BETWEEN TEN and twenty thousand years ago, the an- ‘eestors of the Aztecs wandered from Asia into America across the Bering Straits. They moved southwards into Central America to settle in the country we call Mexico. Gradually they learned to’ farm the land, make pottery and build cities. But the Aztecs never discovered how to make wheels, and their only domestic animals were dogs. For the horse died out in America many thousands of years before anyone could remember. Cows and sheep had never lived there. So even in the year 1500, when the Aztecs were ‘most powerful, everyone walked from place to place, and carried their loads on their backs. No horses and no wheeled vehicles meant that the ‘Aztecs could not easily carry goods long distances. So food had to be grown close to each city. The chief city of the Aztecs, Tenochtitlan (which is Mexico City today) ‘was built on an island in a lake. To grow food for this city, they built fields on the water. They scooped up mud from the marshy borders of the lake and held it in place with nets of plated reeds. Every year before they sowed 470 FINDING OUT Page HISTORY: The Aztecs 410 WORLD AFFAIRS: People of Argentina 412 (QUIZ PAGE 43 SCIENCE OF LIFE: Insect travellers 414 Feet 416 MATHEMATICS: More about area 47 ENGLISH: Conversations 48 GREEK MYTHS: The Apple of Discord 420 ‘SCIENCE OF SPACE: Satellites 2 SCIENCE OF MATTER: Millions of atoms! 423, ARTS AND CRAFTS: Texture painting 424 TOWNS AND CITIES: Cairo "9 GEOGRAPHY: New Zealand 430 © 1963 Purnall and Sons, Lid Pushed by Purnell and oy Gulf Howe, 3 Portman ‘Stret, London, Wit. (Fel. Masse 863) ‘rind tn Great Britain ° f\ s y 1 20 400 8,000 their crops, they added more mud to make the platforms of soll thick and solid. As the city grew, houses were built on some of the islands, and new islands were made for gardens. Aztec farmers grew maize, different sorts of beans, green and red peppers and tomatoes. They grew cotton from which they made cloth, and tobacco which they smoked in hollow reeds. They bred turkeys, geese and ducks for ‘eggs and meat., The farmer's chief tool was a simple wooden digging stick. He used stone tools for cutting and for grinding his corn. His sharpest knives were made of obsidian, a razor-edged glass found on the volcanoes of ‘Mexico, He stored his food in pots of different shapes. The farmer took food to the city market. One corner of the large open market square was crowded with vege~ table sellers. In another part cotton cloth was sold. The tool-sellers traded obsidian knives, pottery, bone needles and perhaps a few copper axes. ‘The feather salesmen hhad colourful stalls, Jewellers tempted buyers with orna~ ‘ments of precious green jade and bright gold. Goods were bought and sold by barter, for the Aztecs had no money. When articles of different value were exchanged, the difference was made up in cocoa beans. After he had sold his vegetables, the farmer visited the ‘temples of the most important gods. On his way there, he passed the workshops of jewellers and potters, and the low, white-washed houses of the townsfolk. The temples Setowered high above the houses. Their steep staircases led up to great altars where men were killed as sacrifices to Quetzalcoatl, the Feathered Serpent, god of Learning, or to Hiuitzilopochtli, the Humming-bird Wizard, god of War and Sun. The Aztecs believed that the wind, the rain, the sun, and all the other forces of nature had power over men. The priests had to please those gods who were good to men, ‘They had to make the evil gods less angry. Each day and each week was ruled by a different god or god dss. There were twenty weeks of thirteen days each in their special calendar. Side by side with the gods? calen- dar, the priests recorded the sun's calendar. This had eighteen months of twenty days each, plus five days to make up the 365 days of the sun's year. These last five days were called unlucky days, “The priests taught the children how to write and keep records. The Aztecs wrote in picture writing. A picture of a footprint meant travel. A picture of a shield and club meant war, The Aztecs used pictures for numbers too. They counted in twenties, Numbers up to 20 were ‘An Aztec market. The woman cove her own clothes. Two men are bartering a drinking cup. There is a carrier with a heavy burden on his back. Standing on the right is a priest, kis hair red with human blood. shown by dots or pictures of fingers. Twenty was a flag, 40 was two flags, and so on up to 400 (20 x20) which wwas a sign like a fir tee. A fourth siga, a bag of cocoa beans, meant 8,000, or 202020. All other numbers had to be made from these four signs. ‘The Aztecs were not peaceful people. Often the young warriors of one tribe fought the army of a neighbouring tribe. Their weapons were wooden clubs and bows and arrows. They tried to capture many enemy warriors to sacrifice to the gods. The gods were most pleased by the sacrifice of warriors captured in battle. Aztec wars were very fierce but very short, for each warrior had to carry his own food supply for the whole war. In 1519 Spanish soldiers came to Mexico. ‘They had hhorses and guns and stecl swords. They easily defeated the Aztecs. ‘They brought European ways and skills to Mexico. They made the Aztecs forget their gods, and worship instead in the Christian churches. Today nine~ teen out of twenty Mexicans have Aztec blood in them, but of the ancient Aztec way of life only a few ruined temples remain, (continued on back cover) anA som am I of the rolling plain, A gaucho born and bred. ‘Twese uses are part of a poem written about the gauchos of Argentina. Gaucho is a Spanish word meaning cowboy. In the picture you can see a gaucho riding with a herd of cate, He is going to catch a steer with his lasso. ‘The gauchos are expert horsemen, noted for their ‘courage and love of freedom. Most of them work on huge estarcias (catle ranches) on the great central plains of Argentina. ‘These plains are known as the pampas. ‘The people of the pampas live in one of the world’s richest lands for the breeding of cattle and sheep. They also grow grain. Many of them are of European descent, for Argentina was once a colony of Spain, and many Spanish families went there to live. ‘After a time, they began to call themselves “Argen- tines”. On 25th May, 1810, they declared their country free from Spanish rule. ‘The Argentine Republic was formed with its own president who lives in the capital Buenos Aires. Spanish is still the language of Argentina, ‘About 22] million people live in the Argentine Republic today. ‘Three-quarters of them are descended from fami- lies which came originally from Spain or Italy, or some ‘other European country. The rest are cither foreigners who have come to Argentina in search of work, oF mesti= +20, people of mixed European and Indian blood. Indians lived in Argentina long before the Spaniards arrived. Over the years they have become fewer in num- ber. Those who remain live mostly in remote parts of the Andes mountains, or in the forests of the far north ‘One quarter of the population lives in or around Buenos a WORLD AFFAIRS) Aires, It is a magnificent, modern city, three times the size of Paris. It has tall buildings and fine shops, In the gay cafés there is music and dancing. ‘The people of Argentina are noted for their love of music. In country places you may see a group of men “taking ‘maté”, a drink something like tea. It is made from yerba leaves and is passed round in a gourd (maté). Each pperson drinks some of the liquid through the metal tube before handing it on to the next. Argentina is a great food-producing country and th People live well. Bife a caballo (“steak on horseback’ grilled steak with eggs on top, isa favourite dish, So, to, is puchero, stew and vegetables But not all the people of Argentina are occupied in food production. For example, many of those who live in the very cold South, in Tierra del Fuego (can you find it on a map?) are timber workers of seal-hunters. Ar tina at its southern tip is closer than any other country to the South Pole.Quiz Page . Which of these pencils is the hardest? (a) HB OB (oH (@) 2B. . What are the Roaring Forties? (a) Fierce animals (©) The years 1949-1950 (©) Men between 4o and 50 years of age (4) Winds in the south- ern part of the world - Which of these plays was ot written by Shake- speare? (@) Hamlet (b) Macbeth (©) Antony and Cleopatra (4) Saint Joan. In which country sas silk first made? (a) Egypt (b) Greece (©) Persia (4) China. , Which is the capital city (@) Toronto. Which of these men did not write one of the Gos- pels in the Bible? (@) Luke (o) Paul (©) Matthew (6) John. | What do we mean when we talk of the Spanish Armada? (a) a rare animal (b) 4 Spanish dance (c) a great Spanish fleet of 1568 (4) a Spanish soldier. |. Where is Davy Jones’ locker said to be? (a) the Bank of England (b) the Thames (6) the Trish Sea (@) the bottom of the sea 9. Who first discovered how to generate electricity? (2) Michael Faraday (b) Sir Humphry Davy (©) Galileo (4) Archimedes. 10. What animals do these meats come from? (2) mutton (b) pork (©) beef (2) venison. 11, What are the special names for people who (a) mend shoes (&) mend burst pipes (©) manage funerals (4) fic glass in windows? 12, Where would you find these animals? (a) wallabies (b) yaks (c) lamas (4) bison. 13, What famous sailors sailed in these ships? (@) the Santa Maria (b) the Golden Hind (©) the Victory (4) the Bounty. 14. In which games do you have these? (a) tries () sets (6) chulkkas (2) checkmate, 15, The young of a dog are called puppies. What are these called? (2) young cats (b) young sheep (©) young wolves (4) young hens. “Anstcers on page 427.[SCIENCE OF LiFe] Insect travellers Locusts have been the enemy of man in Africa, the ‘Middle East and India for thousands of years. ‘These large grasshopper-like insects sweep in swarms across the country. They land on trees and eat every leaf, or they destroy the crops growing in the ground. After the sky has darkened with locusts there is not much hope that any green thing will be left behind. The insects in one square mile of swarm may eat two thousand tons of food a day. And when you think that a swarm may be as big as fifty square miles, you can see how much damage will be don Locusts are insects which chew their food, They fly strongly until they reach a place where there is moist sand. If they find such a place, they land and lay their eggs. ‘These are in a sort of pod which is pushed down into the ground. The eggs hatch and the young locusts dig their ‘way to the surface. ‘These young cannot fly because their wings are not big enough. They are called hoppers because they hop across the country in huge bands, often of millions of insects. They eat almost as much as the fully-grown locusts, so that they too add to the damage which is, ‘caused. Then as they grow older their wings grow bigger ‘until they are fully grown and able to fly. ‘The swarm takes fight each day when the sun has risen and it lands wherever there is food. The locusts may spread over thirty or forty miles, and the swarm may be several hundreds of feet thick. Swarms like these have started in West Aftica and have spread eastwards untilthey reach East Africa after about four years. ‘Then for ‘one reason or another they may die out. The weather may be too dey for them or they may fly out to sea and drove, But the locusts do not know where they are going. They are not like young birds, which head in the right direction on their migrations. If you look at a locust swarm you will see that some insects are heading one way, some another, and so forth. But you will also see that when locusts reach the edge of the swarm they turn round and keep in it. So the swarm keeps together. The wind carries the swarm along with it, The direction in which the wind is blowing is the direction in which the swarm is moving. Other insects migrate, too, but not often as plainly as locusts. Americans often see flocks of Milkweed butter flies flying south in the autumn and north in the spring. In Florida and California there are trees. where, year after year, Milkweed butterflies hang all winter. When the warmth of the spring comes they begin to fly about. Soon they head northwards. As they fly, they land ‘occasionally to lay eggs. So they spread over most of the United States and into southern Canada. ‘The butterflies which come from the eggs laid on the way follow northwards as well. In the autumn the great flocks of butterflies begin t0 fly south. Many of these are ones which grew that summer, So they are making the journey south for the first time. It is these butterflies which roost in the trees and pass the winter there, to fly north again in the spring. ‘Many tropical butterflies are seen flying in flocks over the countryside. If they come to a house, they will fy ‘upwards on one side, over the roof and down the other side to the height at which they were flying. Then they carry on as if the house had not been there, [scieice oF ue) The wonderful js that butterfli they are not very strong, fliers. they are not just carried along with the wind as locust are, Butterflies have very often been seen actually flying against the wind. ‘Of course, if the wind is too strong they can do nothing, Instead they usually land. For many years people have known that in the auturnn many birds fly south through the passes in the mountains of the Pyrenees between France and Spain. But it wa only after the War that people also noticed that many insects were flying south as well. Because the insects were smaller they were not seen so easily, but they were there. Dragonflies, flies, butterflies and many others have been seen heading south, ‘What we wonder is, do they go north in the spring? Its very likely that they do. But because they arc small and because they are scattered, and not in flocks like birds, they have not been noticed. ‘We have no idea how insects tell the direction in which they are to go, Locusts are carried where the wind takes them. Locust hoppers on the ground are helped * by the sun to keep going along a straight line, but butter- flies really seem to be navigators. How do they do it? Well, this is another mystery about animals which has still to be solved. look as though ‘Questions: 1, What are young locusts called? 2. Can butterflies fly against the wind? 3. Where was the southward migration of insects noticed in Europe? Answers on page 427.FEET Next TIME you run along the side of your favourite swimming pool, stop for a moment and look at the wet marks that your feet make. ‘You will see that part of the soles of your feet does not touch the ground at all. This is because the bones in hhuman feet do not just le side by side. They are arranged inthe form of an arch, as you can seein the picture above. ‘The bone at the top of the arch is called the ‘alus, which is the Latin word for the ankle. It is a very im- portant bone fr it takes all the weight carried by the foot. “The great advantage of an arched foot is that the weight of the body is spread over all of the foot instead of over just the lite bit which lies under the talus. Even so, the ball, or front part of the foot, and the heel have to stand a lot of pressure, To help them do this the skin there is very thick. Just examine the skin ‘over your own heels for a moment, and you will quickly see that this is so. People who go about barefoot have skin on their heels which is even thicker than that of people who wear shoes. Perhaps you have a cat or a dog which willie stil for few minutes while you examine one of its hind feet. If you have, you will see that in these animals the weight is carried on little pads just behind the claws. Did you notice, however, that there isn’t a pad at the back of the foot in the place where the heel is? ‘The reason for this 4s that cas and dogs walk all the time on tip-to, as it vwere. Their “heels” do not touch the ground. You can sce how this isin the picture of the skeleton of a cat's hind leg and foo. 416 ‘Cats and dogs are not the only animals which walk on their toes like this. Horses, sheep, goats, pigs, cows, and deer all walk in this way. All of these animals are lucky because they have hooves to carry their weight. These hooves are often very large, but in fact they are very ‘much like the claws of the cat and the nails on human All are made of the same kind of horny stuff that your ils are made of. It is called keratin. Horses’ hooves are quite strong enough for walking and galloping when the animals are in the fields, But they soon become worn down on hard roads. This is why the owners of horses often give their animals shoes made of iron. Great care is taken in fitting these shoes, for an illeshod horse soon becomes a lame horse. ‘This is true rot only of horses, but of children also. That is why shoes for humans should always be chosen and fitted wi reat care. Question 1. Why is an arched foot an advantage? 2. What are nails, claws and hooves alt ‘made of? 3: Why is it neces to shoe hones” 4. What is the correct name for the ankle bone? Answers on page 427.You KNOW that we usually measure area in square inches, square feet or square yards. ‘These are the “standard” units. Everybody knows what they mean. But we could ‘use any square unit to measure area. Look at this draw- ing of a floor. ‘The tile is a square, but it is not one of the standard units for measuring area, [WATHEWATICS] Its area in 9-inch square tiles is 8 «432 square tiles. Now the artist has drawn the same floor divided into square feet. We can also say that the area of the floor is 6x3~18 square feet. OF course, we could also give the area in square yards. Can you say what the area of the floor is-in square yards? Wel, itis not very difficult! The floor measures 2 yards by T yard, so the area is 2x 1=2 square yards. eis very important to realise that these three ways of stating the area of the floor make no difference to the size of it, The area does not change. See if you can draw a floor covered with 9-inch square tiles and then write dovn its area in chee different ways. ‘We are now going to use another square unit to measure area, ‘This time we shall use small squares like the ones ‘one sometimes sees in exercise books at school. ‘At the top of the next column is part of a circle drawn on squared paper. You can also see the dot which marks the centre of the circle. This is where the compass point was placed when the curve was drawn. ‘On the right we have joined the ends of the parts of the circle to the centre with red and yellow lines. We have enclosed a quarter of the area of a circle ‘What else do we know? Well, one important thing is that cach of the straight lines is the radius of the circle. We also know how long the radius is. Its length is equal to 7 units. Each unit is the side of one of the small squares fon the paper. “To find the area of this quarter of a circle the easiest thing to do is to count the small squares. We will use these as the square units. Can you do this? It is more difficult than finding the area of any rectangle because now we have a curved line. "You must look carefully at the fractions of the squares that are cut by the curve. One good way to count the squares isto think of the area as columns. ‘The drawing below shows you what this means, The arca is now divided into coloured strips. You will find it easy to fount the whole squares in cach strip and you can then tstimate the fraction of the square at the top. Keep a pencil and paper near you to make a record as you work. ‘When you have counted the squares in each strip the total will give you the area measured in these small units. But this is the area of a quarter of a circle. To find the aea of the whole circle we must multiply by four. “The area of any circle is related to its radius, Draw a few circles on squared paper and see if you can find cout about this. Talk it over with your friends,Conversations You witt all know that the bigger of the two animals in the picture is a chimpanzee, but perhaps you do not know that the smaller is a pigmy bushbaby There are many kinds of bushbabies: this one is the smallest of them all~ the pigmy, ‘The chimpanzee is called Joja. Can you think of a Suitable name for the bushbaby? This is the firs time that they have seen each other, and there they are gti at each other in surprise. Let's pretend that they are talking to each other “What's your name?" the bushbaby asked The chinpancee answered, “My name is aja. W yours?™ The bushbaby said,“ haven't got a name, Yi Loe never seen an animal like you befor strong?” “Gorillas are bigger than I am and they're stronger, 100," Jaja replied. In this conversation, you are told who is speaking cither at the beginning or at the end ofeach speech for exampl, The busbaby said"... < Foja replied. But a writer will often give more vaticly to 2 con versation and tell you who is speaking by interrupting the spezch, For example, “I haven't got a name,” the bush baby said, “You are big. I've never seen an animal like you before. Are you very strong? Notice that when he does this he has to close the speech ‘marks after “name” and open them again before "You" For practice, try writing the second specch in this way «+ the chimpansee answered Perhaps you can now invent a long convcration be tween Jaja and the pigmy bushbaby. If you wo, ty to ‘make the way you write the conversation as varied Possible, as suggested abov When you are telling a story, you only use conversation here and there init ware bi Are you veryThe boy in the picture above is called Sam. We wonder + how he got into such a mess? Isn't that a lovely black eye? His mother, Mrs. James, is very angry indeed. ‘That was @ new pair of trousers only lst week ~ and look at them now! You have alreacy had lots of practice in writing des- criptions and telling stories. Why not try telling the story of the picture? ‘You could begin with a vivid description of Sam and his mother. Then could come the scene between them. Mrs, James would be very angry and hurl questions at her son. Sam would try evading the questions, but Mrs. James would give him no rest until he had told her all, that had happened. We can think of a very good end to the story. Can you? ‘Such a story would be fun to tell and would give you valuable practice in writing description and speech. Revise and polish it, remembering the spelling as well as such points as using fresh and lively words. Then you ‘may wish to put it into My Book of Writing and illustrate it, When people are talking to exch other, they usually join certain pairs of words together because they then become easier to say. For example, we don't usually say, “They are going as well” Instead, we say, “They'te going as well.” Here we have joined they and are together, and the * shows thatthe letter a has been mis These joined or shortened forms of the words are often misspelt, 0 here is a list of some of them. (You could ‘copy any that you were not sure of into your Spelling Notebook.) L will becomes T'l You will becomes You'll Lam becomes I'm | You are becomes You're He is becomes He's He will becomes He'll ‘She is becomes She's. She will Becomes She'll eis becomes It’s t will Becomes Iv'll We are becomes We're We will becomes We'll They are becomes They're They will becomes They'll I would becomes I'd You would becomes You'd He would becomes He'd ‘She would becomes She" It would becomes Id We would becomes We'd They would becomes They'd ‘Theres becomes There's; There will becomes There'll Here is becomes Here's | Is not becomes Isn't; Will not becomes Won't t Do not becomes Don't Did not becomes Didn't Perhaps you would now like to test yourself? Cover up the shortened forms of the pairs of words in the blue panel. Ready? First say, then write, the following sentences, using the ‘correct shortened forms. (Not ll of them are in the panel.) “Tes true, we are all going!” “She is going as well, is not that so?” “Yes, that isso. Tt is all agreed.” “There is a very special reason which I will tell you later. They would laugh if I told you now.” “So that is why you will not tell me. It is not fair.” “Do not say that, please!” “But why did not you tell me?” 49In Tum twilight land of myth and legend, where the Immortals still walked visible among men, and anything might happen, there lived a Greck King called Peleus. ‘After many adventures, he fell in love with the sea-nymph ‘Thetis. Thetis was a water-fairy who had the power of changing her shape. Peleus was in despair, for he was certain that Thetis the Immortal would never marry an ordinary man- even a Hero such as himself, who had won fume already by sailing with Jason on the quest of the Golden Fleece. [But Peleus had a strange friend who had been his tutor. This friend was Chiron the Centaur who had the legs and body of a horse, but above that the body, arms and hhead of a man. All the Centaurs were wise, for they lived to a great age; but Chiron was the wisest of all, since he was immortal. So Peleus went to ask his advice, and Chiron ‘20 “You must dig a hole in the sand on the sea-shore in the place which I shall show you. Then you must hide in the hhole with a great bunch of sea-weed over your head. When the beautiful Thetis comes out of the sea you must leap up and catch hold of her. Then she will change into many strange shapes, but you must never loose your grip. ‘When at last she becomes herself again, you must ask her to marry you, And I do not think that she will refuse.” Peleus did as Chiron advised, and hid himself in the sand. Presently Thetis came up out of the waves with the other sea-nymphs, or Nercids. They began to dance and play ball on the shore. When Thetis was near enough, Peleus sprang out of his hiding-place and caught het tightly in his arms. ‘The other Nereids fled shricking back into the sea, bbut Thetis could not follow them. Instead she turned ito a great hissing snake: but Peleus never loosened his grip. Next she became a savage lion, and then a tiny bird. And after that she became a flame of fire, then a spring of water, and then a tall ee. Suill Peleus held on, and Thetis in a final attempt to escape became a slippery cuttle-ish called a Sepia. ‘This was her last disguise. As Peleus still clasped herfirmly, she returned to her own beautiful form and admitted defeat. But the place where she was caught has been called Cape Sepias ever since, after her last attempt at changing shape. When he held the lovely nymph in his arms once more, Peleus begged her to marry him. She would still have refused, since he was only a mortal. But Zeus, King of the Immortals, who had been watching from Mount Olympus, sent his son, the messenger Hermes. Down, swift as a flash of quick-silver, came Hermes (whom the Romans called Mercury). He said: “Fair Thetis, it is the will of Father Zeus that you marry Peleus. Zeus himself and the other Immortals will come to your wedding-feast. And he promises that you will have a son called Achilles who will be the most famous of all the Heroes who shall fight at Troy.” ‘The banquet was held in Chiron’s cave on Mount Pelion. Hephaestus, the me smith ofthe gods, who made the thunderbolts for Zeus, lit the cave with a wondrous fire that harmed nobody. Golden tables and cups were ._ brought from Olympus, and Hebe, who waited on the Immortals, poured out the sweet Nectar, the wine of the gods. Apollo, master of music, played sweetly on his golden lyre. The Nine Muses, the maidens who inspire ‘men with the arts of music and poetry and literature, sang songs of heavenly beauty. Great Zeus and his wife, the queenly Hera, sat at the head of the table, and all the Immortals were there ~ except one, who had been forgotten. Her name was Eris, which means “Strife” or “Discord”, and she arrived suddenly just when the wedding gifts were being given. “Here is my gift!” she cried, laughing spitefully. ‘And she threw a golden apple on to the table, and went away chuckling to herself. On the Apple of Discord were written the words “For the Fairest.” ‘As soon as the Immortals saw these words, a quarrel broke out among three of them. “That is for me,” said Hera. “Am I not the wife of Zeus? It is mine by right!” “Not s0,” interrupted Athena. “It must be for me. I am the Goddess of Wisdom, and so I can prove that it is mine!” You are both wrong,” murmured Aphrodite, ‘To whom can it belong but to me? For I am the Goddess of Beauty.” “This matter cannot be judged here,” said Zeus sravely, “A mortal must decide, In a little while Hermes shall lead you to Mount Ida near the city of Troy, and there the herdsman Paris shall judge between you. And from his judgment shall come great and terrible deeds that shall live forall time. But now let Hebe fill the cups ‘once more, and we will rink to the bride and bridegroom.” ‘And so the wedding-feast of Peleus and Thetis ended. Next week you will read about the Judgment of Paris[SCiENE OF SPACE] ‘NEARLY ALL the planets in the solar system have moons circling around them. Jupiter has as many as eleven ‘moons of its own, But our own earth has only one, the ‘moon. These moons are called satellites. They always keep near to their own planet and never go off into space. ‘They just go round and round the planet. ‘The earth has only one real moon, but it also now has about 50 other satellites. These are man-made moons, ‘They are not as far away from the earth as the real moon or nearly as big. Scientists have made them and sent them up to circle around the earth, so that they can learn about the science of space near the earth. ‘The first man-made moon was sent up from the earth over five years ago. It was called Sputnik I by the scien- tists who made it, and it was fired from the earth by rockets. Some people say that when this happened, it was the beginning of the Space Age. Sputnik had to be fired off very fast to escape the pull of gravity. But not so fast that it escaped into outer space completely. Scientists were able to follow it, as it went round and round the earth, even though it was not very big and was difficult to see. They did this by listening for its bleep. This was the radio noise it made as it travelled round the earth Most of the’ satellites so far fired into space were full of instruments to take scientific measurements, But some satellites have now been used to do other things as well. They are now used to send television pictures from America over to Europe. Because of this, the first of these satellites was called Telstar. One day, similar satellites will be used to send television pictures all the way round the world. A Telstar satellite receives the faint television signals from one country. them louder: ow Telstar going up om its rocket The first spaceships were built to take animals only. A do sent up, and then to 1 When the monkeys came back t « hey were even aske questions by _newspapermen The scientists had to help them with their answers of course: ‘Then the spaceships were made bigger and heavier. The great day came at last when the first spaceman was fired off. This day was April 12th, 1961 ~ less than two years ago. of the most exciting and thrilling achievements ever. Man was able to explore space for the first time himself, ‘The space~ ‘man went round and round the earth in his spaceship and then landed safely by parachute. ‘Since that day, several space- ‘men have travelled around the earth, hundreds of miles above its surface. They have seen what the earth looks like from outer space. They have learnt a Tot about travelling in space. [Now scientists plan to send a spaceship to esca the earth completely that will take a man to the moon, the man-made moons have made this new advencure in space travel possible, It was one © from They plan to build a spaceship The experiments withOsygen atoms go about in pairs. Two atoms of hydrogen ‘with one atom of oxygen ‘make a water molecule. Ir You Took a large piece of metal such as copper and started to file it down, how long do you think it would take you to file it all away? It would certainly take a very long time. If you held something underneath, you could collect all the filings. How many do you think there would be? Far too many to count, of course. Suppose you took just one of the filings you had made. Te would only be about the size of the full stop at the end of this sentence. In fact you would need a magnify- ing glass to sce it very clearly. But if you held it care~ fully with tweezers, you might be able to use a small file and file some of it down still more. You would then have a small pile of specks of copper dust. Scientists think that if you could go on fling down a piece of copper, in the end you would get the tiniest speck of copper possible. Do you know what scientists call this? They call it an atom. ‘No one has ever seen a single atom because itis much too small. A filed speck has about ten thousand million atoms of copper in it. Itis difficult to imagine as large number as this. But think how many more there must be in a large piece of copper! “The word atom means “cannot be divided”. An atom The world’s frst atomic-powered surface ship. Iti the Russian ice-breaker Tenin, Here you seit etn it ay through ice eight feet thick. in ‘can stay af sea for a year and a half without refuelling. (SCIENCE OF MATTER] of copper cannot be divided ‘up to make still tinier specks of copper. All substances have atoms, They are the building bricks of matter. While houses are built up from bricks, mat- ter is built up from atoms, ‘AL atoms of copper are exactly alike. But they are different from the atoms of other substances. An atom of iron, an atom of lead, and an atom of copper are all differ- cent, even though these are all metals. Sometimes atoms go about in pairs, or even in threes or fours. When this happens the group of atoms is called a ‘molecule, Molecules are groups of atoms joined together. The {gas oxygen is made up of mole cules, All the atoms of oxygen {g0 about in pairs, instead of by themselves. ‘Sometimes an atom of one substance joins up with an atom of another substance to make a molecule. Water is like this, Water is made up of molecules. Each molecule of water has two atoms of hydrogen joined to one atom of oxygen. ‘A few weeks ago we learnt how different substances, ‘when put together, sometimes make compounds and some- times mixtures. Well, atoms or molecules help us to understand the difference. In compounds, atoms or mole- ‘cules of one substance are joined with those of other sub- stances as in water, In mixtures, atoms or molecules of different substances are not joined to one another. ‘They are merely mixed up ~ as in air. Scientists have now learnt to use the atoms and mole~ ‘cules from which matter is built, Because of this we often say we live in the Atomic Age. It is one of the most exciting ages in history.Texture painting Sour OF the pictures psited todry have very thick paint, Tt sect to be pled on in great lumps Artis tho do this are ying fo imitate the lok and fel ofthe things they se ‘Often printings done lke this can be very bright and sich, They are fl of lif and action, But most of all they are great fun to do, Tr wil be 20 good tying to we your watercolour tox. You will need either cil paints or poner colours out of «tube or pot. You must havea bg fat plete to mix on. It you dn’ havea special on, it is quite casy to ake one from pics of an old tea chest If You are going to use it for alt fit, give it a rub over with some linseed ol and then lav it for two three “4 days to dry. This will stop the colours sinking in, If you want it for poster colour, give the piece of wood a coat of household paint. Now, what are you going to use to put the colour on with? ‘Well, the brushes you used for oils will be all right, But there are two other things as well: an old knife with a soft blade and a special trowel-shaped painting knife if you can get one. And, for almost noth- ing, you can make other tools yourself: pieces of stiff cardboard notched into a kind of rough comb; other pieces cut as points, angles and flat shapes, Finally, before you start, what are you going to paint on? Ordinary paper will not be strong enough to bear the load of paint. It will stretch and buckle. ‘Cardboard is much better. Lids and bottoms from old boxes will do To help the cardboard take the colour better, first give it 4 coat of houschold paint. This will stop the colour sinking in and make it go farther. This is an important Point as you will be using enough colour as itis. Before you choose your first subject itis a good ideato try out different strokes and effects on some spare scraps of cardboard, With texture painting, the idea is that you try to imitate the fee! of the thing being painted. So, if it is long grass in a field, put some of the right green on to the cardboard with the knife. Then with the piece of notched board draw several strokes at slightly different angles through the paint. What happens? At once you have made some exciting marks. The colour piles up into ridges. A little of the white card shows through and this helps the effect. Those big bubbly clouds can be tried by using cither the painting trowel or a flat piece of card. Experiment by yourself. ‘Now what is the best subject on which to start? You should pick one that has a lot of rough things in it. Let’s try a landscape that has a field right in the front, and little way back an old ruined shed. Behind this there is a small pond with some ducks. The rest of the field stretches away to distant hills, Behind them there is a fine bold sky with some large bumpy clouds. Do not forget that it is the sky which you must do first. One thing to remember in texture painting is that you want plenty of variety in the ways that you put on the paint. If you just go on using the same strokes all over the picture, it will be very dull indeed. So, put the blue of the sky on with a broad piece of card cut to a flat edge so that the colour is fairly flat. Then, when you come to the clouds you can put them in with thick swirling strokes of the painting knife. They will really stand out. ‘The distant hills are rather low and flow across the horizon. As with the sky, keep the colour here fairly flat. They will also be rather blue hills as they are a long way back in the picture, When you come to the old ruined hut, you can have a lot of fun. Use thick brush strokes with bright yellows and warm browns for the old rafters sticking out of the roof. The few tiles that remain can be put in with the flat brush. ‘The stone work should be done with a knife (ora piece of flat card. Be careful to avoid making it dull. “Alter the colour slightly for each stone, and with a brush~ end scratch in the divisions between the blocks. In this way you will make an interesting effect. The old door with its rough yellow paint should be put in with down ward strokes from one of your pieces of card. ‘The surface of the pond should be smooth like the sky, to give contrast, Put in the ducks either with a knife of, if you feel more confident with a brush, use this. Now to give the idea that the ducks are moving, with a brush end make small curving lines behind them as though the water is rippling. ‘All that is left now is the grass. The colour will grow brighter as it comes towards you. Mix it up from blue and yellow, then spread it over the field with a knife. Lastly with your piece of notched cardboard scratch litle strokes into the colour. ‘The nearer they come to the foreground the longer they should be. ‘These are only a few ways that you can work on the paint with some tools. Experiment for yourself. Below are some of the things you can use in texture painting, and some of the effects you tan get.A letter from LONDON Dear Readers, Now that we are up to FINDING OUT 18 you will find that you have 432 pages in your binder or binders. This is quite a lot ‘of FINDING OUT material. Pethaps you are now finding, as I am, that it is becoming ‘more dificult to refer back to articles or subjects which you want to look up. So we need an index. Tt has been decided that we will include fan index with issue number 24. With the index you will be able to find anything you ‘want in the 576 pages you will then have. A Finding Out Manasing Bair: Norman Marshall Ektor Join Paton ‘Asstt Edtr: Pat Scholl, B.A. ‘are Editor: Rahard Hook Gonaulant Editors: John Chancellor, MA.s "Norman Fisher, HA Contributors ‘Swan Ault MA. Dr. Jol Carthy, M.A. PhD. Bris Placher, MA fo Mils, RDS. FRSA. ae Milne, BA Subscriptions You can obiain FINDING OUT on subsription fecserecore cee See eceat ‘The price of $2 copies of FINDING oe en et mos 5, it The price of 26 wecly cope of msoixe oor is Et to.0 Goch ponage ond Pon shld bes: Finding Out, Gu) Hoss, Portman Sty London Wt, Bo "Bak mor con ae be obisinad from the aioae addr at S16 oath Bnd ope fvailtle at f= and ts[a. Add postage and packing 26 new index will be included after every 24 issues of FINDING OUT. Painting competition Entries for our big painting competition are now stacked in great ples all over John Mills’ house. And they are still coming in from all over the world. I hope you are all wearing your free badges. I must remind overseas readers, especially those of you in Australia and New Zealand, that the closing date for the competition is May 31st. It takes a long time for your cetries to reach us by sea, so please don't leave it too late. Your letters Many of your leters tell us all kinds of interesting things about your home towns ‘and countries. “Since we have an article about New Zealand in this issue we thought it would be a good idea to print a letter from fone of our readers in that country. We chose ‘one from Sylvia Heller, who lives on a New Zealand farm. A prize of £2 will reach you soon, Sylvia, John Leyshon of Essendon, Australia, gets to] for his letter. ‘THE EDITOR Your letters Dear Editor, T enjoy reading mpixo ovr very much and would like you to know something about ts in New Zealand. Tiiveon a farm with my father, mother, sister and brother, On the farm we have 96 Sheep and each day we go round the sheep to see that they are all right. We have race lambs this year, too. Also’on the farm we have two race heres, 18 ming cows, which Thelp Dad milky wo bull and seven small calves, My brother, sister and 1 cach took 2 calf 10 the Seaward Downs School Calf Gib. There were 21 other eaves there foo ‘My father works in cheese factory snd 1 lke going down to watch the men make Painting competition rules 1. The work submited must be your ct, ‘ampleted within the Tat three months, 2 Ye may tue any medio exp 3. Paper’ sise—not smaller than 15 inches by 14 inches and not bigger tha 25 inches by 20 face, ° 4. Your age, name and schoo! address smust be clearly marked on the back of pe pce bs 5. You may dheose your sujet from am of the flloing? a ‘A Journey tothe Moon Air Travel Sports and Gomes Wildor Pet Animals ‘Ships and the Sea Any other subject 6. Emtec must bo sono Me John Mills P.O. Box. 10, Barnstaple, Devon, England. They mua not ke tent tote Hivpine ob of 7. Enclose a amped envelope addresed gan i taro conptios reales thal send Waeoeeat Reply Coupon ‘instead of puting a s. Satan te eine pening date: "Famtry 75 196 losing date: May 31, 1963.” "9° 9 Rage amon A tril. The lection is final and corres. Pondence cannot beentered into. it the pictures cil romain the propos and capri of the pubs of the cheese, First they start off with fresh silk in long vats. Then they mix this milk with “starter” milk to begin the cheese~ ‘making, When itis let for a while it looks like junket. After dinner they put the junket in small steel boxes to press the water out ‘They leave the blocks of cheeses overnight ‘and in the morning they wrap them and send them over to England. ‘Then they start all over again. Our school is a two-roomed school, My hobbies are helping Dad with the cows and showing the animals at shows. ‘The games 1 ike playing best with my friends are Hide-and-go-seek and Candle Stick. Syleia Hellyer, No. 1 R.D» Edendals, ‘Southland, ‘New Zealand,Dear Editor, 'HNDING tr costs a, Gout here, but it s well worth 5s. T am going to yet them all, There isn't a thing about rispine ott T ke best is all $0 good T like every bt Live in Essendon, a suburb of Melbourne There are alot of trees in our front garden, nthe back are a few fruit trees and behind ellis fence I am keeping 28 fowls. I ove fowls very much and feed them every lay. T charge Mums. a dozen all year ound for the eggs, and I pay for the food or them. Another hobby is making models nd trays out of matchsticks My school is two miles away, and I get here by riding a bike. We have a pet dog alled “Panda”. She is a cross between & order collie and a cocker spaniel. She is ack and white and is a beaut barker. My avourite sport is Australian rules football My favourite book is King Arthur and the Snights of the Round Table. ot Leyshon, 48 Roberts Street, Essendon W.5, Actoria, Australia. Answers to Questions Page 413—Quiz Page: 1. (¢); 2. (4); 3- (d)5, 4 (8 5. @)s 6 Os 7. Os 8 B59. 05 To. (@) sheep; (6) pigst (© cate; (8) dee. 1 (3) eabblers; (b) plumbers; (6) under takerss (@) glazier. 12 (a) Australia; (b) ‘Tibet; (c) Peru; (d) North America. 13. (a) Christopher ‘Columbus; (b) ‘Sir Francis Brake; (@) Horatio Nelson; ay) Capra Bligh.” 1g (a) rugby football; (&) tenn; (0 polos (chess. 15. (a) kittens (b) Jambs; (©) cubs; (a) chickens. Page gt5—tnsct travellers: 1. Hoppers. 2 ‘Yee if the wind is ot too strong. 9 In the Page 416—Fect: 1. 1 spreads the weight of the bady over the whole foot. 2 They are ‘ima of keratin 3. Hore’ hooves wear got on aed oud The tag aeStelien® 1, Sputnik 1. 2, By tg nlite ie Telhiae” 3A dg, i—Puese Shapes “AVeB. {Puget Gora v. 128; J=X; N=W; R=U, Page 429—The story of Cairo: 1. Because (Clues Across word for “therefore”. Clues Down. Gowed. 6. fbn oe Across: 1. Butter. 26. South-south-east (abbreviation). clothes in these when we travel fe” is to “us” as “1 ‘Answers to last week's crossword. 4. He. 6. Pig. 7. Son, 9, Is. 10. Kitchen. 14. EL. 15. AWM. 16. Starde. 19, At. 20. All. 21. Dry. 22. O.M. 23. Stakes. Down: 1. Basket. 2. Tent. 3. Each, 4. His. 5. E.G. 6, Pin. 8 Oil 1 Cat, 12, Ear. 13, Smells. 15. All. 16, Sty. 17. Aunt. 18.Talk. 19. Arm. saw that it was a good place from which to tule the Nile dela. 2. It means ‘The Victorious”, from the Arabic “ Al-Qahira”. 3. The Sphinx and the pyramids. Page 431—New Zealand: 1. North Island. 2. Auralia, 3, Because the native New Zealand grass did not farten the lambs. Scorpio te Scorpion 23rd Oct.- 2151 No Crossword Puzzle 1, Expects. Opposite of “No”, 6, Word used to describe wite or act with holes iit A Beau flower with 2 swet sel fr en A Tonal : 15. Exclamation of sorrow or suprise. 1s. Old vay of saying “yas 16. Royal Engineers (abbreviadon), 1.440 quare yards make one 21. East Africa (abbreviation D Nodla a ta 10. Another 1. A peach and .. 0 22, Not wild or fierce. 24. Weapons ot 27. We usually carry 1. Opposite of “cold”. 2, Another word for “harbour”. 3. The same as ‘Across. 4. A short piece of writing about a particular subject. $ « Jack in the street yesterds} 8. Either this ». chat. 9. Same as To Across, 13. Surfaces. 14, Receives sound through the ars. 17. Auxiliary Territorial Service (abbreviation). 18, Chartered ‘Accountant (abbreviation), 19. Royal Marines (abbreviation). 20, Long slippery fishes which Jook li 23, Another word for a donkey. ito... °7Haas aoter tf sone or eae two want penstiend "After cath name you will find the addres, the age, andthe person's hobbies, The leer oF leters, in rackets tells you the Country or counirics in which the’ Boy oF furl would like apenfrend. Here i the Ende for these lete: = Australia) Indi (AD = Area (Mal) = Malta (©) = Ceylon (Mau) — Mauritius (G)_ = Ghana (NZ). = New Zealand (HK) = Hong Kong (R) = Rhodesia Susan Moss, 52 William Street, Ystead, Pentre, Rhondda, Wales. Age 11, Stamps, forcign dolls. (A, NZ). Marilyn Simmonds, g Lilac Place, Yiewsley, Middlesex. Age 11 ‘Swimming, needlework. (A). Helen Soloman, 126 South Road, Erdington, Birmingham 33. Age 9. Reading, nature. (I). Mervyn Taylor, §2 Cabell Road, Park Barn Est, Guildford, Surrey. Age 12, Footbal, cricket, woodwork. (HK). “Melody Wigston, 38 Holywell “Road, " Watford, Hertfordshit. ‘Age 15. Reading, records, stamps. (A). Christine Tutton, 83 Cromwell Road, Hayes End, Middlesex. Age 14. Riding, drawing, pets. (Mal, NZ). Wendy Wildgoote, 60 Main Pen-friends Street, Stapenhill, Burton-on-Trent, Staf= fordshire. Age 10. Sewing, reading, tennis (A). Ronald’ Grifieh, 9° Fiynnon Dews, Llanjacs, Brecon, Wales, Age To. Stamps, art (A), Linda Burden, Flat 1, 66 Church Street, Weybridge, Surrey. Age 9. Cooking, art, ballet. (A). Christine Mayy 40 Harvey Road, Hornsey, London, NB. Age T2. Coins, stamps foreign things, (A, A). Elaine Gibb, 1 Rnowehead, Kiriemuir, Angus, Scot. fand. Age 11, General. (A). Sheila Cra 33 Knowehead,Kirriemulr, Angus, Scodand ‘Age 11, General. (A). Timothy Norrin, West- leigh, Caste Stret, Warminster, Wiltshire, Age 11. Football. (NZ). Lynda Keff, 24 Staplefld Close, Claremont Estate, Streat™ hham Hill, London, $.W.2. Age 11, Reading, poctry, netball. (A), an Hutchinson, Commer Cowtage, High Street, Adderbury ., Ban- bury, Oxfordshire, Age 14, Stamps, ecords, (Ar Mal). Jimmy Hicks, 4 South Cottages, Nipsbury, St. Albans, Hertfordshire. Age 9. Stamps, making’ models, swimming. (Mat) Pay Fara "ston Nes Village, Coulsdon, Surrey. Age 12, Football, drawing, swimming, (NZ), Cyrahia Keern 37 Golden Cross Lane, Cath, Brom. ove, Worcestershie” Age 9. Balle Brownies, singing. (A). Catherine Suton, Walton House, 37 Victoria Road, Penarth, Wales. Age 8. Stamps, gardening, Brownies. (A). E. Warman, i0 Thanet Gardens, Folkestone, Kent.” Age 11-12, Reading, stamps, science. (I, Mal, Mau). Barbara ‘Sketch, 37 Fellows Road, Farnborough, Hampshite, Age'13. Swimming, cycling, reading. (Ay NZ). Judy. Etheride, 38 Behdown Road, Boser Gree, : Surrey. Age 14, Stamps, art, records (NZ. Jean. Brosegvc, 12° Hazel ‘Road, Nor Ollerton, Newark, Nott. Age 9. Piano, sewing, dancing. (A). Joan Chandler, "9 Gowan Avenue, Fulhars, London, 5.6 Age 15, Animals, drawing, painting. (C. NZ), “Patrick Witty, 127, Peabody Rood, Famborough, Hampshire. Age 9. Footbal, (A). Richard Tomlinon, 1 Kensington Laney, Douglas, LO.M. Age’ 9, Model. making (Mal). Linda Baily 33 Homestall, Guild: ford, Surrey. Age 9. Riding, nature study (NZ). Tena Abtort, 23 Robin Roady Ercins- fon, Birmingham, 35, Age 8. Painting, Kniting, games. (C). Karen Parker, 96 Lee Moor Rosd, Stanley, Nev Wakefield, York- shire. Age’ 8, Riding, dravsing.” (NZ). Jacqueline Milt, 70 Field, Dagenham, Essex. Age 11.” Netball, reading, animals. (Af). John Croney, 124 Ravenscroft Road, Canniag “Town, London, E16. Age 14, Stamps, fishing, dancing. (A, Gy 8). Below are 24 shapes. Each shape is the same as one other. Can you match the pairs? Anstoers on page 427» CAIRO Te riven Nite is one of the longest rivers in the world. It flows for 4000 miles from Lake Victoria in the heart of rica to the Mediterranean Sea. Fifty miles before it reaches the sea, the great river splits into many branches. These branches form the muddy delta of the Nile. ‘The city of Cairo, the capital of Egypt, is built on the banks of the Nile, just above the delta, The Romans made the first setuement at Cairo. They conquered the rich and ancient land of Egypt nearly 2000 years ago. ‘They built fortresses there for their soldiers to live in. They chose the site of Cairo because they ‘saw that it was a good place from which to rule the delta part of Egypt. ‘They called their fort Egyptian Babylon, after the ancient city of Babylon in Persia, In the year 61, Arab armies swept into Egypt, led by Amr Ibn el-A’as. ‘They captured Egyptian Babylon and drove the Romans out of Egypt. They brought with them the new religion of Islam. ‘Amr set up his camp of tents close by the Roman fort. When the time came to strike camp, Amr discovered that a dove had made her nest on one of the tents. Rather than disturb the nesting bird, Amr made the camp his, headquarters. It grew to be his capital city. The city was called Al-Fustat, which meant “ City of Tents” TOWNS AND CITIES Three hundred years later, in the Arab armies conquered Egypt. ‘The 1 Caliph, built es close by a walled city for his palaces and army b Al-Fustat, This city was called Al-Qal the Victorious”. Al-Qahira took its name from Arabie word for the planet Mars. When people in E learned the new name for the city, they changed the easier word Cairo. In the year 1171, the great Saladin conquered Egypt He was the fierce and clever leader of the Saracens. King Richard the Lion-Heart of England fought against him the Crusades in the Holy Land. Saladin built a wall all round all the eatlier cites of Cairo, joining them fone large capital city. He also built the walls of the Citadel which still tower above the city {As Cairo grew through the centuries, new and beautiful buildings were added to the city. The most important were the moigues the churches of the Islam religion. ‘The mosques have sparkling white domes and tal, slender towers, called minarets. Today three and a half million people live in Cairo. ‘The city is a fascinating mixture of old and new. ‘The ancient Citadel of Saladin and the graceful mosques stand side by side with modern blocks of flats, offices and luxury hotels for tourists. Half-an-hour’s drive takes sight-seers to the pyramids, guarded by the great Sphinx. The pyramids were already tooo years old when the Romans first built their fort at Cairo. The Great Pyramid and the Sphinx,[GEocRaPHY) New zeatanp is very nearly opposite Britain on the other side of the world, But itis rather farther from the South Pole than Britain is from the North Pole. Can you ‘answer these questions? Is the north of Scotland or the south of England nearer a Pole? Is the North Island or the South Island in New Zealand nearer a Pole? New Zealand is also much farther away from any other Jand than Britain, If you stand on the west coast of the British Isles there is nothing but 2000 miles of ocean between you and North America. But if you stand on the east coast of New Zealand there is nothing but 6000 ailes of ocean between you and South America. It is a different story, however, if you cross to the other ‘coasts of Britain and New Zealand. For in Britain you ‘ean stand on the east coast on the clifls at Dover and actually see the continent of Europe only 20 miles away. But the west coast of New Zealand has more than 1200 miles of ocean separating it from the continent of Aus- tralia. We can sum this up by saying that the British Isles are two big islands with ocean on one side only. ‘New Zealand is two big islands with ocean all round them. ‘We have now found out two things about how different ‘New Zealand is from Britain. Do these two things matter much? ‘They certainly do if you like to live in a warmer climate than Britain's. For all New Zealand ~ except in the high mountains or Alps~is warmer than Britain, especially in winter. People who live in Auckland, New Zealand’s largest town, never need worry about icy roads or frozen water pipes. The thermometer there never quite drops to freezing point. So New Zealanders have to spend less ‘money on heating their houses in winter than the British, ‘Any New Zealander, however, can tell you that the slightly warmer winters gives New Zealand an even more important advantage over Britain, The warmer winters ‘mean that grass grows all the year round there. Tt goes on ‘growing even in the coldest months. And so New Zealanders can leave cows out in the fields all through the winter. They do not have to give them cattle feed, as British farmers do, when the grass stops growing. If you do not live on a farm you may not think it is very important to know whether grass is growing or not. But every New Zealander knows it is important, for the prosperity of the country has been made by keeping cattle and sheep and selling their products to Britain. In Britain there are two people for every single sheep, and four people for every cow or bullock. But in New Zea- land there are nearly three times as many cows as people, ‘and twenty times as many sheep as there are people! 430 Wettington ‘The biggest single thing that New Zealand sells abroad, ot exports, is wool from her 47 million sheep. One-third of the value of New Zealand’s exports is wool. Australia is the only country in the world that sells more. ‘There are, of course, some woollen mills and clothes factories in New Zealand, but it is Britain and Western Europe that take most of the wool and make it worth while to keep 80 many sheep. Sheep also provide meat as well as wool, and New Zealand mutton is as important to Britain as New Zealand wool. Have you ever heard of Canterbury lamb? If'so, look at the map and find the Canterbury Plains where it comes from, twelve thousand miles from Brit ‘New Zealand exports more mutton and lamb than beef, bbut put together, her exports of meat make up a quarter of all the money New Zealanders carn by selling to other countries. And yet another quarter comes from her cattle 100, in the form of butter and cheese. ‘New Zealand farmers have had to do a lot of planningiy. When the inst settlers ved in the county there were so sheep or cattle in the islands. So every sheeys and every cow in New Z land could trace back to some sheep or cow that once lived in By The settlers found that sheep did very well on the that grew wild in the islands, AL any rate they produced plenty of fine woo, Hut the na did not fatten, them into good lamb and mutton, So the New Zew wrted into their country grass seeds from, Neitain. Now most of the farmlands throughout the islands are sown and resown with gens of types that have wild there, It hi never 4109 been brought, like the de of the workd + every New Zealander i \e pronperity of the country le farmers produce, “The fou Meef catle praze on the lush New Zealan ot it farmer, ‘Aton Egmont in the distance. ‘depends on Helow: Butter-making, Nearly a to of butter biggest towns are a great churn ports, and many of their industries nf Here are some id cheese factories, saw t town is Auckland, with 450,000 people. al of the country, however, is Wellington, which ut 250,000 people. Look at the map and see if ‘The cap has you can find out why Wellington was made the capital of the country instead of larger Auckland, Questio 1. New Zealand has too big islands. Which is the warmer ~ the North Island or the South Island? 2. Which country exports more seoo! than any other country in the world? 3. Why did the New Zealanders sow grass brought from Britain? Answoers on page 427 Shearing sheep.‘The Aztecs Montezuma ruled the Aztecs when the Spaniards arrived in Mexico. He is wearing a feather cloak, and ear ‘and nose plugs of jade, Beside him is one of the priests who advised him on feligious affairs, and carried out cruel temple, The small picture shows Hernan Cortes who led a few hundred Spaniards into the heart of Montezuma’s empire, When Cortes lft, the Aztec capital city lay in ruins and Montezuma was dead. The Aztec power was broken for ever.