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Schödinger equation
1d classical statistics
Continuous: Landau Hamiltonian
Discrete: 1d Ising model
Find equivalence in two ways
Path integral
Transfer matrices
To illustrate what theory is
Schrödinger equation
ultimately discretized!
nodes labelled by i, two ”spin
directions”σi = ±1
”Magnetic field”: −Hσ
Interaction between ”spins”:
per bond −Jσσ 0
Consider 1d lattice
Partition function:
(β =P 1/kB T , h = βH, K = βJ)
Z = {σi } exp (−βHeff ) =
P P P
{σi } exp K <ij> σi σj + h i σi
Landau Hamiltonian
2
K dx
+ 2t x 2 + ux 4
R
βF = dy 2 dy
p̂ 2
one-particle Hamiltonian: Ĥ = + U(x).
2m
Partition function: Z = Tr exp −β Ĥ
Let’s slice it into small pieces:
Mesh in ”Imaginary time”: 0 < τi < β~, τi+1 − τi = dτ .
→:Z =
Tr{exp −Ĥdτ /~ · exp −Ĥdτ /~ · exp −Ĥdτ /~ · . . . }
Slice operator: exp Ĥdτ /~ → W (x, x 0 )
A kind of discrete Schrodinder equation:
ψi+1 (x) = W (x, x 0 )ψi (x 0 ) dx 0
R
in the limit dτ → 0: exp −Ĥdτ /~ → 1 − Ĥdτ /~;
~ ∂2
−~ ∂ψ(x)
∂τ = − 2m ∂x 2 + U(x) ψ(x)
Use of slicing?
Compare with Q:
e −βEk
P
Finite temperature: Z = k
Limit T → 0 ln Z = −E0 β
(if) we can make continuous limit (y -cont.coordinate)
W1 (x, x 0 ) →
exp(−A(x − x 0 )2 );
Z = exp (−E β))
RL 2
dx
E = 0 dy A dy + U(x(y ))
Full analogy
Example C → Q: Ising model in external field
Let’s symmetrize
p eigenvalue equation: p
W (k) ψk (x) = W2 (x) dx 0 W1 (x, x 0 ) W2 (x 0 )ψk (x 0 )
R
e −K
K +h
ψ+ e ψ+
W =
ψ− e −K e K −h ψ−
p
Eigenvalues: W0 , W1 = e K cosh h ± e 2K sinh2 h + e −2K .
Eigenfunctions: easy to find
Averages in general 1d model
Very quantum!
Average in one node: hf (xi )i?
dxf (x)ψ02 (x)
R
Through ”ground state” wf. ψ0 (x): hf (xi )i =
Correlation in two nodes separated by N bounds: hhf (xi )f (xi+N )ii.
Some limits:
Low temperatures (K 1), h = 0:
ξ = e 2K exponentially long.
Low temperatures, but e −2K h 1
ξ = h−1 .
Qubit physics