Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Sample Latex Paper
Sample Latex Paper
Ivar Ekeland1 , Roger Temam2 Jeffrey Dean, David Grove, Craig Chambers,
Kim B. Bruce, and Elsa Bertino
1
Princeton University, Princeton NJ 08544, USA,
I.Ekeland@princeton.edu,
WWW home page: http://users/~iekeland/web/welcome.html
2
Université de Paris-Sud, Laboratoire d’Analyse Numérique, Bâtiment 425,
F-91405 Orsay Cedex, France
ẋ = JH 0 (x)
(3)
x(0) = x(T )
has at least one solution x, which is found by minimizing the dual action func-
tional: Z T
1 −1
Λo u, u + N ∗ (−u) dt
ψ(u) = (4)
o 2
on the range of Λ, which is a subspace R(Λ)2L with finite codimension. Here
1
N (x) := H(x) − (A∞ x, x) (5)
2
is a convex function, and
1
N (x) ≤ ((B∞ − A∞ ) x, x) + c ∀x . (6)
2
Proposition 1. Assume H 0 (0) = 0 and H(0) = 0. Set:
−2
δ := lim inf 2N (x) kxk . (7)
x→0
x(t) 6= 0 ∀t . (8)
Proof. Condition (7) means that, for every δ 0 > δ, there is some ε > 0 such that
δ0 2
kxk ≤ ε ⇒ N (x) ≤ kxk . (9)
2
It is an exercise in convex analysis, into which we shall not go, to show that
this implies that there is an η > 0 such that
1 2
f kxk ≤ η ⇒ N ∗ (y) ≤ kyk . (10)
2δ 0
Fig. 1. This is the caption of the figure displaying a white eagle and a white horse on
a snow field
Hamiltonian Mechanics 3
h2 1 2 h2 1 2
ψ(hu1 ) ≤ ku1 k2 + ku1 k . (11)
2 λ 2 δ0
If we choose δ 0 close enough to δ, the quantity λ1 + δ10 will be negative, and
we end up with
ψ(hu1 ) < 0 for h 6= 0 small . (12)
On the other hand, we check directly that ψ(0) = 0. This shows that 0 cannot
be a minimizer of ψ, not even a local one. So u 6= 0 and u 6= Λ−1
o (0) = 0. t
u
If:
T T T
b∞ < −E − a∞ < ω (14)
2π 2π 2π
then minimization of ψ yields a non-constant T -periodic solution x.
We recall once more that by the integer part E[α] of α ∈ IR, we mean the
a ∈ ZZ such that a < α ≤ a + 1. For instance, if we take a∞ = 0, Corollary 2
tells us that x exists and is non-constant provided that:
T T
b∞ < 1 < (15)
2π 2π
or
2π 2π
T ∈ , . (16)
ω b∞
2π
Proof. The spectrum of Λ is T ZZ + a∞ . The largest negative eigenvalue λ is
given by 2π
T ko + a∞ , where
2π 2π
ko + a∞ < 0 ≤ (ko + 1) + a∞ . (17)
T T
Hence:
T
ko = E − a∞ . (18)
2π
The condition γ < −λ < δ now becomes:
2π
b∞ − a∞ < − ko − a∞ < ω − a∞ (19)
T
which is precisely condition (14). t
u
4 Ivar Ekeland et al.
ẋ = JH 0 (x) . (20)
iT (e
x) = 0 . (21)
Now if x
e has a lower period, T /k say, we would have, by Corollary 31:
iT (e x) ≥ kiT /k (e
x) = ikT /k (e x) + k − 1 ≥ k − 1 ≥ 1 . (22)
Notes and Comments. The results in this section are a refined version of [1]; the
minimality result of Proposition 14 was the first of its kind.
To understand the nontriviality conditions, such as the one in formula (16),
one may think of a one-parameter family xT , T ∈ 2πω −1 , 2πb−1
∞ of periodic
solutions, xT (0) = xT (T ), with xT going away to infinity when T → 2πω −1 ,
which is the period of the linearized system at 0.
Table 1. This is the example table taken out of The TEXbook, p. 246
ε 2
∀ε > 0 , ∃c : H(t, x) ≤ kxk + c . (26)
2
Assume also that H is C 2 , and H 00 (t, x) is positive definite everywhere. Then
there is a sequence xk , k ∈ IN, of kT -periodic solutions of the system
ẋ = JH 0 (t, x) (27)
such that, for every k ∈ IN, there is some po ∈ IN with:
p ≥ po ⇒ xpk 6= xk . (28)
t
u
Example 1 (External forcing). Consider the system:
ẋ = JH 0 (x) + f (t) (29)
where the Hamiltonian H is (0, b∞ )-subquadratic, and the forcing term is a
distribution on the circle:
d
with F ∈ L2 IR/T ZZ; IR2n ,
f = F + fo (30)
dt
RT
where fo := T −1 o f (t)dt. For instance,
X
f (t) = δk ξ , (31)
k∈IN
where δk is the Dirac mass at t = k and ξ ∈ IR2n is a constant, fits the pre-
scription. This means that the system ẋ = JH 0 (x) is being excited by a series
of identical shocks at interval T .
Definition 1. Let A∞ (t) and B∞ (t) be symmetric operators in IR2n , depending
continuously on t ∈ [0, T ], such that A∞ (t) ≤ B∞ (t) for all t.
A Borelian function H : [0, T ] × IR2n → IR is called (A∞ , B∞ )-subquadratic
at infinity if there exists a function N (t, x) such that:
1
H(t, x) = (A∞ (t)x, x) + N (t, x) (32)
2
∀t , N (t, x) is convex with respect to x (33)
−1
N (t, x) ≥ n (kxk) with n(s)s → +∞ as s → +∞ (34)
1
∃c ∈ IR : H(t, x) ≤ (B∞ (t)x, x) + c ∀x . (35)
2
If A∞ (t) = a∞ I and B∞ (t) = b∞ I, with a∞ ≤ b∞ ∈ IR, we shall say that
α
H is (a∞ , b∞ )-subquadratic at infinity. As an example, the function kxk , with
1 ≤ α < 2, is (0, ε)-subquadratic at infinity for every ε > 0. Similarly, the
Hamiltonian
1 2 α
H(t, x) = k kkk + kxk (36)
2
is (k, k + ε)-subquadratic for every ε > 0. Note that, if k < 0, it is not convex.
6 Ivar Ekeland et al.
Notes and Comments. The first results on subharmonics were obtained by Ra-
binowitz in [5], who showed the existence of infinitely many subharmonics both
in the subquadratic and superquadratic case, with suitable growth conditions
on H 0 . Again the duality approach enabled Clarke and Ekeland in [2] to treat
the same problem in the convex-subquadratic case, with growth conditions on
H only.
Recently, Michalek and Tarantello (see [3] and [4]) have obtained lower bound
on the number of subharmonics of period kT , based on symmetry considerations
and on pinching estimates, as in Sect. 5.2 of this article.
References
1. Smith, T.F., Waterman, M.S.: Identification of common molecular subsequences. J.
Mol. Biol. 147, 195?197 (1981). doi:10.1016/0022-2836(81)90087-5
2. May, P., Ehrlich, H.-C., Steinke, T.: ZIB structure prediction pipeline: composing a
complex biological workflow through web services. In: Nagel, W.E., Walter, W.V.,
Lehner, W. (eds.) Euro-Par 2006. LNCS, vol. 4128, pp. 1148?1158. Springer, Hei-
delberg (2006). doi:10.1007/11823285 121
3. Foster, I., Kesselman, C.: The Grid: Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastruc-
ture. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco (1999) Foster, I., Kesselman, C.: The Grid:
Blueprint for a New Computing Infrastructure. Morgan Kaufmann, San Francisco
(1999)
4. Czajkowski, K., Fitzgerald, S., Foster, I., Kesselman, C.: Grid information services
for distributed resource sharing. In: 10th IEEE International Symposium on High
Performance Distributed Computing, pp. 181?184. IEEE Press, New York (2001).
doi:10.1109/HPDC.2001.945188
5. Foster, I., Kesselman, C., Nick, J., Tuecke, S.: The physiology of the grid: an
open grid services architecture for distributed systems integration. Technical report,
Global Grid Forum (2002)
6. National Center for Biotechnology Information. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov