END SEMESTER EXAMINATION

MT130 PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE

NAME: - ARIHANT GARG
ROLL NUMBER: - BTECH/10571/2018
SECTION: - A

Q-1 a) Explain the importance of values and ethics.

Sol: -
Ethics: -
The habits and character of a person talk about the moral values he/she holds. In
other words, a person’s moral values define his character. We are all told what is
good and what is bad based on moral norms set by society. Ethics and morality
are usually stated in relation to values, as they are the moral and social ideology
and application of one’s values.
Values: -
Values are of extreme importance to a person. This is because they determine
their behaviour, temperament, and overall behaviour towards life and other
people. The decisions we make in our lives are largely based on our values.
Professional values and ethics are bare developments of what one learns before
to joining the personnel. Ethics and values arise and evolve from location, family,
beliefs, and education; professional values and ethics are bare developments of
what one learns prior to joining the personnel. As a result, the attitude and habits
that one develops early in life carry over into adulthood and have a favourable or
negative influence on employee performance.
It is extremely valuable in both personal and business life. Everything is influenced
by ethics, either directly or indirectly.

People who possess all of the qualities but lack the ethics to respect and
comprehend other people's feelings will be unable to connect and appreciate the
world.
Ethics has a significant role in our existence, whether it is with our partner, family,
friends, co-workers, or anybody else.
Human conduct and their upbringing are also displayed via ethics.
Every individual should have manners and ethical principles to live a life, and in all
the areas ethics and values are being used to work smoothly. A sample of the
value as can be seen if one wants to make a friend with another, they must have
values with them they should be a hard worker and honest with one another and
forever be truthful with them.
Also, ethics can be said as if someone has stolen someone’s things so we should
help the people whose things have been stolen and not run away from the
situation. Ethics and values are very important and necessary in our lives, and we
should always follow them all through our lives.
Expert values and ethics are bare extensions of the values and ethics which a
person learned from family, spiritual leaders, and teachers. Whatever is taught in
school and colleges to value growing up will carry over in the professional world.
Experienced with upstanding values and ethical or moral standards are easy to
recognize, as is the company that employs them. Values-based business decisions
and ethical guidelines adhered to by all are the benchmarks for success. Those
who agree to accept less can have an adverse effect on their company and
maybe, the rest of society.

Q-1) b) Discuss stress management and the methods to overcome stress.

Sol: -
Stress management encompasses a wide range of treatments and
psychotherapies targeted at lowering a person's stress level, particularly chronic
stress, with the goal of enhancing daily functioning. Stress causes a wide range of
physical and mental symptoms, which vary depending on the circumstances of
each individual. Deterioration in physical health, as well as depression, are
examples. In today's culture, stress management is seen as one of the keys to a
happy and successful existence. Life is full of pressures that can be tough to
manage, but stress management offers a variety of options for coping with
anxiety and maintaining general well-being.
Despite the fact that stress is typically considered a subjective sensation, it may
be measured using a variety of physiological tests similar to those used in
polygraphs. Because there is currently minimal evidence on the efficiency of
various stress management approaches, evaluating their effectiveness can be
challenging. As a result, the quantity and quality of evidence for different
methodologies vary greatly. Some are acknowledged as effective treatments for
use in psychotherapy, while others are called alternative therapies since there is
less evidence in their favour. There are several professional organizations
dedicated to promoting and training in traditional and alternative remedies.

If there are high levels of stress, we are putting your entire well-being at risk.
Stress wreaks havoc on your emotional equilibrium, as well as your physical
health. It narrows your ability to think clearly, function effectively, and enjoy life.
It may seem like there’s nothing you can do about stress. The bills won’t stop
coming, there will never be more hours in the day, and your work and family
responsibilities will always be demanding. But you have a lot more control than
you might think.

Effective stress management helps you break the hold stress has on your life, so
you can be happier, healthier, and more productive. The ultimate goal is a
balanced life, with time for work, relationships, relaxation, and fun—and the
resilience to hold up under pressure and meet challenges head-on. But stress
management is not one-size-fits-all. That’s why it’s important to experiment and
find out what works best for you. The following stress management tips can help
you do that.

There are several ways to manage stress before it gets to be too much: -
1) Keep a positive attitude.
2) Accept that there are events that you cannot control.
3) Be assertive instead of aggressive. Assert your feelings, opinions, or beliefs
instead of becoming angry, defensive, or passive.
4) Learn to manage your time more effectively.
5) Set limits appropriately and say no to requests that would create excessive
stress in your life.
6) Make time for hobbies and interests.
7) Don't rely on alcohol, drugs, or compulsive behaviours to reduce stress. Drugs
and alcohol can stress your body even more.
8) Seek out social support. Spend enough time with those you love.
9) Seek treatment with a psychologist or other mental health professional trained
in stress management or biofeedback techniques to learn more healthy ways of
dealing with the stress in your life.

Q-2) a) Explain the concept of engineering ethics. What ethical issues are involved
in it?

Sol: -The study of Engineering ethics, where such ethics are implemented in
engineering by the engineers, is necessary for the good of the society. Engineering
Ethics is the study of decisions, policies and values that are morally desirable in
engineering practice and research.

An engineer whether he works individually or works for a company, has to go

through some ethical issues, mostly under the conditions such as,
conceptualization of a product, issues arising in design and testing departments,
or may be on the issues involving the manufacturing, sales and services.
Questions related to morality also arise during supervision and team works.

The ethical decisions and moral values of an engineer need to be considered

because the decisions of an engineer have an impact the products and services -
how safe they are to use, the company and its shareholders who believe in the
goodwill of the company, the public and the society who trusts the company
regarding the benefits of the people, the law which cares about how legislation
affects the profession and industry, the job and his moral responsibilities and
about how the environment gets affected, etc.

Whenever there occurs an issue, one should possess a few skills in order to sort
out the problem. The issues that engineers face, have to be dealt with patience
and few moral goals have to be kept in mind while dealing with such issues. They
are as follows −

Moral Awareness: − One should be able to recognize the moral problems and
issues that occur in Engineering. The analysis on the problem is necessary in order
to differentiate and judge according to ethics or according to the rules to follow.

Cogent Moral Reasoning: − In order to come to a conclusion on an issue, the

argument has to be assessed and comprehended. The argument on both sides has
to be considered with all the probabilities and the nature of the argument should
be logical and moral.

Moral Coherence: − After having gone through all the logical and moral facts,
consistent and comprehensive viewpoints are to be formed based upon a
consideration of relevant facts.

Moral Imagination: − The moral issues and the practical issues have to be dealt
separately. Alternative responses are to be found out for dealing with moral
issues while creative solutions should be found out for practical difficulties.

Moral Communication: − The language to communicate about one’s moral views

should be so precise and clear, that the expression or words should not alter the
original meaning.

Q-2) b) Briefly analyse code of ethics for engineers.

1. Engineers shall hold paramount the safety, health and welfare of the public in
the performance of their professional duties.

2. Engineers shall perform services only in the areas of their competence; they
shall build their professional reputation on the merit of their services and shall
not compete unfairly with others.

3. Engineers shall continue their professional development throughout their

careers and shall provide opportunities for the professional and ethical
development of those engineers under their supervision.

4. Engineers shall act in professional matters for each employer or client as

faithful agents or trustees, and shall avoid conflicts of interest or the appearance
of conflicts of interest.

5. Engineers shall respect the proprietary information and intellectual property

rights of others, including charitable organizations and professional societies in
the engineering field.

6. Engineers shall associate only with reputable persons or organizations. ASME -

CODE OF ETHICS OF ENGINEERS The Fundamental Canons
 7. Engineers shall issue public statements only in an objective and truthful manner
and shall avoid any conduct which brings discredit upon the profession.

8. Engineers shall consider environmental impact and sustainable development in

the performance of their professional duties.

9. Engineers shall not seek ethical sanction against another engineer unless there
is good reason to do so under the relevant codes, policies and procedures
governing that engineer’s ethical conduct.

10. Engineers who are members of the Society shall endeavour to abide by the
Constitution, By-Laws and Policies of the Society, and they shall disclose
knowledge of any matter involving another member’s alleged violation of this
Code of Ethics or the Society’s Conflicts of Interest Policy in a prompt, complete
and truthful manner to the chair of the Committee on Ethical Standards and
Review.

Q-3) a) Explain the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) and activities
under it.

Sol: -Corporate Social Responsibility is a transformational initiative or activity

practised by Indian corporations. Mandated by the government, it is a positive
step towards collective upliftment and well-being of the community. The CSR
activities in India need to be in alignment with the socio-economic development
of the society in some way or the other.

The following are the types of CSR activities in India that the qualifying listed
companies under the Companies Act 2013 can contribute to: -

1) Eradicating hunger, poverty and malnutrition: -

This can be done by promoting health care and sanitation in rural areas. This can
also be a contribution to the Swach Bharat Kosh which has been set-up by the
Central Government. Blood donation camps can also be done as a part of a
company’s CSR initiative.

2) Promoting education: -
 This can be inclusive of providing education to children and essential vocational
skill training that enhance employment or special education among women,
elderly and the differently-abled.

3) Promoting gender equality: -

Women empowerment programmes can be launched by setting up affordable

hostels for women. Establishing old age homes, daycare centres and other
facilities for senior citizens is another option. Orphanages can also be set up and
managed by the CSR committee.

4) CSR initiatives related to the environment: -

Contributions can be made towards environmental sustainability. Activities that

help in maintaining the ecological balance, protection of flora and fauna, promote
animal welfare, conservation of natural resources and maintaining quality of soil,
air and water including contribution to the Clean Ganga Fund set-up by the
Central Government.

5) Protection of national heritage, art and culture: -

This can include the restoration of heritage sites, buildings of historical

importance and works of art. public libraries can be set up as well.

6) Measures can be taken towards the benefit and support of armed forces
veterans, war widows and families.

7) Contributions to the Prime Minister’s National Relief Fund or any other fund set
up by the central government, for welfare, development and relief of the
schedule caste, tribes, other backward classes, women and minorities.

8) Contributions or funds provided to the development of technology located within

the central government approved academic institutions.

9) Contributions can be made towards rural development projects and slum area
development.
Q-3) b) What do you understand by sustainable development? What is its
importance?

Sol: -Sustainable development is an organizing principle for meeting human

development goals while simultaneously sustaining the ability of natural systems
to provide the natural resources and ecosystem services on which the economy
and society depend. The desired result is a state of society where living conditions
and resources are used to continue to meet human needs without undermining
the integrity and stability of the natural system. Sustainable development can be
defined as development that meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.

Sustainable development can be defined as the practice of maintaining

productivity by replacing used resources with resources of equal or greater value
without degrading or endangering natural biotic systems. Sustainable
development binds together concern for the carrying capacity of natural systems
with the social, political, and economic challenges faced by humanity.
Sustainability science is the study of the concepts of sustainable development and
environmental science. There is an emphasis on the present generations'
responsibility to regenerate, maintain and improve planetary resources for use by
future generations.

Sustainable development is the development that meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
From this particular definition, sustainable development can be reduced to two
key concepts: needs and limitations. Needs refers to those in need—the world’s
poor. The limitations are those imposed by the state of technology and social
organization on the environment’s ability to meet present and future needs.

Sustainable development encourages us to conserve and enhance our resource

base, by gradually changing the ways in which we develop and use technologies.
Countries must be allowed to meet their basic needs of employment, food,
energy, water, and sanitation.

If this is to be done in a sustainable manner, then there is a definite need for a

sustainable level of population. Economic growth should be supported and
developing nations should be allowed the growth of equal quality to the
developed nations. There are four objectives of sustainable development:

These include social progress and equality, environmental protection,

conservation of natural resources, and stable economic growth. Everybody has
 the right to a healthy, clean and safe environment. Everybody has the right to a
healthy, clean and safe environment.

This can be achieved by reducing pollution, poverty, poor housing, and

unemployment. No one, at this age, or in the future should be treated unfairly.
Global environmental threats, such as climate change and poor air quality must
be reduced to protect human and environmental health. The use of non-
renewable resources such as fossil fuels should not be stopped overnight, but
they must be used efficiently and the development of alternatives should be
encouraged to help phase them out.

Objectives of sustainable development include:

1) Economic Growth: For creating an economy that is sustainable and growing in the
right direction.

2) Protecting the Environment: This objective focuses on the contribution of humans

towards protecting and enhancing the natural environment, by minimizing
pollution and waste, also working towards reducing the global carbon footprint.

3) Social Inclusion: This objective focuses on providing the facility of housing for
future generations and assisting in creating healthy, strong, and vibrant global
communities.

Following are the importance of sustainable development:

Using the available resources judiciously and working towards maintaining the
ecological balance.

To prevent degradation of the environment and lay emphasis on protecting the

environment.

To prevent overexploitation of resources.

Q-4) a) Describe objectives of Factories Act 1948. How ‘Factory” has been defined
as per the Act?

Sol: -The main objectives of the Indian Factories Act, 1948 are to regulate the
working conditions in factories, to regulate health, safety welfare, and annual
leave and enact special provision in respect of young persons, women and
children who work in the factories.

Working Hours: -

According to the provision of working hours of adults, no adult worker shall be

required or allowed to work in a factory for more than 48 hours in a week. There
should be a weekly holiday.

Health: -

For protecting the health of workers, the Act lays down that every factory shall be
kept clean and all necessary precautions shall be taken in this regard. The
factories should have proper drainage system, adequate lighting, ventilation,
temperature etc.

Safety: -

In order to provide safety to the workers, the Act provides that the machinery
should be fenced, no young person shall work at any dangerous machine, in
conned spaces, there should be provision for man holes of adequate size so that
in case of emergency the workers can escape.

Welfare: -

For the welfare of the workers, the Act provides that in every factory adequate
and suitable facilities for washing should be provided and maintained for the use
of workers.

Penalties: -

The provisions of The Factories Act, 1948, or any rules made under the Act, or any
order given in writing under the Act is violated, it is treated as an offence.

According to Sec 2(m), “factory” means any premises including the precincts thereof
—
 a) whereon ten or more workers are working or were working on any day of the
preceding twelve months, and in any part of which a manufacturing process is being
carried on with the aid of power, or is ordinarily so carried on, or

b) whereon twenty or more workers are working or were working on any day of the
preceding twelve months, and in any part of which a manufacturing process is being
carried on without the aid of power, or is ordinarily so carried on- but does not
include a mine subject to the operation of [the Mines Act, 1952 (35 of 1952)], or [a
mobile unit belonging to the armed forces of the Union, a railway running shed or a
hotel, restaurant or eating place].

Q-4) b) Briefly mention the health and safety provisions of the Factories Act 1948.

Sol: -

Section 11: Cleanliness in Every Factory

Under Section 11, every factory needs to keep itself clean and free from effluvia
arising from any drain, privy or other nuisance, and in particular-

 Accumulation of dirt and refuse should be removed daily by any effective

method from the floors of workrooms and from staircases and passages and
disposed of in a suitable and efficient manner.

 In case the floor is subject to become wet during the working time, then
they should take proper drainage process or steps.

Section 12: Disposal of Effluents and Wastes

Under this section following things should be considered:

(a) It is necessary for the factories to arrange proper and effective waste treatment
and its disposal.
(b) The State Government may make rules prescribing the arrangements for the
disposal and treatment of waste and effluents.
 Section 13: Ventilation and Temperature

This section states:

 Effective and suitable provisions should be made in every factory for

securing and maintaining in every workroom proper ventilation by circulation of
fresh air. It also involves providing an adequate temperature at the workplace. For
this, they should select the material of the walls accordingly.

 The State Government may prescribe a standard of adequate ventilation

and reasonable temperature for any factory or class or description of factories.

 Lastly, if it appears to the Chief Inspector that excessively high temperature

in any factory can be reduced by the adoption of suitable measures, he can order
them to use such a method.

Section 14: Dust and Fume

This section states that:

 If dust and fume release in the manufacturing process of a factory then they
should take effective measures to prevent its inhalation and accumulation in the
workplace. For this, they should use proper exhaust appliances in the workplace.

 In any factory, no stationary internal combustion engine shall be operated

unless the exhaust is conducted into the open air.

Section 15: Artificial Humidification

1. In respect of all factories in which the humidity of the air artificially increases, the
State Government may make rules, -

 Firstly, prescribing standards of humidification;

 Secondly, regulating the methods used for artificially increasing the

humidity of the air;

 directing tests for determining the humidity of the air for correct carrying
out and recording.

 Lastly, prescribing methods for securing adequate ventilation and cooling of

the air in the workrooms.
 2. In any factory in which the humidity of the air artificially increases, they should
purify the water (drinking water) before the supply.

Section 16: Overcrowding

This section states:

 Firstly, no room in any factory shall be overcrowded to an extent injurious

to the health of the workers employed therein.

 Secondly, a factory built after the commencement of this Act at least 14.2
cubic meters of space for every worker employed therein, and for the purposes of
this subsection, no account shall be taken of any space which is more than 4.2
meters above the level of the floor of the room.

 If the Chief Inspector by order in writing, may or may not post a notice
specifying the maximum number of workers who may be employed in the room.

Section 17: Lighting

This section states:

Firstly, there should be proper lighting in all the places of the factory from where
the workers of the factory pass.

In every factory, effective provision shall, so far as is practicable, be made for the
prevention of-

 glare, either directly from a source of light or by reflection from a smooth or

polished surface;

 the formation of shadows to such an extent as to cause eye-strain or the

risk of accident to any worker.

Section 18: Drinking Water

This section states that in every factory, there should be proper arrangements for a
sufficient supply of wholesome drinking water and shall be legibly marked as
“drinking water”.

Section 19: Latrines and Urinals

This section states that every factory should make arrangements of latrine and
urinals for the employees and the rules are laid down by the State Government in
this behalf.

Section 20: Spittoons

There should be a sufficient number of spittoons in the factories for the employees
and they should be in clean and hygienic condition according to this law

The detailed information on each provision relating to safety measures is as

under:

Section 17: Under section it has been described that there should be proper
arrangement of lighting in factories.

Section 21: This section specifies that fencing of machinery is necessary. That any
moving part of the machinery or machinery that is dangerous in kind should be
properly fenced.

Section 28: This section prohibits working of women and children on specific
machinery. As per this section women and children should not be appointed for
any part of factory working on cotton pressing.

Section 34: This section specifies that no person in any factory shall be employed
to lift, carry or move any load so heavy that might cause in injury. State
Government may specify maximum amount of weight to be carried by workers.

Section 38: As per this section there should be proper precautionary measures
built for fire.

Section 45: This section specifies that in every factory there should be proper
maintained and well equipped first aid box or cupboard with the prescribed
contents.

Q-5) a) Give your understanding over crime at workplace, especially gender

disparity.
 Sol: -
There are many reasons due to which crime at workplace arise. Mainly its due to
the unethical behaviour at workplace. Besides gender disparity, other crimes that
may occur in the workplace include:
A) Sabotage
B) Forced and bonded labour system

C) Fraud
D) Embezzlement
E) Theft

Sexual harassment including sexual advances, request for sexual favours,

avoidable physical contacts etc.
Gender disparity is a form of discrimination where a workman is treated
differently and sometimes unfairly because of his/her gender. In male dominated
professions, gender disparity exists when transgressions are committed. Such a
partial behaviour leads to the workman's discomfort and dissatisfaction and to
other employees as well.
They lose their focus from the work as they are mostly busy in putting themselves
in comfort zone.
Gender disparity may defame an organization and also lead to decrease in
production of goods and services which may lead to loss for the organization.
Some examples are:
1) Women are at the risk of receiving harsher sentences than their male
counterparts in various situations.
2) Unequal pay for women and men for the same work they do.
Sabotage can take place in many different forms. Sometimes, if an employee is
unhappy or feels mistreated, they may seek to harm the business or another co-
worker in revenge. Sabotage can include wiping computer databases, or physical
harm to employers or employees. The most common type of this kind of
destruction is damaging a company’s reputation. This, unlike embezzlement,
would not be considered a crime, but would still affect a company negatively.
Fraud occurs in the workplace when an employer misrepresents (spoken or in
writing) something about your job. Fraud may arise when an employer makes a
false representation concerning job security, salary, potential bonuses or
promotions, health risks, or other aspects of employment.
Forced labour is defined as all work or service which is exacted from any person
under the menace of any penalty and for which the said person has not offered
himself voluntarily.
The term embezzlement is considered the fraudulent taking of personal property
by someone trusted with it. It is usually a misdemeanour; however, it can become
a felony charge depending on the seriousness of the offense.
Sexual assault and discrimination are severe issues in the workplace. Sexual
harassment can be as simple as an unwanted comment or joke. Any unwanted
physical or verbal attention falls under the category of harassment. Discriminatory
harassment is harassment used to make someone uncomfortable on the
foundation of their race, sexual orientation, or religious beliefs. To avoid sexual
harassment or discrimination, make yourself clear when reviewing rules and
company policies.

Q-5) b) Briefly explain Intellectual Property Rights (IPR).

Sol: - Intellectual property rights are the rights given to persons over the creations
of their minds. They usually give the creator an exclusive right over the use of
his/her creation for a certain period of time.
Intellectual property rights are customarily divided into two main areas:
a) Copyright and rights related to copyright.
The rights of authors of literary and artistic works (such as books and other
writings, musical compositions, paintings, sculpture, computer programs and
films) are protected by copyright, for a minimum period of 50 years after the
death of the author.
Also protected through copyright and related (sometimes referred to as
“neighboring”) rights are the rights of performers (e.g., actors, singers and
musicians), producers of phonograms (sound recordings) and broadcasting
organizations. The main social purpose of protection of copyright and related
rights is to encourage and reward creative work.
b) Industrial property.
Industrial property can usefully be divided into two main areas:
One area can be characterized as the protection of distinctive signs, in particular
trademarks (which distinguish the goods or services of one undertaking from
those of other undertakings) and geographical indications (which identify a good
as originating in a place where a given characteristic of the good is essentially
attributable to its geographical origin).
The protection of such distinctive signs aims to stimulate and ensure fair
competition and to protect consumers, by enabling them to make informed
choices between various goods and services. The protection may last indefinitely,
provided the sign in question continues to be distinctive.
Other types of industrial property are protected primarily to stimulate innovation,
design and the creation of technology. In this category fall inventions (protected
by patents), industrial designs and trade secrets.
The social purpose is to provide protection for the results of investment in the
development of new technology, thus giving the incentive and means to finance
research and development activities.
A functioning intellectual property regime should also facilitate the transfer of
technology in the form of foreign direct investment, joint ventures and licensing.
The protection is usually given for a finite term (typically 20 years in the case of
patents). While the basic social objectives of intellectual property protection are
as outlined above, it should also be noted that the exclusive rights given are
generally subject to a number of limitations and exceptions, aimed at fine-tuning
the balance that has to be found between the legitimate interests of right holders
and of users.