. (20) is our
numberfactor isfor used
laminar
(14)
section Bsection
Re �is π��
�arises
and due
can
and
Reynolds tobecan
heat safely
be
number, safely
appliedwhile
Pr istothe asecond
to a
(19)
Prantdl
����
So it can higher
part is due friction
The onfollowing to friction. factor It is has
evident the effect
from
non-dimensional Eq. of
(14) that flow
Similar in Re��
characterize theReynolds
to helical
�the flow coilsin and
number afterinthat
aforhelical
flow pipes, Dean
pipe.
T very
is a verysmallsmall calculated
helical helical
number coiled the
coiled
tube
and basis
Bprovided
tube is of unit
provided
the that
heat center-
��
that �
is
exchanger
� is �� �
objective
number function,
is used
�by respecting
� to characterize the thatflowin (22)
in a helical
a highWhere StantonQnumber isentropy contributes to reducing
non-dimensional heat
��� flux,
��� the
ult, Eq. (9) increasing
quantities
line transfer
length of the are
theoftube. then generation
defined:
The firsta higher
parttherate
offriction we The discussed
Dean about
number, the
Dn optimization
is defined as: of
y.unity.
So it So canit can heat
calculatedduty
calculated share
parameter
on the on basis S’that
the , while
gen basisrepresents
of unitofPrcenter-
unit heat
center- this pipe.
study
According
The
weDean perused number,the Dn
to the research
is defined
laminar flowas:
of Srinivasan
factor
due toRe has is the
viscous
���
Reynoldseffect
effects. ofnumber,
Inincreasing
a round is
the
tubePrantdl
entropy this new equation.
ult,
e result,
Eq. (9) the Re
Eq. (9) generationquantity � rate on right above hand sidedimensionless of Eq.(16) of nanofluids in� �the helical coils, we (22)
line load.length
line
number length
π�μ ofUsing theofto
due
and tube.
B the tube.
viscous
is The
the first
The part
effects.
heat firstIn ofapart
exchanger roundof �� �the
[15], Re�� critical
�
Re for the helical pipe (22)
(10) of internal
tube
(14) ofarises internaldiameter
due diameter
to d, Eq.
heat d, (14)(14)
Eq.
transfer, assumes
assumes
while the
the �� quantities
quantity
the Eq.right (14) thereby sidereduces toheat substituted the thermo physical
� quantity
� on on right
hand hand of
sidetheEq. of Eq. flow,
4.According
Results which
and
to determines
Discussions whether the [15],
form:
the form:duty parameter that represents (17) According to the
the research of
research of Srinivasan
Srinivasan
and side(10) the second
of (10) (14) Sload.
�part is� due� to friction. It is the
properties critical
and Re for the
the equations helical pipe
of Nusselt flow, which
(14)
arises arises
� due �to
� Using � due
���heat to heat
�above
transfer, transfer,whilewhile
dimensionless (20) flow is laminar orReturbulent, is related to
� ��′�́��� ��� �� � �
[15], the critical for the helical
determines whether the flow is laminar or turbulent, pipe
S �
�evident � � from � Eq. ��
(14) that
a high
(15) (18) Similar andtoto Reynolds number for flow in
ght
entropy
and hand side ofside of the second
��� theπ��second
quantities
�� � �� partEq. πis
part
� ρ�due��is
(14)
� to duefriction.
thereby to reduces It istoIt(15)
friction. is number
isthe
flow, radius
related friction
ratio asfactor
the radius
which ratiofor
follows:
determines
laminar
as follows:
whether the
Where S is scaled non-dimensional
flowpipes,
in the Dean
helical number ��� is used
that to (23)
� � � t
The
evident �evident �′ � �
� following
from from Eq. � non-dimensional coils �and after
�� ���Eq. (14) (14)
that that
a high aare
(19)high
7 B
e the entropyentropy The following
entropy
S �
� non-dimensional
�����generation
quantities
rate (entropy
then
(20) flow
Re ���� is laminar or turbulent,
� ���� �� � �� � � � (23)
is related to
we characterize the flow
� �in a helical pipe.
defined: ��� �� � �
discussed about the optimization of
quantities
7 Where
are then defined: the radius ratio as follows:
7 generation Q is number) non-dimensional given by:heat flux, Therefore in this study for the
Where ��� St is scaled non-dimensional thisThe
newDean number,
equation. Dn is defined as:radius
Re Re
106 � is Reynolds number, Pr is (16) Prantdl Zamzamian
ratio
Re���� 10, the ��
� ���� calculations� ���
� �� � � �for the laminar (23)
entropy
π�μ generation rate (entropy � �
number and B is the heat exchanger 8 �� � Re�� � (22)
�
�� �generation number) given by: (17) 4. Results
Therefore and Discussions
�
in this study for the radius
�
duty parameter that represents the heat According to the research for of Srinivasan
�′ ratio 10, the calculations the laminar
�� (18) Similar to Reynolds number for flow in
load. Using above dimensionless
�� 8 [15], the critical Re for the helical pipe
�′ � � � � � pipes, Dean number is used to
quantities
B� � Eq. (14) thereby reduces
�
to
(19) flow, which determines whether the
���
� � characterize the flow in a helical pipe.
The
flowfriction
and thehave loss
beenin correlation
following flow
done throughhashelical
been
to Reynolds entropy
Reynoldshas
situation has been
been decreased
number completely
and volumebut gently
inversed.
fraction
coiled
numbertubes
recommended hasand
10000 tobeen studied
predict
Dean by Ito
the
number [16]
friction
3184. by
In increasing
of the Reynolds thenumber
nanoparticles, Reynolds
the 4000number the
and more
generation of
and the following correlation has been
factor:
The friction lossstudy
in flow through situation
(than hasby
3700) been completely
increasing inversed.
the Reynolds
Therefore in this for the radiushelical
ratio 10, the entropy has been
by increasing decreased
the Reynoldsbutnumber
gentlyand volume
recommended
calculations
�coiled
� ���� for
��
� �has
tubes to
the predict
laminar
���� flowthe friction
have
��been studied by Ito (24) been
[16]done to In
by the
number Reynolds
and
fraction
increasingof thenumber
volume 4000
nanoparticles,
Reynolds theand
fractionmore
of of entropy
generation
number the
Reynolds number �� 10000 and Dean number 3184. has been decreased but gently by increasing the
factor:
and friction
The the following in correlation hashelical
been (than 3700)
situation hasby
nanoparticles, increasing
been theamount
in
completely Reynolds of
the situationinversed.
Janssen andlossHoogendoorn
flow through [17] have coiled Reynolds number has been completely
tubes has been studied
�� by Ito [16] and the following inversed.
number
entropy andIn the
which Reynolds
volume
is caused number
fraction
by more 4000
of and more
fluid
�recommended
� ���� � � ��
experimentally
correlation has
�� been
to����recommended
predict
studied the heat (24)
the transfer
friction
to predict the
In the Reynolds number 4000 and
(than 3700) by increasing the Reynolds number
friction
factor: factor: nanoparticles,
friction
(thanand is by
volume
3700) increasing
morefraction
increasing in
theamount
thanof decreasing
nanoparticles, of
inincreasing in
Reynolds
Janssen
in a singleand Hoogendoorn
helical coiled tube[17] have
subjected
amount the
entropy of entropy which isis caused by fluid friction
to
� �a ����
��
experimentally
constant studied
� �heat
�� the presented
flux
���� and heat transfer
the (24)
(24) number ofwhich
amount and part is caused
which
volume by fluid
caused
fraction by
of
is more than decreasing in amount of the part which
��
friction
heat is more
istransfer
caused
nanoparticles, and
by heat than
totally decreasing
the
transfer
increasing generation
inand in generation
totally of
amount the
in a single
data
Janssenasandand
Janssen helical
Hoogendoorn coiled
Hoogendoorn [17]tube subjected
have experimentally
[17] have of entropy
amount thehas
ofwhich been
part increased.
which is caused by
studied
to a the heatheat
constant transfer
flux
�
�
�
in
and
� a����
single helical
presented the coiled of entropy
entropy
This
has beenis
phenomenon
increased.
caused
has been by shown
fluid clearly in
experimentally
�� �
tube
����studied
����� to a��
subjected constant
� the heat transfer
� �heat flux and(25) presented heat the
� transfer
Figureand
3. totally
By the generation
friction is more than decreasing in that the
considering this fact
data
the
in a as as helical coiled tube subjected
data
single Dean number and Reynolds number has direct
Substituting the values of friction factor of entropy
�
��� �
���� amount of has
the been
relationship, part increased.
this which
figure isissimilar
causedto by
figure number
to
anda�constant
�� heat
����
����� number
Nusselt ��fluxfrom
�and� presented the (25)
(24) (25)
� Eqs. and 2. For example in Dean number 100 and radius
heat transfer and totally the generation
data as ratio 10, by increasing the volume fraction of
Substituting
Substituting
(25) thethe
into Eq. (20)values
values
and of friction
of after
friction factorfactor
recastingand
theNusselt
nanoparticles, the generation of entropy has been
number from Eqs. (24) ��� and
� (25) into Eq. (20) and of entropy has been increased.
� ����
and Nusselt
constants,
�� �recasting number
the
����
����� the�� from
non-dimensional Eqs. (24) and
entropy
(25)
� � the non-dimensional decreased but in the Dean number 300 and volume
after constants,
�
fraction of nanoparticles more than 0.01 with
entropy generation
(25) into
generationEq. (20)
rate rate
can becan
and be derived
after as as the
recasting
derived
Substituting the values of friction factor enhancing the Dean number the entropy generation
has been increased quickly. In the Table 2 the
Sconstants, the non-dimensional
����� ���������� �� entropy
and
� � Nusselt number (26)
� from �Eqs. (24) and (26)
�
� �
�� � ������ ������
� percentages of decreasing in the entropy generation
generation
(25)the
intoFig.rate
Eq. canand
(20) be after
derived as
recasting the for each volume fraction and the Dean number less
In 2 vicissitude of entropy than 100 have been mentioned.
����� ���������� ��
Sconstants,
� � ��� the non-dimensional
� (26)
entropy Figure 4 shows the change in the entropy generation
generation by������
�� � ������ changing ��the Reynolds
generation rate2 can be derived rate by changing the radius ratio and volume fraction
In the Fig.
number and vicissitude
volume ofasentropy
fraction of Fig. 2. Vicissitude of entropy generation by
of nanoparticles in the Dean numbers 30 and 100
����� ���������� �� changing the Reynolds
for laminar number and to
flow. According volume
the Figure 4-a in
Snanoparticles
� � �� �
generation �
byinchanging
laminar ��the and
flow (26)
Reynolds
radius
���� �����
�� � �� � the Dean number 30,
fraction by increasing the radius ratio
number
ratio and2beenvolume fraction of Fig. 2. Vicissitude of entropy generation by
In the10Fig.
has investigated.
vicissitude In the
of entropy and volume fraction of Table 2. It’s indicating the
changing the Reynolds
percentages numberinand
of decrease thevolume
entropy generation
nanoparticles
laminar byin
flow
generation laminar
first byflow
atchanging the and radius
increasing the
Reynolds for each volume fraction
fraction and the Dean number less
ratio
number10 has
andbeen investigated.
volume In the
fraction of 9 than 100.
Fig. 2. Vicissitude of entropy generation by
laminar flow in
at laminar
first byflow
increasing the changing the Reynolds number and volume
nanoparticles and radius Table 2: Decreasing the volume fraction of
fraction
nanoparticles
9
ratio 10 has been investigated. In the
Volume fraction 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.04 0.05
laminar flow at first by increasing the Percentages of
0.0 0.376 1.128 3.008 4.511
decreasing
Figure 2: Vicissitude of entropy generation 9
by changing the Reynolds number and volume
fraction nanoparticles, the rate of total entropy generation
has been decreased; this process continues till
In the Figure 2 vicissitude of entropy generation by Dean number 100 and after that it completely
changing the Reynolds number and volume fraction inverses and by increasing the radius ratio and
of nanoparticles in laminar flow and radius ratio 10 volume fraction of nanoparticles, the rate of total
has been investigated. In the laminar flow at first entropy generation has been increased. (Figure

International Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 107

 4-b) In low Dean numbers by considering this fact
that the decreasing of entropy generation which is
caused by heat transfer is more than the increasing
entropy generation caused by fluid frictions, by
increasing the radius ratio, the rate of total non-
dimensional entropy generation decreased. But in
the higher Dean number by considering that the
entropy generation which is caused by pressure
drops increased, by increasing the radius ratio, the
rate of total non-dimensional entropy generation is
enhanced.

eration is Fig. 4. The change in the entropy generation

rate by changing the radius ratio and volume
fraction of nanoparticles in the Dean numbers
30 and 100.
For every Dean number, a
thermodynamically best design can be
achieved by adopting an optimal value
Figure 3: The vicissitude of entropy generation by
ofchanging
radius the volume
ratio, fractionSand
for which Dean number
t would be
the every
For minimum. This minimum
Dean number, can be best
a thermodynamically Figure 4. The change in the entropy generation
design can by
obtained be achieved by adopting
differentiating an optimal
St with rate by changing the radius ratio and volume
value of radius ratio, for which St would be the fraction of nanoparticles in the Dean numbers 30
eneration by respect to This
minimum. δ andminimum
equating can
the derivative
be obtained by and 100.
Dean number differentiating
to zero. Under such operation,and
St with respect to δ equating the
solving
derivative to zero. Under such operation, solving 5. CONCLUSION
forδδgives:
for gives:
������
In this study entropy generation for laminar flow
�� � (27) (27) in the Al2O3 - EG nanofluid in the helical coil for
������ ����� ������
constant heat flux has been investigated and by the
Accordingtotothisthis
According Equation
Equation for each
for each determined EGM method we found the optimum amount for
Dean number, by increasing the volume fraction of volume fraction of nanoparticles, Reynolds number,
determined Dean number, by increasing
nanoparticles, the optimum radius ratio decreased. Dean number and radius ratio.
This attitude fraction
the volume can be explained by this statement:”
of nanoparticles, the Results of this study showed that adding the
Increasing the pressure drop because of adding the nanoparticles for improving the output of coil is
optimum radius
nanoparticles ratio
has been decreased.byThis
compensated decreasing effective till the amount of irreversibility due to fluid
of radius ratio”.
attitude can be explained by this friction is lower than the amount of irreversibility
statement:” Increasing the pressure drop Zamzamian
108
because of adding the nanoparticles has
been compensated by decreasing of
radius ratio".

5. Conclusion
due to heat transfer. In the laminar flow for each
especial amount of radius ratio at the beginning by
increasing the Dean number and volume fraction
of nanoparticles we can see the entropy generation
in the helical coil decreased but when the Dean
number is more than 1200, by increasing the Dean
number and volume fraction of nanoparticles, the
entropy generation was enhanced. On the other
hand the results showed that adding the 5% by
Volume of Al2O3 nanoparticles in the EG in Dean
numbers less than 100 can decrease the 4.511%
entropy generation.
The investigation of the effect of coils geometry
on the entropy generation in laminar flow showed
that in the beginning, by increasing the ratio of coil
diameter to pipe diameter and volume fraction of
nanoparticles, the entropy generation decreased
but when the Dean number is more than 100, by
increasing the radius ratio and volume fraction of
nanoparticles, the entropy generation was enhanced.
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