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Endocrine System
Endocrine System
Endocrine System
The Endocrine System
• Minor glands
• Proteins:
✓Composed of amino acid
bonded together in peptide
chains
✓Pituitary hormones,
pancreatic hormones,
parathyroid hormones and
calcitonin from the thyroid
gland
✓Intravenous, intramuscular
or subcutaneous
Hormones and Their Actions
• Steroid:
✓Lipids synthesized from
cholesterol
✓Exist as complex rings of
carbon or hydrogen atoms
✓Cortisol, cortisone,
estrogen, progesterone,
testosterone
✓Sex hormones and hormones
from adrenal cortex
✓Orall, intravenous,
intramuscular
Hormones and Their Actions
• Amines:
✓Produced from amino acids
but do not contain peptide
bonds
✓Contain carbon, hydrogen
and nitrogen and always
have an amine group (-
NH2)
✓Thyroxine from thyroid
gland, adrenaline from
adrenal gland and melatonin
from the pineal gland
✓Orall, intravenous,
Control of Hormone
Secretion
• The rate of secretion of a
particular hormone and
the rate of usage by the
target cells are closely
balanced
• Neurohypophysis releases
hormones produced by the
hypothalamus
• Cerebral hypophysis
• Adenohypophysis: 3 parts
• Neurohypophysis:
• Thyroid-stimulating hormone
(TSH) or Thyrotropin
• Adrenocorticotropic hormone
(ACTH)
• Follicle-stimulating hormone
(FSH)
• Prolactin:
• Melanocyte-stimulating
hormone (MSH)
✓Regulated by the melanocyte-
stimulating hormone releasing
factor (MRF) and melanocyte-
stimulating hormone inhibiting
factor (MIF), both from the
hypothalamus
• Oxytocin:
✓Regulated by the hypothalamus in
response to stretch in uterine
walls and stimulation of breasts
✓Stimulates contractions of
muscles in uterine wall
• Antidiuretic hormone:
✓Regulated by the hypothalamus in
response to changes in water
concentration in the blood
• Microscopically, it consists of
many spherical hollow sacs
called thyroid follicles
• Microscopically, composed of
two types of epithelial cells
• Thyroxine
✓Regulated by the hypothalamus
and release of TSH from
adenohypophysis of the pituitary
gland
✓Increases rate of protein synthesis
and rate of energy release from
carbohydrates
✓Regulates rate of growth
✓Stimulates maturity of nervous
system
Thyroid & Parathyroid
Hormones
• Triiodothyronine (T3)
✓Same as Thyroxine
Thyroid & Parathyroid
Hormones
• Calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin)
✓Regulated by calcium levels in
blood
✓Lower blood calcium by inhibiting
the release of calcium from bone
tissue
Thyroid & Parathyroid
Hormones