Professional Documents
Culture Documents
WOL Airport Coursebook
WOL Airport Coursebook
ters
Chapters.
1 Bags Packed p. 03
2 Taking Off p. 25
4 Immigration p. 64
5 Baggage Claim p. 81
7 Check-in p. 119
Arquivo Interativo.
Interações no menu ao
lado, topo e base das
8 Security Check p. 140
9 Boarding Area
páginas, e nas indicações
do Grammar Guide no
final de cada lesson. p. 155
Part 1.
Video Script Traveling can be a lot of fun, but it’s important that we get ready for it properly.
Knowing the rules is the best way to avoid problems that can make you lose
some valuable time.
In this first chapter, we’ll give you some nice tips to help you make the most out of
your trip. You’ll learn all about packing and getting ready for an international flight.
Take a look at the script of Bags Packed.
BAGS PACKED
Not only do you need to know how to pack properly, you need to
know your way around the airport, and you need to know some of the
questions that the immigration officers might ask you. And let me tell
you, this could take up a lot of your valuable time. Let me save you some
time! In this series, we will go through every step of the process! From
departure to arrival at your final destination, and all the way back home.
I’ll share some cool tips with you along the way!
[At home]
James:
But first things first. Getting ready for your trip begins in your home
country. You might be traveling for different purposes, maybe to see
some galleries, or to visit some theme parks, or to go shopping, or
maybe you want to do it all! No matter what the purpose of your trip
is, it’s important to remember that airlines have baggage-allowance
policies. That’s going to be something you want to consider while you’re
packing, because even if shopping isn’t the main purpose of your trip,
you’re going to buy some souvenirs along the way, and you need to
save some room for them.
Here’s a piece of advice: if you’re coming to the U.S., it’s best not to bring
any fruits or vegetables. And you might think, “But it’s just an apple! I
just have it because I’m hungry.” I totally understand that. But just an
apple can land you in a specific inspection. So, it’s best not to bring any.
Now, let’s talk about alcoholic beverages. Remember: you can bring
alcohol into the U.S., like a bottle of wine for your friend. But the U.S.
does have some restrictions concerning the amount of wine you can
bring to your friend. Also, some alcoholic beverages are prohibited in the
U.S., like absinthe. Those items are illegal and cannot be brought into
the country. Just leave them at home.
Did you know that the medication that you use for your health condition
could be prohibited or restricted in the U.S.? Play it safe and always use
these tips: first, when you’re traveling abroad, make sure you keep your
medication in your personal bag, preferably in the original container. And
second, make sure that you always have a doctor’s prescription written
in English as well.
Let’s talk about money. The first thing you should do is check the sum
you’re allowed to take with you when you’re traveling overseas. This
way, you won’t have any issues when departing. Now, when entering
the U.S., there is no cash limit to how much you can bring. Unless it
exceeds 10 thousand dollars, which you might have to declare.
Lastly, it’s important to make sure that your credit card company knows
that you’re traveling abroad. That way, as you’re making purchases, your
card won’t get declined, and you can enjoy your vacation.
MAL AS PRONTAS
Você tem que saber não apenas arrumar a sua mala, mas também como
se locomover pelo aeroporto e algumas das perguntas que os agentes de
imigração podem te fazer. E é o seguinte, isso pode consumir muito do seu
valioso tempo! Vou poupar um pouco do seu tempo! Nesta série, vamos
passar por cada passo desse processo! Do embarque à chegada ao seu
destino final, até o seu retorno para casa! Vou compartilhar umas dicas
bem legais ao longo do caminho!
[Em casa]
James:
Mas vamos começar do começo. Arrumar tudo para sua viagem começa
no seu país. Você pode estar viajando com objetivos diferentes, seja para
visitar galerias de arte, ou parques temáticos, ou até para fazer compras!
Bem, talvez você queira fazer tudo isso! Não importa qual seja o propósito
da sua viagem: é importante lembrar que todas as companhias aéreas
têm regras quanto à franquia de bagagem. Isso é algo para se considerar
quando você está arrumando as malas, porque mesmo que fazer compras
não seja o principal objetivo da sua viagem, você vai querer comprar
algumas lembrancinhas pelo caminho. E você precisa ter um espaço
para elas.
Em cada país que você visitar, é importante lembrar que haverá itens
proibidos ou restritos. Uma dica útil é sempre pesquisar no Google o país
que você vai visitar seguido das palavras-chave “restrito” e “alfândega”.
Aqui vai um conselho: se você está viajando para os EUA, é melhor não
trazer frutas ou verduras e legumes. E você deve estar pensando: “Mas
é só uma maçã! Eu só trouxe porque estou com fome!” Eu entendo isso
perfeitamente. Mas uma simples maçã pode fazer com que você passe por uma
inspeção mais específica. Então, é melhor não trazer nenhuma.
Agora vamos falar de bebidas alcoólicas. Lembre-se de que você pode trazer bebidas
alcoólicas para os EUA, como uma garrafa de vinho para um amigo. Mas os EUA
também têm restrições quanto ao número de garrafas que você pode trazer. Além
disso, nos EUA algumas bebidas são proibidas, como o absinto. Esses itens são
ilegais, e não podem ser trazidos para o país. Então, deixe-os em casa.
Você sabia que os medicamentos que você usa para seus problemas de saúde
podem ser proibidos ou restritos nos EUA? Não se arrisque e use as seguintes dicas:
primeiro, certifique-se de que, ao viajar para o exterior, seus medicamentos estejam
na bagagem de mão, de preferência em suas embalagens originais. Em segundo lugar,
não se esqueça de levar uma receita médica escrita em inglês.
Vamos falar sobre dinheiro. A primeira coisa que você deve fazer é checar qual o valor
que você pode levar quando estiver viajando para o exterior. Dessa forma, você não
terá nenhum problema quando embarcar. Agora, quando você entrar nos EUA, não há
um limite de quanto dinheiro em espécie você pode trazer, a não ser que ele exceda
10 mil dólares; neste caso, talvez você tenha que declarar essa quantia.
E, por último, é importante garantir que a operadora do seu cartão de crédito saiba
que você está em uma viagem internacional. Dessa forma, ao fazer compras, nenhum
pagamento será recusado, e você poderá aproveitar suas férias.
Part 2.
Vocabulary When we go on a trip, there are many things we need to set up before taking off. The first
things we must do are:
To check in To board
Fazer o check-in Embarcar
Let’s focus on the first step. There are some types of luggage you can bring on an international flight:
T YPES OF LUGGAGE
Purse Backpack
Bolsa feminina Mochila
It’s also important to keep in mind that, on international flights, some rules must be followed.
Concerning your luggage, remember that:
And we should pay attention to the fact that some items may be restricted, that
is, there’s a limited amount that you can bring, and others may be prohibited.
Restricted and prohibited items vary from one country to another. So, it’s
important to pay attention to the following items and check if any restrictions
apply before you leave.
You mustn’t enter the U.S. with liquor that is more than 70% alcohol content.
Você não pode entrar nos Estados Unidos com bebidas de teor alcoólico superior a 70%.
There is also a limit on how much alcohol you can bring into the U.S. The allowance is limited to 5 liters per
person. But when traveling abroad, you may come across some different units of measurement, especially
in the U.S. So, learn that:
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
You may take bakery items and most cheeses into the U.S., as long
as they are unopened and commercially labeled.
Você pode levar produtos de padaria e a maioria dos queijos para os Estados
Unidos, desde que eles estejam fechados e com rótulo do fabricante.
You mustn’t bring any weapons or sharp objects that can be used
as weapons in your carry-on luggage.
Você não pode levar nenhuma arma ou objetos afiados e/ou
pontiagudos que possam ser usados como armas na sua bagagem de mão.
We should also pay attention to money. You can take any sum of money into the U.S., but anything
over 10 thousand dollars in cash should be declared.
You can take money in different ways:
MONE Y
LIQUIDS
Also, when traveling abroad, make sure you keep the following items in your
carry-on:
Passport
Passaporte
Now you know how to get ready for your trip, how to pack your bags, as well as the commonly
restricted or prohibited items at customs or on international flights.
Part 3.
Vocabulary
A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.
Activities
backpack
f. purse /
Em voos internacionais, você geralmente pode despachar duas malas de 23 quilos.
d. prescription
Part 4.
Grammar
After learning how to pack your bags properly, let’s focus on some language
items that can be quite practical when referring to the context of getting ready
to go on a trip. In this section, we’ll talk about the infinitive form and some modal
verbs that are commonly used in everyday English.
Let’s start with the infinitive form. It consists of the verb in its natural form,
without conjugation. In English, verbs in the infinitive are accompanied by the
particle to.
Look at the following examples:
To travel To do To go
Viajar Fazer Ir
(1) (2)
As we’ve seen in the examples, the verbs have and need are usually followed by the infinitive
form when used to talk about things that are required or necessary.
But there are other structures that also take the infinitive form. To talk about something that is
permitted, we use the expression be allowed + infinitive.
BE ALLOWED + INFINITIVE
PERMISSION
On international flights, you are allowed to check in two medium-size bags.
Em voos internacionais, você tem permissão para despachar duas malas
de tamanho médio.
In your carry-on luggage, you are only allowed to carry liquids in 100-ml containers.
Na sua bagagem de mão, você só tem permissão para carregar líquidos em
embalagens de 100 ml.
LACK OF PERMISSION
You are not allowed to carry sharp objects in your carry-on luggage.
Você não tem permissão para levar objetos afiados e/ou
pontiagudos na sua bagagem de mão.
BE FORBIDDEN + INFINITIVE
PROHIBITION
You are forbidden to carry sharp objects in your carry-on luggage.
Você está proibido de levar objetos afiados e/ou pontiagudos na sua bagagem de mão.
Summing up, we can use the following expressions followed by verbs in the infinitive:
Another way to express obligation, necessity, permission, or prohibition is to use the modal verbs.
Modal verbs are followed by the bare infinitive, that is, the infinitive form without the particle to.
To talk about possibility, we use the modal verb can. And to talk about permission, we can use the
modal verb may.
Sometimes, depending on the context, can and may will be close in meaning. If something is
possible, it can also be considered permitted. That’s the case in the following examples:
You can take bakery items and most cheeses into the U.S.
Você pode levar itens de padaria e a maioria dos queijos para os Estados Unidos.
You may take bakery items and most cheeses into the U.S.
Você pode levar itens de padaria e a maioria dos queijos para os Estados Unidos.
However, in most cases, the structure You can… conveys an idea of possibility:
it’s possible; whereas the structure You may… emphasizes the idea of
permission: it’s allowed.
To express the opposite, that is, to say that something is not possible, or not
allowed, or not permitted, we’ll use the same modal verbs, but in the negative
form.
There is still another modal verb that emphasizes the idea that something is
forbidden: The modal verb must, which will also be used in its negative form.
Have a look at some examples:
You cannot bring liquor that is more than 70% alcohol content.
Você não pode trazer bebidas alcoólicas que tenham mais de 70%
de teor alcoólico.
FORBIDDEN Proibido
As you can see, the modal verb must in the negative form expresses a prohibition. However, in the
affirmative form, it does not express the opposite meaning, which would be an idea of permission.
Differently from what one might conclude, must in the affirmative form conveys, in fact, an obligation.
Look at the examples:
OBLIGATION
Obrigação
Your carry-on luggage must fit in the overhead compartment or under the seat in front of you.
Sua bagagem de mão tem que caber no compartimento superior ou abaixo do assento à sua frente.
An obligation may sound too emphatic depending on the situation. Therefore, it’s
important to mention that, when we want to refer to things that are recommended,
we’ll use the modal verb should.
In the negative form, this modal verb conveys the opposite idea, that is, something
that is not recommended to be done. Take a look at some examples:
RECOMMENDATION
Recomendação
To avoid problems, you should not take fruits and vegetables to the U.S.
Para evitar problemas, você não deve levar frutas e legumes e verduras
para os Estados Unidos.
GRAMMAR GUIDE
Part 5.
Grammar
A. Number the columns according to the idea conveyed by the modal verbs.
Activities
( 3 ) Obligation ( ) may
( ) should
( ) should not
a) You take bakery items and most cheeses into the U.S.
Você pode levar itens de padaria e a maioria dos queijos para os Estados Unidos.
1/2/1/2/3/6/4/5
g) You bring liquor that is more than 70% alcohol
content.
Você não pode trazer bebidas alcoólicas que tenham mais de 70% de teor
h. should
e. should
f. must
alcoólico.
a. can / may
b. must
Notes
Part 1.
Video Script On international flights departing from your home country, announcements are
usually made in both your native language and in English. But what if you are
connecting in the U.K. or in the U.S, for example? Well, in this case, English will be
your only option.
In this chapter, Tom, an experienced flight attendant, will give us important
information on what passengers should expect when they are on an international
flight, from the moment they board the plane until they disembark. And, of
course, you will learn some useful words and expressions as well. Now fasten
your seat belt and take a look at the script of Taking Off.
TAKING OFF
It was just when you were on the airplane that you probably started
hearing and speaking English. When you are off to an international
destination, it’s very likely that most in-flight announcements will
be made in both languages, English and your mother tongue. But,
depending on the airline company, there’s a chance you’ll hear them
only in English. Besides, if you’re visiting the U.S. and you have a
domestic connecting flight before you reach your final destination,
chances are you won’t be hearing anything but English.
But don’t panic! The good thing about in-flight announcements is that
they follow the same pattern, no matter the airline company. And I have
someone with me who’ll give us all the tips we need! I’m here today
with Tom Donoya, an experienced flight attendant. He’s going to share
a little bit of information with us with regard to the in-flight experience
during an international flight.
[Interview]
James:
How are you doing today, Tom?
Tom:
I’m good, thanks. How are you today?
James:
I’m doing great, thanks for asking!
Tom:
Good!
James:
So, what are some of the things that passengers will experience when
they first board the plane?
Tom:
Once they’ve boarded the plane, they’ll be greeted by one or more flight
attendants, they’ll be saying “good morning” or ”good afternoon,” and
as they’re boarding, they’ll see the overhead bins, they’ll see the seat
numbers, they’ll be looking at their boarding pass, so they know exactly
where they’ll be seated. So, there are a few things to expect. Also,
they must keep in mind that the flight attendants are looking for safety
things, such as, “what items are they bringing on the plane?” “Could
they be a potential threat?” etc.
Once the cabin fills up a little bit, usually about five or six minutes into
the boarding process, one of the flight attendants will be announcing
from the intercom, either from the rear of the cabin or from the front, and
they’ll be saying:
Please place your bags longways in the overhead bin, or place your
smaller personal items, such as backpacks, computer bags, and purses,
completely underneath the seat in front of you.
Please take a look at the safety information card in the seat-back pocket for
a list of exit-row requirements. If you do not feel comfortable operating the
exit row, please contact a flight attendant for reseating, and, once again,
welcome aboard! This is flight number 1234 with service to Orlando, Florida.
DE COL ANDO
Mas não entre em pânico! O bom desses anúncios de bordo é que eles
seguem o mesmo padrão, independente da companhia aérea. E aqui
comigo está alguém com todas as dicas de que precisamos! Estou
aqui com Tom Donoya, um comissário de bordo experiente. Ele vai
compartilhar algumas informações conosco sobre experiências a bordo
de um voo internacional.
[Entrevista]
James:
Como vai você, Tom?
Tom:
Estou bem, obrigado. E você?
James:
Estou ótimo, obrigado por perguntar!
Tom:
Que bom!
James:
Então, o que acontece com os passageiros assim que eles embarcam
no avião?
Tom:
Quando embarcarem, serão cumprimentados por um ou mais
comissários com um “bom-dia” ou “boa-tarde”, e durante o embarque
eles verão os compartimentos superiores, os números de assento, e
olharão para seus cartões de embarque para saber exatamente onde
vão se sentar. Então, essas são algumas coisas que se pode esperar.
Eles devem saber que os comissários vão observar tudo para garantir
a segurança, como quais itens você está levando, se podem ser uma
ameaça em potencial etc.
[No avião]
Comissário de bordo:
Bom-dia! Bem-vindos a bordo! Este é o voo número 1234, com destino
a Orlando, Flórida. Por gentileza, nos ajudem a decolar dentro do
horário, liberando o corredor assim que tenham localizado seus assentos
designados. Se olharem seus cartões de embarque, verão os números
dos seus assentos.
Part 2.
Vocabulary You’ve arrived at the airport, checked your bags, and boarded the aircraft. A few
steps mark this part of your journey. Take a look at them:
Before walking the jetway onto the airplane, you will need two things:
IMPORTANT DOCUMENTS
These are the people working on your flight. They are the flight crew or aircrew:
FLIGHT CR E W
Captain Co-pilot
Comandante Copiloto
These are words you need to know in order to fully understand the safety procedures.
T YPES OF SEATS
Aisle
Corredor
Middle
Meio
Window
Janela
It’s time for the announcements now. The cabin chief is the head of the flight attendants, and here
are some sentences you may hear in the introduction.
You must remember that flight attendants are responsible for on-board safety, so
it’s important to keep the way clear inside the aircraft. That’s why you’ll hear the
following instructions:
At this moment, the flight attendants will inform the takeoff procedures.
While the aircraft taxies toward the runway, the flight attendants explain the safety procedures,
and this is extremely important. Let’s take a look at this announcement:
Oxygen masks will drop down from above your seat. Place the mask
over your mouth and nose and pull the strap to tighten it.
Make sure that your own mask is on before helping others.
Máscaras de oxigênio cairão do compartimento acima do seu assento.
Ajuste a sua máscara antes de ajudar os outros.
So now you know the keywords and sentences related to boarding and takeoff procedures,
as well as in-flight announcements and security procedures.
Part 3.
Vocabulary
A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.
Activities
d) Keep your fastened while the “fasten seat belt” sign is on.
a. cabin chief
posição vertical.
Part 4.
Grammar In the last chapter, we focused on verbs. Now you will learn how to identify other important
elements in the sentence. Let’s start with proper nouns.
Proper nouns are names of people, animals, or places. For example: Michael, Mary, Ms.
Daisy; or the name of your pet: Bella, Minnie, Lola; or the name of a country, a city, a mountain,
a company, etc.
There are two proper nouns in the following sentence, the name of a company and the name of
a city. Notice that proper nouns are always capitalized:
PROPER NOUN
Substantivo Próprio
Common Nouns are used to designate general things, ideas, people, or animals, like “lawyer”
(advogado), “bus driver” ( motorista de ônibus), “bear” (urso), “intelligence” (inteligência), or
“love” (amor). Let’s look at an example:
COMMON NOUN
Substantivo Comum
In English, most common nouns have no gender identification. In other languages there are
feminine and masculine nouns; in English, however, no matter the gender, the article never
changes. And concerning the definite article, the same applies to plural and singular. Take a
look at the examples:
In some languages, it’s OK to place a definite article before the proper noun. In English, the general
rule is not to use articles before proper nouns. Take a look:
PROPER NOUN
Substantivo Próprio
There’s an exception to this rule, though; when there is a common noun as part of
the proper noun.
As for common nouns, it’s the opposite. In most cases, when the context is
specific, we’ll use the definite article before the common noun. Let’s see some
examples:
Now look at some examples of situations in which the nouns are not specific.
In such cases, we will not use the definite article.
In the first example, we do not use the definite article before the noun flight
because we are talking about a general situation. Everyone knows that smoking
is prohibited on airplanes. It’s not specific to “the flight you are on,” so we use the
indefinite article a instead.
In this next example, you will see that the nouns life rafts and life vests are
not defined either. We are talking about these nouns in a general way, so they
are not accompanied by the definite article the. And, in this case, they’re not
accompanied by the indefinite article either. The indefinite article a is equivalent
to the number one (1); therefore, it is NOT used before plural nouns.
Look at the example:
We can also specify the noun through possessive adjectives. We use them when it’s clear that the noun
refers to a specific thing that belongs to someone. In this case, we’ll only use the possessive: we do NOT
use articles before the possessive adjective.
Check it out:
My name is Stacy and Keep your seat belt fastened while the
I’m your cabin chief. “fasten seat belt” sign is on.
Meu nome é Stacy e eu Mantenha o seu cinto de segurança afivelado enquanto
sou a sua chefe de cabine. os avisos de fechar os cintos estiverem acesos.
MY ITS
meu, minha, meus, minhas dele, dela
( pronome neutro; não se refere a
pessoas)
YOUR
seu, sua
OUR
nosso, nossa, nossos, nossas
HIS
dele
YOUR
(se referindo a pessoas)
seus, suas, de vocês
HER
dela THEIR
(se referindo a pessoas) deles, delas
Possessives make the noun much more specific than the article. If
you want to ask where your seat is, you should use a possessive Where is my seat?
adjective. For example: Onde fica o meu assento?
Life rafts and life vests are located below your seat.
Botes e coletes salva-vidas estão localizados abaixo do seu assento.
Your personal belongings must be kept in the seat pocket in front of you.
Seus pertences deverão ser guardados dentro do bolsão à sua frente.
ABOVE BELOW IN
acima abaixo dentro
IN FRONT OF UNDER
em frente a embaixo
GRAMMAR GUIDE
Part 5.
Grammar Activities
A. Write a, b, c, or d in the parentheses according to the function of the words in bold in the sentences.
( ) Keep your seat belt fastened while the “fasten seat belt” sign is on.
( ) Stow your hand luggage in the overhead compartment or under the seat in front of you.
B. Fill in the blanks with the definite article (the) or write X when it shouldn’t be used.
d) In case of emergency landing, life rafts and life vests are located below
your seat.
Em caso de pouso de emergência, botes e coletes salva-vidas estão localizados abaixo
d/b/d/c/b/a/d/a/d
do seu assento.
e. X / the
c. the
M
antenham o cinto de segurança afivelado enquanto os avisos de fechar os cintos
d. X
estiverem acesos.
Activity B – Answers
Activity A – Answers
b. the
a. X
Notes
Part 1.
Video Script Your plane has finally taken off. The moment for you to stretch your legs a bit, go
to the toilet or just get some nice sleep is now very close. But there are still some
important things you should know. Our friend Tom is back. In this chapter, he will
tell us what happens during a flight, what kinds of announcements are usually
made, and what is the most important thing about flying.
As the interview with Tom continues, you will be introduced to a few useful
words and expressions and have the opportunity to learn some language items
that can be used in situations we are all very familiar with. Look at the script of
Inside the Plane.
Tom:
Alright, so usually, about five to six minutes, sometimes ten minutes,
depending on what the weather is like, the first announcement you’ll
hear is:
There are lavatories. For the forward lavatory, only one passenger
may be waiting for that lavatory at any time. There are changing tables
as well.
James:
How about when we’re landing? Is there anything that a passenger
should know? Are there any other announcements that we might hear
from the captain or from the crew?
Tom:
Absolutely! We have two different announcements: one is called “Our
initial descent,” and the other is called “Our final descent.”
Please, assist us in getting the cabin ready for its next flight by checking
around your seat, your seat-back pocket, etc. If you have a laptop, we
have a few minutes remaining before you have to stow that laptop
away.
Please, make sure that you are buckled and that your little ones are also
fastened in their seat belts.
James:
What is the most important thing for you, as a flight attendant, that a
passenger should know?
Tom:
Safety! Safety, without question. It is always, always safety. Safety for
themselves, safety for us, safety for the entire cabin. Because a flight
attendant’s purpose is the safety of the flight.
DENTRO DO AVIÃO
[No aeroporto]
James:
OK, eu sei que você mencionou algo sobre os anúncios antes da
decolagem. Mas qual é o primeiro anúncio que provavelmente vamos
ouvir durante a decolagem?
Tom:
Bem, normalmente após cinco ou seis minutos, às vezes até dez
minutos, dependendo de como o tempo estiver, o primeiro anúncio que
você vai ouvir é:
[No avião]
Comissário de bordo:
OK, senhoras e senhores, temos alguns anúncios de segurança antes do
nosso voo.
[No aeroporto]
Tom:
Caso seja uma refeição na hora do jantar, suas opções podem ser
frango, massa ou carne; essas são as mais típicas. Serviremos uma
variedade de cervejas, destilados, vinhos, sucos e refrigerantes, assim
como outros itens do nosso cardápio. Pode haver um lanche entre
as refeições. Caso seja o café da manhã, eu diria que o menu é mais
reduzido.
[No avião]
Comissário de bordo:
Por favor, dirijam-se aos seus assentos e apertem os cintos de
segurança.
[No aeroporto]
Tom:
Temos três níveis de turbulência: leve, média e extrema. Toda vez
que passarmos por turbulência, você verá o sinal de apertar os cintos
acender.
[No avião]
Comissário de bordo:
Senhoras e senhores, o comandante acendeu o aviso de apertar os
cintos. Se você está circulando pela cabine, nós pedimos que retorne ao
seu assento da forma mais rápida e segura possível. Se você está com
crianças pequenas, por favor, certifique-se de que elas também estejam
com os cintos afivelados.
[No aeroporto]
Tom:
É muito importante que as pessoas, tanto passageiros quanto
comissários, respeitem o sinal de apertar os cintos e as ordens do
comandante.
James:
E quando estamos pousando? Há algo que um passageiro deva saber,
ou algum outro anúncio que possamos ouvir do comandante ou da
tripulação?
Tom:
É claro! Temos dois anúncios diferentes: um é chamado de “Início de
descida”, e o outro é chamado de “Descida final”.
[No avião]
Comissário de bordo:
Senhoras e senhores, o comandante acendeu o sinal de apertar os
cintos, indicando o início do nosso pouso em Orlando.
[No aeroporto]
Tom:
E então, para a descida final, nós solicitamos que todos os passageiros
coloquem as bandejas na posição original, que apertem os cintos, e que
guardem quaisquer bagagens ou sacolas embaixo do assento à frente.
Nós pedimos que mantenham seus animais de estimação em suas
caixas de transporte, abaixo do assento à frente. Caso seja um animal
de apoio emocional, ele poderá permanecer no colo do passageiro,
desde que isso seja seguro e cômodo para ambos.
James:
Qual é a coisa mais importante para você, como comissário de bordo,
que um passageiro deve saber?
Tom:
Segurança. Segurança, sem sombra de dúvidas! Se trata sempre,
sempre, de segurança. Segurança para eles mesmos, para a tripulação,
segurança para toda a cabine. Porque o propósito de um comissário de
bordo é garantir a segurança do voo.
Part 2.
Vocabulary
So now you are up in the air. The plane is at cruising
altitude, and you can finally go to a lavatory, stretch
your legs, or just take a nap. But you can only do any
of those things after you hear an announcement like
the following:
Ladies and gentlemen, the captain has turned off the “fasten seat belt” sign,
and you may now move around the cabin. However, we recommend you
keep your seat belt fastened while you’re seated.
Senhoras e senhores, o comandante desligou o aviso de apertar os cintos,
e você pode se levantar agora. No entanto, recomendamos que mantenham
os cintos afivelados enquanto estiverem sentados.
When flying with airlines from the U.S., you will most likely hear
the captain make the following announcement too:
Remember that in the U.S. they usually use foot (feet in the plural)
to talk about heights. A foot is equivalent to approximately 30
centimeters. So, 35,000 feet would be approximately 10,668
meters.
The announcement continues. Now we will also be given information on the time
of landing and the temperature. Take a look:
Now let’s see what you are most likely to hear if there is turbulence during the flight:
Movies Concerts
Filmes Shows de música
TV series Music
Séries de TV Música
The food and the drinks served during the flight are usually complimentary.
The usual dinner and lunch options are:
If you are a vegetarian or if you have dietary restrictions, like food allergies, for
example, you can inform that on the special request section of the airline website, or
make your special request during the online check-in up to 24 hours before the flight.
The airlines usually offer the following types of special meals:
Gluten-free Sugar-free
Sem glúten Sem açúcar
If you make a special request during the flight, you will probably
be approached by one of the flight attendants, who will ask you
a question like the following:
If you have made a special request, but, during the flight, they offer
you something from the regular menu, you can reply with:
Anything to drink?
Algo para beber?
Drinks?
Bebidas?
If you want to know the options that are available, you can ask:
BE VERAGE OPTIONS
Beer Wine
Cerveja Vinho
If you feel thirsty at any time during the flight, you can call a flight
attendant and ask for some water. This is how you can do this:
Note that we used the verb to have in two situations: “I’ll have a
soda.” and “Can I have some water?”. In English, we commonly use
to have as a synonym for to eat or to drink. You can also use this
structure when ordering something to eat or drink during breakfast,
for example. Look at the examples:
As you order it, the flight attendant will probably ask you questions like the following:
Now you can understand announcements during your flight, the in-flight
entertainment options available, and how to interact with the crew during meals.
Part 3.
Vocabulary
A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.
Activities
g) I will , please.
Vou tomar uma cerveja, por favor.
Part 4.
Grammar
You have seen and practiced the words and expressions used in this chapter. Now it’s time to study the
grammar presented in it. We’ll talk about the modal verbs would and will, the future continuous, and how we
can use them to make requests and offers, place an order, and indicate actions in the future.
Let’s start with the modal verb would. We combine it with the verb like to make formal requests or place
orders. Since we normally request something for ourselves, the most common subject will be I, as in I would
like followed by a complement. In everyday English, the contracted form I’d like is more common.
Affirmative Form
The interrogative form of this modal verb is used when someone offers you something, so the
most common subject, in this case, will be you. To make the interrogative form, we invert the
modal verb would and the subject. Take a look at the structure and at an example:
Interrogative Form
The negative form is used to refuse an offer. Notice that we have two different ways of using this modal in its
negative form: I would not, which is the complete form, and I wouldn’t, which is the contracted form. In spoken
language, the complete form sounds more emphatic. Look at the structure in the negative form and at the examples:
Negative Form
PL ACING AN ORDER
Informal
I’ll have…
Me vê… / Me dá... / Eu quero...
The structure of will follows the same pattern as the one used with would. The contracted forms are also more
common in spoken English. Let’s see some examples in the affirmative, negative, and interrogative forms:
Affirmative Form
Negative Form
Interrogative Form
In addition to being used to place orders, will can also be used to express actions
in the future that may or may not have a future time reference, such as:
Will is also used with the so-called future continuous. This structure expresses an action in
progress for a certain time in the future. This form is used in English when we want to make it
clear that the action will take place over a certain period of time, so we focus on the continuity
of the action. The verb to be serves as an auxiliary verb in the future continuous, and the main
verb will be in the -ING form. Take a look:
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
The future continuous should not be used to make requests or place orders. The most
appropriate expressions for those are I’d like or I’ll have.
If you want to learn more about will, would, and the future continuous,
go to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.
GRAMMAR GUIDE
Part 5.
Grammar
A. Choose the idea that relates to the underlined expressions.
Activities
a) Would you like anything to drink? e) T he flight attendant will bring me some
water.
( ) Making an offer
( ) Future action
( ) Placing an order
( ) Informal request
B. Fill in the blanks with would like or will have in the affirmative, negative, or interrogative forms.
g)
f) I
Chapter 3
Notes
Video Script
tea.
a beer, please.
Vocabulary
sugar or sweetener?
Vocabulary Activities
Activity A – Answers
a. Making an offer e. Future action
b. Placing an order f. Formal request
Grammar
63
4
Immigration.
Chapter 4 Video Script Vocabulary Vocabulary Activities Grammar Grammar Activities
Part 1.
Video Script Well, you have finally arrived at your destination. In a few minutes, you will be
going through immigration at the airport, where you will be asked to show your
documents and answer some questions.
In this chapter, we will give you some cool tips that will help you smoothly go
through this situation. And, as usual, you will also be introduced to some very
useful language items that will improve your English and help you feel more
confident using the language. Now, take a look at the script of Immigration.
IMMIGRATION
It’s not really the most comfortable situation, right? But listen to this: you
can predict most of the questions that the immigration officers might
ask you! Just tell the truth and have all your documents ready.
Once you get to the immigration area, you’ll probably be in line for
about fifteen minutes. This is the perfect time to get all the documents
you need ready. And here’s what you’ll need: your boarding pass,
your passport, of course, and it’s also advisable that you have your
hotel reservation or lodging accommodations available. Other useful
documents would be the email confirmation from the airline, as well as
your ticket printing.
Now it’s time to get ready to answer some questions. The immigration
officer will ask you where you’re coming from, and you’ll tell them your
country of departure. While this might seem like a simple question, it’s
important to remember that some flights stop in several countries. For
example, if you’re leaving from Buenos Aires and you stop in São Paulo,
but your final destination is Miami, your country of departure will be
Argentina, not Brazil.
I can guarantee you that the immigration officer is going to ask you,
“What’s the purpose of your visit?” You might say tourism or business.
But, it’s very important to remember that, if your intentions are to
do business in the U.S., you may need a specific visa to do so. Other
frequently asked questions are “How long are you staying?” and
“Where are you staying?” That is why it’s important to have your ticket
confirmation number and hotel reservation printing.
OK, so while those might be the most frequently asked questions, you
still might be asked questions like, “What is the sum of money that
you’re bringing into the country?” or “Are you bringing any tobacco
products or alcoholic beverages?” as well as “How many packs or
bottles are you bringing?” My advice would be just to tell the truth!
Also, be advised! You will have your fingerprints scanned and your
picture taken.
And the most important part of all: do not make any jokes. This is
definitely not the time to joke: be clear and precise in all of your answers.
IMIGRAÇÃO
[A caminho da imigração]
James:
Aeroportos internacionais podem ser enormes! Se você pousou em
um aeroporto internacional americano, é provável que você tenha que
caminhar bastante para ir de um lugar ao outro. E agora nós estamos a
caminho da área de imigração!
Esteja ciente de que você terá suas digitais escaneadas e sua foto tirada.
Part 2.
Vocabulary Some countries, like the U.S., demand that you have a visa to enter. You should
apply for an entry visa even before you buy your tickets. When you get to your
destination and go through immigration, they will check and stamp your passport
with another visa that allows you to stay in the country for some time. These are
the two types of visas we are talking about here:
Among these visas, there are several specific categories for athletes, people
traveling on business, temporary workers, military officers, and so on. This
means that the purpose of your trip must be clear. If you have a tourist visa but
you are traveling on business, it might be a problem. Make sure you apply for the
right visa. In general, visas are valid for 5 or 10 years, depending on the country.
Take a look at a few things you need to do before traveling, or even before buying
your ticket:
Check all the necessary documents for the immigration interview and
keep them at hand in your carry-on luggage.
Verifique todos os documentos necessários para a entrevista na imigração,
e mantenha-os ao seu alcance na bagagem de mão.
Some of the documents you should have at hand during the immigration interview are:
All of these documents confirm you are traveling legally, and that you have everything set for
your stay. The officer might also want to check how much money you’re bringing in to make
sure you won’t stay past the date you are scheduled to return or cause any problems.
In the U.S., the Department of Homeland Security is represented at the airports by the
following agency:
CBP is responsible for the immigration service. You will most definitely talk to one of its officers.
This is a very important moment. Some good advice to prepare for the immigration control interview is:
When you are called to the counter, act natural and hand in your passport.
Don’t forget to greet the officer:
GREE TINGS
Notice that we did not include good night on the list. That is because we use it when we are
leaving a place, or when we are going to sleep, not when we arrive somewhere.
Another important thing is to remember that this kind of situation requires some level of
formality. So, when you approach the officer, that’s the way you should greet him or her:
GREE TINGS
Another usual question is: And these are some possible answers to this question:
Tourism Business
Turismo Trabalho
They may also ask you: You will answer this question stating the period you’ll
be in the country. Take a look at some examples:
If you plan to travel around the country, you will only face
immigration when you get to the airport after an international flight.
Domestic flights don’t usually involve immigration, but you must
keep your passport with you.
It is also important to tell the officer the cities you will be visiting,
and remember to have all the hotel reservations and tickets at
hand, because you may be asked the following question:
They might also ask you questions about alcoholic beverages. Remember that
there is a limit on the number of bottles you can bring. Take a look:
In case you do not understand what they ask you, here are some
examples of things you can say to ask the officer to repeat or
rephrase the question:
At the end of the interview, they will probably ask to scan your
fingerprints, so you must be ready for an instruction like the following:
They will take your picture too. The officer will say:
Now you know all the necessary items you need to enter the U.S.
and how to go through the immigration interview.
Part 3.
Vocabulary
A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.
Activities
h. cities
d) How many ?
Activity B – Answers
Quantos maços?
c. tobacco
f) How many ?
Quantas garrafas?
Activity A – Answers
12 / 3 / 2 / 11 / 4 / 9
10 / 6 / 5 / 7 / 1 / 8 /
g) Can I have a ?
Posso pedir um tradutor?
Part 4.
Grammar We have just learned some important words, sentences, and instructions on
how to go through immigration. In this chapter, we will focus on some important
grammatical structures used not only at immigration, but also in everyday situations.
The first one is the imperative form. This structure is used to give orders, make
suggestions, requests, invitations, and give instructions.
Let’s take a look at some examples of sentences in the imperative:
In English, the subject of the imperative is always you, that’s why in most
imperative sentences we omit the subject. The imperative has affirmative and
negative forms. The verb will be used in its base form (without the particle “to”).
In the negative form, we use don’t before the verb. There is no interrogative form
for the imperative. Look at the examples:
IMPERATIVE FORM
There is another verb form in which most conjugations also use the verb in its base
form: the simple present. But its structure is different from that of the imperative
since the subject is not omitted in the simple present. Compare:
AFFIRMATIVE FORMS
Imperative:
Keep your documents at hand.
Mantenha seus documentos à mão.
Simple Present:
I keep my passport in my carry-on luggage.
Eu deixo meu passaporte na minha bagagem de mão.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Affirmative Form
Now let’s compare the negative forms of the imperative and the simple present:
NE GATIVE FORMS
Imperative:
Don’t keep your documents at hand.
Não mantenha seus documentos à mão.
Simple Present:
I don’t keep my passport in my carry-on luggage.
Eu não deixo meu passaporte na minha bagagem de mão.
Notice that once again, the subject is not omitted in the simple present.
So, the basic structure of the negative form of the simple present is:
SIMPLE PRESENT
Negative Form
In terms of use, there are important differences too. While the imperative is used
to give orders and instructions, make suggestions, recommendations, invitations,
and even to place orders in many contexts, the simple present is used to talk
about facts, habits, and routines.
Orders
Instructions Facts
Suggestions Habits
Recommendations Routine
Invitations
And there is another widely used verb form that also refers to actions in the
present. It is the present continuous. The difference here is that the present
continuous is used to talk about actions in progress in the present, so there
is a focus on the continuity of the action.
Let’s look at an example:
You have probably realized by now that these two verb forms have different
structures. In the present continuous, we use the verb to be in the present as
an auxiliary verb, and the main verb in the –ING form.
In the negative form, all we have to do is place not right after the verb to be.
We can choose to use it in the full form or in the contracted form. And to make
the interrogative, we simply invert the position of the subject and the verb to be.
If there is a question word, the verb to be will be used right after it and
before the subject. Take a look at the examples:
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Affirmative form
Subject + To Be + Main Verb -ING + Complement
Sujeito + To Be + Verbo Principal com ING + Complemento
Negative form
Subject + To Be in the present + Not + Main Verb -ING + Complement
Sujeito + To Be no presente + Not + Verbo Principal com ING + Complemento
Interrogative form
To Be in the present + Subject + Main Verb -ING + Complement
To Be no presente + Sujeito + Verbo Principal com ING + Complemento
Question Word
Where are you coming from?
De onde você está vindo?
How long are you staying in the U.S.? Are you bringing tobacco?
Por quanto tempo você vai ficar nos Estados Unidos? Você está trazendo cigarros?
Notice that the contexts here are a little different. In the first one, they want to know about your stay, that
is, how many days, weeks, or months you are planning to stay in the country. In the other one, they want to
know if you have something with you now, so it refers to an action in progress at the moment.
If you want to learn more about the imperative, the simple present of other verbs, the present
continuous, and the -ING form, go to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.
GRAMMAR GUIDE
Part 5.
Grammar
A. Number the columns according to the use of each structure.
Activities
B. F ill in the blanks with the imperative, the simple present, or the present continuous,
in the affirmative, negative, or interrogative forms.
a) Where from?
De onde você está vindo?
d) jokes.
Não faça piadas.
g. don’t keep / don’t leave / do not keep / do not leave
e) alcoholic beverages?
Você está trazendo bebidas alcoólicas?
2/1/1/3/2/1
h. am coming / ’m coming
Activity A – Answers
Activity B – Answers
f. watch
c. Keep
h) I from Brazil.
Estou vindo do Brasil.
Part 1.
Video Script You have finally got the visa stamp on your passport and now you can move on
to the next step of your trip. It is time for you to get your luggage back. In this
chapter, we will give you some very helpful tips on what to do in case you have
a delay, your baggage is lost, or you need information on how to get to the area
where you can pick up your luggage. Besides this, you will be introduced to a
couple of structures that will help you improve your language skills.
Look at the script of Baggage Claim.
BAGGAGE CL AIM
Well, it’s time to pick up your luggage. That’s always the next step,
whether you’re at your final destination, or you’re connecting to another
city in the U.S.! But that piece of information will determine where and
how you do that.
If you arrive in Orlando, but it’s not your final destination, and you will
be boarding another domestic flight to another city in the U.S., you will
need to grab your bags. There’s a transit counter for passengers who
are boarding domestic flights to other cities, where you’ll first grab your
bags, check them in again for your final destination, and then go to the
security checkpoint.
Let’s say you’re on a nonstop flight to Orlando, and it’s your final
destination. It’s important to remember that airports in America can be
massive. They sometimes have up to nine terminals! In order to get from
one facility to the next, you may need to take a shuttle.
James:
Alright, guys! Looks like it’s here! Let’s hop on!
BAGAGEM
Digamos que você está em um voo direto para Orlando, e este é seu
destino final. É importante lembrar que os aeroportos nos Estados
Unidos podem ser enormes. Alguns têm até nove terminais!
Para que possa ir de uma parte à outra, você talvez tenha que pegar um
traslado.
James:
Beleza, pessoal! Parece que o transporte chegou! Vamos lá!
[Dentro do trem]
Aviso do sistema de transporte:
Por favor, mantenham distância das portas e das saídas quando o APM
parar.
Por favor, saiam pela porta C. Por favor, cuidado onde pisam.
Part 2.
Vocabulary In the United States, you will have to pick up your baggage in the first
city you disembark, even if it is not your final destination. Let’s have a
look at the possible types of flight you may take:
T YPES OF FLIGHT
A nonstop flight
Um voo direto
A layover flight
Um voo com escala
A connecting flight
Um voo com conexão
If you are on a layover flight, you won’t disembark, so you don’t need to worry about picking up
your luggage. However, if you are on a connecting flight to the U.S., you will have to disembark,
pick up your luggage, and recheck it at the transit counter.
There will be some airline staff member giving instructions to passengers, but if you feel you need
to ask for information, you can use the following sentences:
Excuse me. I have a connecting flight. Can you tell me where I should go?
Com licença. Eu tenho um voo de conexão. Você poderia me dizer para onde devo ir?
Excuse me. Where do I claim and recheck my bags before my connecting flight?
Com licença. Onde posso pegar e despachar de novo minhas malas antes do meu voo de conexão?
When you get to the transit counter after you pick up your bags,
find the check-in counter of your airline. In some American airports,
they are right by the carousel.
After that, you will go through the security checkpoint again, but
you will remain inside the boarding area. You and your belongings
will be scanned.
After that, check the boarding time on the departure board. If you have questions, you can
always ask the airline staff on the ground. Take a look at some examples of questions you can ask:
So, summing up, this is the process you will go through when coming into the U.S. in an international flight to
take a connecting flight:
If it takes too long for you to go through the process of changing airplanes, you may miss your flight. In that
case, talk to the airline ground staff and tell them that you have missed your flight. You can say:
If you get lost or are not sure how to find the baggage claim, you had better ask for information.
You can ask one of the following questions:
Excuse me. Could you tell me where the baggage claim is?
Com licença. Você poderia me dizer onde é a área de retirada de bagagem?
By the way, let’s take a look at the types of bags you can check-in:
T YPES OF BAGS
Duffel bag
Suitcase Backpack
Bolsa de viagem/lona
Mala Mochila
/ Bolsa marinheiro
These are the individual bags, but when you want to talk about the
whole set of them, you may refer to it as luggage or baggage.
No matter which bag you prefer, there are high chances that
someone else has a bag just like yours. So you had better
double-check when you pick up a bag or try to find means to avoid
any confusion. You can try some of the following tips:
The first thing to do is hang a name tag on your bags. Write your
name, phone number, and email address so people can contact you
if they get your luggage by accident. It is also nice to have a name
tag on your carry-on. Here is another tip:
Despite all that, there is always a chance your baggage will get lost or delayed. This may happen when the
time between connections is too short. When it happens, it is possible that you board the plane, but your
baggage doesn’t. This means that you will have to deal with one of the following problems:
Once you have informed them that your baggage is lost, you can ask
for help to find it:
So now you know what to say in case you have a problem with your
baggage, how to ask for help if you happen to miss your connecting
flight, and the different types of flights and bags there are.
Part 3.
Vocabulary
A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.
Activities
conexão?
d) My isn’t here.
Minha mala não está aqui.
Part 4.
Grammar
You have already seen how to claim your bags at the airport and learned a few
sentences in case you need some help. Now we can go over how to ask questions
in English using the interrogative form and the question words how, what,
where, and when.
The general structure of a sentence in English in the affirmative form is subject
followed by verb and complement. That is the case of the verb to be. Have a look:
Affirmative Form
In the previous example, the verb to be is conjugated in the simple present: is.
In English, for the interrogative form, we usually place a verb before the subject
of the sentence. In the case of the verb to be, we take the affirmative form and
invert the order of the verb and the subject. Take a look:
Interrogative Form
Notice that, whereas in the affirmative form the subject is followed by the verb to be
and the complement of the sentence, in the interrogative form, we only place the verb
to be before the subject. And the complement of the sentence does not change.
When we use the other verbs in the simple present, their conjugation will be the
same for the pronouns I, you, we, and they. For example:
As you can see, the verb remains in its base form. Nonetheless, when it comes to the
third person singular, the verb must be conjugated differently. Have a look:
Generally, the suff ixes -S, -ES, or -IES will be added to the verb in the third
person singular, in the aff irmative form. In the previous example, however, the
verb to have suffers a different kind of change: it becomes has.
To make the interrogative form for other verbs in the simple present, we will need the
auxiliary verb do, which, in general, won’t be used in the aff irmative form. So, the general
structure of the other verbs in the simple present, in the interrogative form, is:
Interrogative Form
The auxiliary verb of the simple present is do for the first and second persons in
the singular and plural forms. In the third person singular (he/she/it), however, this
auxiliary verb will be conjugated, and it becomes does. Compare:
Interrogative Form
Do international airports have a transit counter?
Aeroportos internacionais têm um balcão para pessoas em trânsito?
As you can see, in both examples in the interrogative form, the main verb will be
kept in its base form, that is, without any kind of conjugation whatsoever.
The present continuous also has an auxiliary verb in its formation. As you know,
we use this verb form to talk about actions in progress in the present. Let’s review
the base structure of the present continuous in the affirmative form:
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Affirmative Form
As you can see, in the present continuous, the auxiliary verb is the verb to be. There is no
auxiliary verb do in this case. But bear in mind that the auxiliary verb in the present continuous
is also used in the affirmative form, which is another difference from the simple present.
Moreover, we can use either the contracted forms of the verb to be or the full forms, even
though the latter sounds more natural.
To make the interrogative form, all we have to do is invert the auxiliary verb to be with the
subject. Have a look:
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Interrogative Form
As you can see, nothing else changes in this verb form but the positions of the auxiliary verb
and the subjects. That is, the main verb must still keep the suffix -ING in both forms.
When dealing with modal verbs, such as can, the general structure in the affirmative form is:
MODAL VERBS
Affirmative Form
In the previous example, you is the subject, can is the modal verb, and get is the main
verb, which remains unaltered, in its base form.
As for the interrogative form, we follow the same logic and invert the modal verb with
the subject. Take a look:
MODAL VERBS
Interrogative Form
When you put the sentence in the interrogative form like that, you can expect to hear one of
these two different answers: Yes or No. But when you want to know more specific information,
such as where, when, what, and how, you need to use a question word.
In general, all you have to do is use the sentence in the interrogative form and add a question
word at the beginning of the sentence.
Let’s start with an example using the verb to be:
QUESTION WORDS
The same applies to other verbs in the simple present. We will start the sentence
with the question word and add the interrogative form. Look:
QUESTION WORDS
QUESTION WORDS
As you can see, this follows the same logic, for the question word what is
followed by the interrogative form of the present continuous.
With modal verbs it will be as simple as with the other ones. Just use the
question word before the interrogative form of the sentence. Look at this
example:
QUESTION WORDS
In this case, we have the question word where followed by the interrogative form
of the modal verb can.
Now you know how the interrogative form works in the simple present of the verb to be and
of other verbs, in the present continuous, and with modal verbs. You also know how to ask
questions using different question words, such as when, what, how, and where. If you want to
learn more about it, just go to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.
GRAMMAR GUIDE
Part 5.
Grammar Activities
A. Write SPB, SPV, PC, or MV according to the verb form used in the following interrogative
sentences.
( PC ) Present Continuous
( MV ) Modal Verb
a) ( )E
xcuse me. Where is the boarding gate for this flight?
Com licença. Onde fica o portão de embarque para este voo?
f) ( )W
hen is the next flight to Orlando?
Quando é o próximo voo para Orlando?
h) ( )E
xcuse me. Can you tell me where the baggage claim area is?
Com licença. Você pode me dizer onde é a área de retirada de bagagem?
i. PC
h. MV
b) is the next flight to Orlando?
Quando é o próximo voo para Orlando?
f. What
g. PC
c) are you bringing in your bag?
e. How
f. SPB
O que você está trazendo na sua mala?
d. Where
e. SPV
d) can I get my bags?
Onde posso pegar minhas malas?
d. SPV
c. What
e) do I get to the baggage claim area?
c. SPB
Como eu chego até a área de área de retirada de bagagem?
Activity A – Answers
Activity B – Answers
b. When
b. MV
f) are you bringing in your bag?
a. Where
O que você está trazendo na sua mala?
a. SPB
Notes
Part 1.
Video Script The arrival process has been concluded; it is time to leave the airport. You can do it
by picking up one of the different public means of transportation usually available
at airports around the world, or you can rent a car or take a taxi if you want to have
more freedom and feel more comfortable. No matter the choice you make, it is
important to do your homework and research the options in advance. You should
get all the information you need before you make your decision. In this chapter, we
will show you how to do that. You will learn what to say and see some language
items that will help you improve your English skills.
Now, look at the script of Leaving the Airport.
You’ll probably follow one of the signs that say “Car Rental” or “Ground
Transportation.” There are several different agencies and options
inside the airport! Instead of needing to take a shuttle to a car rental
agency, here you can just walk to it! But, let’s say you’ve made an online
reservation with another provider outside of the airport.
However, since you may not have wi-fi to contact a driver, you can
always take a taxi! The only downside is that taxis might be the most
expensive option depending on where you’re staying. And remember, it’s
always customary in the U.S. to tip the driver at least 15% of the fare.
SAINDO DO AEROPORTO
Se o seu hotel não oferece essa cortesia, outra opção de baixo custo
é o transporte público! Na maioria das cidades, há linhas rápidas do
aeroporto até a cidade via metrô ou trem.
Mas, se você não tiver wi-fi para contatar um motorista, você sempre
pode pegar um táxi comum! O ruim é que o táxi pode ser o transporte
mais caro, dependendo de onde você estiver hospedado. E lembre-se: é
costume nos EUA dar uma gorjeta de no mínimo 15% da corrida para o
motorista.
Part 2.
Vocabulary If you are visiting family or friends, they might pick you up at the airport. If that is not
the case, you will need to find the best way to leave the airport. Here are some of the
most important things you should consider while planning how to go from the airport
to the place you are going to stay:
You always have the option of renting a car. It is obviously more expensive than taking the bus, for example,
and you will need to plan some extra costs on your budget, considering the following:
The upside of renting a car is that you will be fully independent. There are two
ways you can rent a car:
There are usually signs that show you the way to the car rental dealerships.
You can also get there by taking the shuttle bus or the train. In case you get
confused, these are some of the questions you may want to ask:
Once you get there, you will choose your car, present the necessary
documents, and pick up your vehicle. But if you don’t want to drive,
there are plenty of public transportation options to choose from.
You can also come across the expression ground transportation
on the signs around the airport.
Every airport will have at least a few of the following options for you to choose from. Take a look:
Ridesharing services
Subway Taxi/cab
Serviços de compartilhamento
Metrô Táxi
de transporte por aplicativo
But you should first check with your hotel if they offer
any shuttle service. If so, it is free and you’re good to
go! In this case, just follow this sign at the airport:
If they don’t, there usually are shuttle buses or shuttle vans that drop passengers off at the main
hotels in the city. All you have to do is find the shuttle service counter and ask one of these questions:
Excuse me, is there an airport shuttle that takes me to the Homeland hotel?
Com licença, tem algum traslado do aeroporto que me leve para o hotel Homeland?
Shuttle buses are a good option, but they are not as cheap as
local buses. Local buses are probably the cheapest option. The
only problem is that they probably won’t drop you off right at your
hotel door. The bus stop can be a few blocks away from your hotel,
which could be a problem if you are carrying a lot of luggage. If it
is not the case and you want to save some money, that’s the right
choice. Just stop by the information desk at the airport to ask
about your options and the routes.
In some cities, you cannot hand cash to the bus driver. There will be a ticket machine by the bus stop, or
you will have to get a travel card. In other cities, the drivers may take your money, but they don’t carry any
change. So, if the bus fare is US$2.50, you should pay them exactly US$2.50. You can also get to know all
about it by asking one of the following questions at the information desk:
The local buses will take you to train stations. In some countries, there are train
and subway stations by the airport.
But if you are tired after a long trip and don’t want to wait for a car, taking a taxi is the best choice. Taxis are
available at the arrival hall of every airport, and they are probably the most expensive choice. Here are some
sentences you can use when approaching a taxi driver:
Excuse me, are you available? Hi! Can you take me to the Homeland hotel?
Com licença, você está disponível? Olá! Poderia me levar ao hotel Homeland?
Hello! What’s the average price from here to the Homeland hotel?
Olá! Qual é a média de preço para ir daqui até o hotel Homeland?
They will take you where you want for a fairly high fare. At the end of the ride,
the driver will tell you the price. Bear in mind that the U.S. has a tipping culture,
which means that you must tip drivers, bellboys, and waiting staff at restaurants, Keep the change.
for example. So, if the driver tells you that the ride cost you 50 dollars, you are Fique com o troco.
supposed to pay 50 dollars plus 15%. In this case, you’ll pay something like 58
dollars. Then you can hand over 60 dollars in bills and say:
Now you know the transportation options you can find at airports around the world and the
questions you can ask whenever you need to get some information about them.
Part 3.
Vocabulary
A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.
Activities
( 5 ) Subway ( ) Metrô
d. change
Esse traslado me leva para o hotel Homeland?
e. fare
c. bus
d) Keep the .
Fique com o troco.
Activity B – Answers
Part 4.
Grammar In the last chapter, you saw how to use the interrogative form of the simple present
and the present continuous. You also saw that we use where to ask about location,
when to ask about time, what to ask for information, and how to ask about manner.
In this chapter, we will expand the use of what and how. You will see other meanings,
uses, and combinations of these question words, and you will also learn how to use
which, a pronoun that may be similar to what, depending on the context.
Let’s start with what. Take a look:
We use what to ask general questions that refer to unlimited choices. Hence, these
questions allow for several different options of answers. In the previous example, the
person does not know what is in the bag, so there may be lots of different answers,
such as clothes, shoes, books, etc.
Now, have a look at another example:
Let’s take a look at the question word which. We use it to ask about choices among
a limited number of options. That is, the options will be restricted.
Compare:
As you can see in the previous examples, when there are many possible answers, we
use what. And when there is a restricted number of choices, we tend to use which.
Sometimes, the restricted options may not be specified in the question.
For example:
Even though there were no options clearly pointed out, it is easy to guess that it is
not just any bus that would take the person the hotel, but a specific line. So, based
on the context, it is possible to understand that the options are, in fact, restricted.
In that sense, what and which have different usages. We use which to ask about
specific information when we have a limited number of choices in mind; and we
use what to ask general questions whose answer options will be unlimited.
Now, let’s analyze the structure of these sentences. Have a look at the examples again:
Notice that, in both questions, what and which are followed by the noun that
refers to the specific matter we are asking about. In the first questions, means of
transportation. And, in the second one, transportation. In both cases we continued
the question by using the verb prefer in the interrogative form of the simple present.
We can also use what to refer to the object of the sentence. That is, what is the
question word used to ask about things, animals, feelings, or situations when they
are the object of the verb. Have a look at the following example:
Here, what does not refer to choices among general options. It refers to the things
that someone carries in their bag, that is, the object of the verb. The subject of this
question is you, and the verb prefer is in the simple present. Therefore, the auxiliary
verb do must be used to ask the question. As you can see, there is no noun after
what, so it is simply followed by the interrogative form of the verb.
What can also be used when we want to learn about the subject of the sentence,
be it an animal, an object, a feeling, or a situation. In this case, the subject will not be
used in the question, because it is the part of the sentence that answers the question.
Observe the following example:
Here there is no information concerning the reason for the person to be in the U.S.
because that is exactly the focus of the question. Since the subject of the verb is
unknown, there is no auxiliary verb, and the question must be asked in the third
person singular. In the case of the simple present, we will add -S to the verb.
Summing up, we would have these two structures, depending on the information
we are looking for:
Which can also be used to refer to the object of the sentence. Have a look:
When it refers to the object of the verb, there will be a subject as part of the
question, and, depending on the verb form, the auxiliary verb will be necessary to
ask the question.
On the other hand, when it refers to the subject of the verb, the structure will
change. Take a look:
In this case, there will be no auxiliary verb, and the main verb must be conjugated
in the third person singular. But notice there is one difference compared to what:
Which must be followed by the noun it refers to, whether it is a question about the
subject or the object of the verb. That happens because the question word which
always involves selecting something among restricted options.
A possible answer to both previous questions could be:
Now, let’s see the question word how. We know it is used to ask about manner. For example:
HOW
And you are already familiar with the structure Question word +
Interrogative form. Notice that we are using the simple present.
How can also be combined with many other words to form question
words with different meanings.
Let’s start with the expression How many. Check out this example:
Notice that in this example we did not use the noun in the structure because the word
money is implied. It’s as if we said, “How much money is the bus fare?” This sentence
would be grammatically correct, but it’s not commonly used in spoken English.
Another question word derived from how is How long. For example:
How long is used to ask about the duration of something, such as a trip, a film, or a class,
or the length of something, such as a road. And we generally use How long followed by the
interrogative form of the verb.
The last combination with how we will mention in this chapter is How far. Take a look:
We use it to ask about distance, and it is followed by the interrogative form of the verb.
Part 5.
Grammar
A. Choose the correct option to complete the blanks.
Activities
( ) How many
( ) How much
f. Which
d. What
e. What
O que você normalmente traz na sua mala?
Activity B – Answers
e) brings you to the U.S.?
O que te traz aos Estados Unidos?
b. Which
a. How
c. How
f) transportation do you prefer: the car or the bus?
Qual transporte você prefere: o carro ou o ônibus?
d. How many
e. How much
Activity A – Answers
c. How much
b. How long
a. How far
Notes
Part 1.
Video Script Well, your trip has come to an end. It is time to go to the airport and take your flight
back home. In this chapter, you will see the procedures for checking in. We will
show you what to do and anticipate some of the things you may have to deal with
along the way. You will learn different ways to check in and what to say in case you
have problems or need help during the process. And, as usual, you will also see
some language topics that will help you improve your English.
Take a look at the script of Check-in.
CHE CK-IN
Now, one last piece of advice: I would highly recommend getting to the
airport at least three hours before your flight. Yes, depending on the
season, the lines can be long and pretty frustrating. In order to avoid
that, make sure you follow that tip and get there at least three hours
before your flight.
James:
Hi, how are you today?
Airline Clerk:
Good! Good evening, sir! Can I see your passport and boarding pass,
please?
James:
Of course, right here!
Airline Clerk:
Thank you! OK, everything looks good! How many bags are we
checking today?
James:
I’m just going to do two, OK?
Airline Clerk:
OK! Go ahead and put the first one on the scale. And the second one.
OK!
James:
Can I just get a fragile sticker on those, please?
Airline Clerk:
You sure can!
James:
Awesome!
Airline Clerk:
OK, and how about your backpack and the small red one?
James:
I just have these for my carry-on.
Airline Clerk:
OK! Go ahead and fill these out, put those on as well.
James:
Awesome, thank you!
Airline Clerk:
And how was your visit to Orlando?
James:
It was awesome; “the City Beautiful,” right?
Airline Clerk:
Very good, yes, sir! These are for your checked bags.
James:
Awesome, thank you so much!
Airline Clerk:
Thank you for the check-in, and have a nice flight!
James:
Awesome, thank you so much!
Alright, we’re all set! Now it’s time to head to passport control and the
security checkpoint!
CHE CK-IN
[Dentro do carro]
James:
Este é o final da nossa viagem, é hora de voar de volta para casa.
Então, estamos a caminho do aeroporto!
Esses são os passos que você deve seguir. Primeiro, você precisará
escanear seu passaporte. Então, você deve confirmar o número do seu
bilhete, ou das informações de reserva, e escolher seu assento. Depois
disso, você deve informar quantas malas estão sendo despachadas.
Digite as informações. Confirme-as. E, agora, tudo o que você tem que
fazer é pegar seu cartão de embarque e as etiquetas de bagagem.
James:
Oi, tudo bem?
James:
Claro, aqui estão!
James:
Somente duas, OK?
James:
Você poderia colocar um adesivo de frágil nelas, por favor?
James:
Maravilha!
James:
Essas são minhas bagagens de mão.
James:
Ótimo, muito obrigado!
James:
Foi ótima; é “a linda cidade”, não é mesmo?
James:
Ótimo, muito obrigado!
James:
Maravilha, obrigado! OK, tudo certo!
Part 2.
Vocabulary You are at the airport again. You are probably carrying your baggage. Now, if you don’t like to carry
heavy bags around, the first thing you will want to do as you get to the airport is rent a baggage
cart or trolley. They can be found at one of these places:
Check-in area
Área de check-in
Parking lots
Estacionamentos
Arrivals
Área de desembarque
Speaking of coins, Americans have specific names for each one of them. They will rarely – if ever –
refer to them in any other way. So, it is nice to learn these names. Take a look:
After you release the cart, you can check in. There are three ways you can do it:
CH E CK-IN PROCESS
If you choose to use the self-service check-in kiosk, you will be asked to scan your
passport and type in the flight confirmation code. Before finishing your check-in,
you will be offered a few extras. Each company will offer something different, but,
in general, these are the options:
Please, place one piece of luggage you want to check in on the scale.
Por favor, coloque uma mala que deseja despachar na balança.
The procedure is very similar, but you will have to interact with the clerk. You will say your name,
where you are going, and then they will ask for your flight confirmation code and passport.
Take a look at the questions you will be probably asked:
What is your last name? And your first name? What is your final destination?
Qual é o seu sobrenome? E o nome? Qual é o seu destino final?
Then, it is time to choose the seat. You can ask one of the following
questions to choose yours:
Before you get your boarding pass, the clerk will ask if you want to check
in any luggage, and if you say yes, they may say something like this:
If your luggage exceeds the airline baggage-weight policy, you will have to pay the excess-baggage fees.
If that happens, you will probably hear:
Your baggage exceeded the weight limit. Would you like to take something out?
Sua bagagem excedeu o limite de peso. Você gostaria de retirar alguma coisa?
You can also request a fragile sticker for your baggage if you are carrying something that breaks
easily. There is also the possibility of getting a priority tag. So you can say:
Can you put a fragile sticker on my bag, please? Can I have a priority bag tag?
Você pode colocar uma etiqueta de frágil Posso ter uma etiqueta de
na minha mala, por favor? prioridade na minha bagagem?
After you have checked in your luggage, the clerk will ask about your carry-on:
The process will be concluded after that. The clerk will hand you your boarding pass and
inform you of your boarding gate and time. It will be something like this:
Here’s your boarding pass and baggage receipt. Your flight departs at 4 p.m.
on gate 23D. Boarding starts at 3 p.m. Enjoy your flight!
Aqui estão o seu cartão de embarque e comprovante de bagagem. Seu voo partirá
às 16h no portão 23D. O embarque terá início às 15h. Boa viagem!
Now you know how to do the check-in before you go back home.
Part 3.
Vocabulary
A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.
Activities
e. excess-baggage fee
on the scale.
f. boarding pass
Por favor, coloque uma mala que deseja despachar na balança. d. window
Part 4.
Grammar
We have talked about modal verbs before. They function as auxiliaries, adding meaning to the main verb. In
this chapter, we are going to see modal verbs that express possibility, permission, request, and offer. Let’s
take a look at can, could, and would.
Modal verbs will follow the same sentence structure. Let’s see some examples in the affirmative, negative
and interrogative forms with the modal verb can:
MODAL VERBS
Interrogative Form
Modal Verb + Subject + Verb + Complement
Modal Verb + Sujeito + Verbo Principal + Complemento
As previously mentioned, modal verbs “modulate” the action, that is, they add meaning to the main verb. Let’s
take a look at an example and compare the difference in ideas between a sentence in the simple present and
one with a modal verb:
As you can see, the simple present is used to express something we do as a part
of a routine or to refer to facts, whereas the modal verb can refers to something
that we believe to be possible or that we have permission to do, depending on the
context.
Each modal verb will convey a specific idea, depending on the context. Let’s start
by having a look at the uses of the modal verb can. Take a look at the following
example:
In this case, we are using can to talk about possibility. To help you understand this
idea, we could replace the modal verb can with the expression It is possible to.
Now, have a look at another example:
Based on the context of the check-in process and on the use of the word
please, this sentence expresses a request. The passenger is asking the clerk
to do something for them. Depending on the situation, it could also sound like a
possibility. It would be like saying, Is it possible for you to put a fragile sticker
on my bag, please?
Can is also used to talk about permission. Take a look:
In this sense, can is used when you want to say that someone is allowed to
do something or ask if something is allowed. Note that when we ask for
permission, the subject is usually in the first person singular or plural, because
we often ask for permission for ourselves. The combination can I have...? is very
common in interactions with attendants, such as when we are buying something
at a store or during the check-in process. It is as if the clerk were asking for
permission to check a document or to help us in some way.
Pay attention to the following example:
This sentence conveys an idea of permission too. But in this case, it is not a
request for permission since it is in the affirmative form. It is simply an informative
sentence referring to the kind of passengers that are allowed to buy at the
duty-free shop.
Another very common modal verb is could. It expresses a remote possibility,
and it sounds a bit more formal than can. Compare:
Note that there is no difference in the sentence structure since both can and
could are modal verbs. Even though they both convey the idea of possibility,
the sentence with could expresses a rather remote possibility compared to the
sentence with can.
Could is also used for requests. And, once again, it sounds more formal and
polite than can. Compare:
As you can see, regarding the structure, both can and could work the same way.
In the interrogative form, we only invert their positions with the subject, since
they are modal verbs. And both sentences are correct and used in everyday
English. The only difference is that asking for help using could sounds a little
more polite than using can.
Depending on the context, could also conveys the idea of permission. Look:
In this case as well, could sounds more formal and polite than can. As you
can see, we are using the interrogative form, which means we are asking for
permission.
Now there is a difference when we talk about permission in the affirmative form.
Let’s see the examples, so we can compare them:
Present
Only international travelers can buy at the duty-free shop.
Somente passageiros internacionais podem comprar na loja duty-free.
Past
Only international travelers could buy at the duty-free shop.
Somente passageiros internacionais podiam comprar na loja duty-free.
The first sentence expresses permission in the present. It means that something is
permitted, it is a fact now. On the other hand, the sentence with could means that
this permission has ended. It is no longer a fact. Travelers were allowed to do that
in the past, but they aren’t anymore. So, in this context, could is the past of can.
The same happens in the negative form. Take a look:
Present
You can’t smoke on the plane.
Você não pode fumar no avião.
Past
You couldn’t smoke on the plane.
Você não podia fumar no avião.
So, if you are not allowed to do something, you are forbidden to do it. In both
cases, we have a prohibition. To convey a prohibition in the present, we say, “you
can’t do it.” When we use couldn’t, it means that you were not allowed to do that
in the past. So, in this case, could works as the past of can.
We saw that can and could are modal verbs that can have similar meanings, that
the modal verb could will usually sound more polite and formal than can, and that
it can also be interpreted as the past of can.
Now let’s see some examples with another modal verb: would.
Would refers to hypothesis. However, it is also frequently used in interactions to offer something. Take a look:
In this context of offering something to someone, notice that the combination would + like
is the one you are most likely to see.
To summarize the most important topics covered in this chapter, this is what we can conclude:
Now you know when and how to use the modal verbs can,
could, and would. If you want to learn more about them, just
go to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book.
GRAMMAR GUIDE
Part 5.
Grammar Activities
A. Choose the option that best defines the use of the modal verbs in the sentences.
a) Excuse me. Could you help me with my d) Could I have your flight confirmation code?
check-in? Poderia ver seu código localizador do voo?
Com licença. Você poderia me ajudar com o
meu check-in?
( a ) offer
( b ) formal permission
( a ) polite request
( b ) formal permission
e) You can check in at the airport.
Você pode fazer o check-in no aeroporto.
b) Can I have your flight confirmation code and
passport?
( a ) possibility
Posso ver seu código localizador do voo e
( b ) offer
passaporte?
( a ) request
c) Would you like to take something out of
your bag? ( b ) remote possibility
Você gostaria de retirar alguma coisa da sua mala?
( a ) offer
( b ) request
a/b/a/b/a/b
Activity A – Answers
Activity B – Answers
Part 1.
Video Script It is time to go through the security checkpoint. It may be a little annoying, but
it is for your own safety. There are plenty of things you can do to avoid wasting
time and having problems during the whole process. In this chapter, we will give
you some nice tips on what to do to go through it in a very smooth way. Besides
that, you will also see a couple of language items that will contribute a lot to your
learning.
Take a look at the script of Security Check.
SE CURIT Y CHE CK
But first, before we get into that, let me point something out. Take a look
at this sign! American airports can have many different terminals and
many different boarding gates. Here at Orlando International Airport,
there are four terminals and two boarding gates. All this information is
made available to you on your boarding pass or on the departure boards
inside the airport.
If you’re carrying a laptop computer in your bag, now it’s time to take
it out and put it in its own screening bin. At some airports, you are
required to throw away all food that you might be carrying in your
purses. While all airports aren’t the same, it’s important to pay attention
to the instructions around the airport, so you know what you’re doing.
Then, take off those shoes, caps, belts, watches and any other
accessories and put them all together in their own screening bin. Make
sure you follow all these steps and you’re ready to go once it’s your turn.
Your bags will be scanned, and so will you. Once it’s your turn, step
inside the scanner and place your feet on the marks on the ground. Put
your hands above your head and remember: do not move or exit the
scanner, unless you’re told to do so by an officer.
SE GURANÇA
Part 2.
Vocabulary We have already seen some items that are forbidden in your carry-on, but there is no harm in
checking them out once again. Take a look:
FORBIDDEN ITEMS
The lines are usually pretty long at the security checkpoint. While you are standing in line, you
can do the following:
Pack your toiletries, liquids, and gels in one clear quart-sized bag.
Coloque seus produtos de higiene, líquidos e géis em um saquinho transparente de
aproximadamente 20 x 20 cm.
Take off your shoes, belt, watch, bracelets or any magnetic metal you have on.
Tire seus sapatos, cinto, relógio, pulseiras ou qualquer outro metal ferromagnético que
você esteja usando.
As you approach the scanners, this is what you will have to do:
Take off your shoes and place them in the scanning tray.
Tire os sapatos e coloque-os na bandeja do escâner.
Place the clear plastic bag with your liquids in the tray.
Coloque o saquinho com seus líquidos na bandeja.
Take off your jacket, scarf, coat, and empty your pockets.
Tire sua jaqueta, cachecol, casaco e esvazie os bolsos.
You are all set. Now it is scanning time. You will slide your bags into the bag scanner and wait
to be called into the body scanner. You will know it is your turn when you hear one of these
sentences or something similar to the following:
In fact, they might not even say anything. As you know, the body speaks. So, the security officers might just
gesture or nod to tell you to come in. Body language is a good strategy to deal with people who can’t speak
your language. So, you will step into the scanner and the officer will be on the other side giving you these
instructions:
As you step out of the body scanner, you will proceed to retrieve your belongings that went through the bag
scanner. As it turns out, the security officers who check the carry-ons might call you for further inspection. This
is a standard procedure. They will ask you to open your bags so they can see their contents better. Sometimes,
they pick one bag at random, and sometimes they spot something they would like to verify. For example:
Part 3.
Vocabulary
A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.
Activities
Activity B – Answers
a. scanning tray / tray
electronic devices
quart-sized bag.
b. electronics /
Part 4.
Grammar
You have already learned some details about safety procedures before returning home.
Now, let’s see some structures you can use when you want to give commands, ask
for favors, or request permission. It is time to talk about the imperative, the simple
present, and the modal verb may. Let’s begin with the imperative.
A very frequent way to give commands or instructions is to use the imperative form.
Let’s take a look at some examples:
As you can see, the subject does not appear in the sentences, just the verbs in their
base form and the complement. The subject in the imperative form is always you,
that’s why it is typically omitted from the sentence. In the affirmative form, you just
need the verb in its base form and a complement.
Now, let’s see what happens when we use the imperative in the negative form:
In this case, we need to add don’t before the verb and the complement. So, the
auxiliary verb in the negative form of the imperative is do followed by not. The
contracted form is don’t.
It is important to pay attention to the different uses of the word do. It may work as
an auxiliary verb, as shown before, or as the main verb, depending on the sentence
formation. Do as an auxiliary verb does not have the same meaning as when it is used
as the main verb of a sentence. Have a look at this sentence:
In this case, we have the imperative form, and do is the main verb.
Let’s see another example:
Here the first do is used as the auxiliary verb of the negative form, and the second
do is the main verb. So we have: Don’t do, and it’s all right. The important thing is to
understand that don’t means denial, and it doesn’t have the same meaning as the
main verb of the sentence. Now, have a look at another example:
This sentence is also in the negative form, but now with a different main verb: Pack.
Now we have don’t pack, so don’t is the auxiliary verb and pack is the main verb.
Now that we’ve seen the difference between do as a main verb and as an auxiliary
verb, it is time to explore a bit more the simple present, which we use to talk about
facts, routine, and habits.
You already know that the verb do is the auxiliary verb of the simple present, and it
will always show up in the interrogative and negative forms. But in the affirmative
structure, we hardly ever use it. The main structure in the affirmative is:
Affirmative Form
SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT
Sujeito + Verbo + Complemento
Negative Form
SUBJECT + DO + NOT (DON’T) + VERB + COMPLEMENT
Sujeito + Verbo + Do + Not (Don’t) + Complemento
Interrogative Form
DO + SUBJECT + VERB + COMPLEMENT
Do + Sujeito + Verbo + Complemento
Remember that we use do for the subjects I, you, we, and they, and we use does for the third person
singular: he, she, and it.
The verb to be does not quite follow the same rules. That is, to be has a different conjugation for each person,
and we do not use the auxiliary verb do to make its negative and interrogative forms. Let’s take a look at the
conjugation of this verb in the affirmative and negative forms, as well as some examples:
Affirmative Form:
I am (I’m) / you are (you’re) / he, she, it is (he’s, she’s, it’s) / we, you, they are (we’re, you’re, they’re)
Negative Form:
I’m not / you are not (you aren’t) / he, she, it is not (he, she, it isn’t) /
we, you, they are not (we, you, they aren’t)
She is not (She isn’t) a passenger on flight 456 to London.
Ela não é uma passageira no voo 456 para Londres.
In the affirmative form, there is a different conjugation for each person. Notice that we can also use the
contracted forms: I’m, he’s, you’re and so on.
In the negative form, we just place not after the verb, without having to resort to an auxiliary. We can also use
the contracted forms: She isn’t, you aren’t, etc., but we don’t usually use the contracted form with the first
person singular, I. This contracted form exists, ain’t, but it is really informal, and you won’t see it in a more
formal situation. It is important to understand it, but it is better not to use it.
The interrogative form is quite simple too. It works just like this:
Interrogative Form:
Am I? / Are you? / Is he, she, it? / Are we, you, they?
We simply invert the position of the verb To Be and the subject to form questions,
and there is no need to use auxiliary verbs in this case either.
You noticed that we didn’t use do or does in any sentence with the verb to be in
the simple present. But if the verb to be is used in the imperative form, we will
need the auxiliary do. Check it out:
VERB TO BE – IMPERATIVE
Negative form:
Don’t be nervous during the security check.
Não fique nervosa durante o procedimento de segurança.
So, when it comes to the imperative form, we will have to apply its general rule.
Even if the main verb is to be, we have to use do in the negative form.
Now, observe the affirmative form:
VERB TO BE – IMPERATIVE
Affirmative form:
Be prepared for the body scanner.
Esteja preparado para o escâner corporal.
As you can see, we will follow the general rule of the imperative in
this case too. That is, no explicit subject in the sentence and the verb
in its base form, which is be.
The verb to be will be used in its base form in many different
structures, such as when we use it with some modal verbs. Let’s
see how it works with the modal verb may:
The modal verb may is frequently used to ask for and give permission.
For instance, when we say May I...?, we’re asking for permission; and
when we say something like You may…, we are giving permission.
Even though, depending on the situation, or who you are talking to,
permissions can be understood as orders. Take a look at the example:
MAY – PERMISSION
This is a sentence you may hear from the officer at the security checkpoint, and
it means that you are allowed to step out of the scanner. The officer is giving you
permission to do it. It is a matter of context—it can imply an idea of permission or
instruction, which is quite milder than that of an order.
Notice that the structure of the sentence follows the structure of the modal verbs that
you already know: subject + modal verb may + main verb + complement.
It is also possible to hear this in the imperative form. Check it out:
The difference now is that this one sounds stronger than the
example with may. It is possible to soften up the imperative by
adding please to the sentence. Take a look:
Now you know how versatile the imperative form is. You also know the difference
between the simple present of the verb to be and other verbs. You have also
reviewed one use of the modal verb may. Go the Grammar Guide section at the end
of your book to learn more about these important language items.
GRAMMAR GUIDE
Part 5.
Grammar
A. Which structures can be used to...
Activities
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the verb to be.
c. Be
Activity B – Answers
b. be
Part 1.
Video Script You’re now in the boarding area, and you probably still have some time left before
getting on the plane. That’s a good opportunity for you to explore this place. You
can visit some of the shops and maybe buy one or two last things you may have
forgotten, grab something to eat in one of the many restaurants and coffee shops
you usually find there, or simply walk around.
In this chapter you will see what you can do to make the best of this spare time,
and you’ll also study useful language items. Take a look at the script of Boarding
Area.
BOARDING AREA
Once inside the boarding area, most airports have a decent selection of
bars and restaurants to choose from. The Orlando International Airport
has a really nice food court just outside the boarding area! But, if you’re
nervous about making your flight, I would suggest getting some food
once you make it inside the boarding area. I’m feeling pretty hungry
now, so I’m going to get something to eat!
Oh, last piece of advice! Don’t spend too much time on the store, and
make sure that you’re at your gate at least 20 minutes before your flight.
ÁREA DE EMBARQUE
Ah, um último conselho! Não gaste muito tempo na loja, e esteja em seu
portão de embarque no mínimo 20 minutos antes do seu voo.
Part 2.
Vocabulary Before you start exploring the boarding area, you should check your flight information. You can
find it on the departure board. That’s the kind of information you will see there:
If everything is right with your flight, you will see the following sequence of
information concerning the flight status:
FLIGHT STATUSES
Delayed Canceled
Atrasado Cancelado
In such case, you will have to go to the airline counter to reschedule your flight.
You may have to ask the following questions:
Flights are not canceled very often. Delays, on the other hand, happen more
frequently, especially due to weather conditions. In that case, your gate is likely
to change.
If your gate changes, you will hear an announcement similar to this one:
It is important to check the terminal and the gate on the departure board
because this is where your flight information will be updated.
If the gate and terminal information on your boarding pass differs from that on the
departure board, go to the gate specified on the departure board because that’s
the correct one.
There will probably be an information desk in the boarding area where you can ask for help. You may ask one
of these questions:
Excuse me. Can you help me check if my boarding gate has changed?
Com licença. Você pode me ajudar a verificar se o meu portão de embarque mudou?
Once you get to your boarding terminal, there are plenty of options for you to kill time while waiting for your
flight. These are some of them:
And you’ll find almost anything you want in a duty-free shop. Take a look:
Eyewear
Óculos de sol e lentes de contato
If you are in a shop, the salesperson may approach you like this:
But if you are the one who approaches the salesperson, then you’ll say:
Now, if you want to learn more about the price of the products or
the deals you can get, you may ask:
And there will be some options for you to choose from, such as:
Now you know how to check your flight status, the procedures in case
of unforeseen events, such as delayed or canceled flights, as well as
what shopping and restaurant options you have in the boarding area.
Part 3.
Vocabulary
A. Number the columns according to the translation of the words.
Activities
d. rebook / reschedule
c) Will I get a ?
Eu vou receber um voucher de alimentação?
Activity B – Answers
a. boarding gate
c. meal voucher
Part 4.
Grammar In this chapter, we will explore some language items, such as adjectives and nouns.
Let’s begin with adjectives.
Adjectives express characteristics and they are used to describe things, places, and
people—they always refer to nouns or pronouns.
In English, adjectives don’t change according to number or gender as it happens in
some other languages. That means that they do not have singular or plural forms, or
feminine and masculine forms. Let’s see some examples:
Canceled Delayed
Cancelado/Cancelada Atrasado/Atrasada
Cancelados/Canceladas Atrasados/Atrasadas
XL
Confirmed
Confirmado/Confirmada Large
Confirmados/Confirmadas Grande/Grandes
Interesting
Interessante/Interessantes
And there’s another difference: in many languages, the most common position for
the adjective is after the noun, but, in English, adjectives usually come before the
noun. Check it out:
Adjective Noun
I’d like a large cappuccino.
Eu gostaria de um cappuccino grande.
Notice that the adjective large comes before the noun cappuccino.
Look at this next example:
Adjective Noun
There are interesting products at the duty-free shop.
Existem produtos interessantes na loja duty-free.
Adjective Noun
Have a nice flight.
Tenha um bom voo.
Here, nice is the adjective and flight is the noun. Once again, the
adjective comes before the noun.
As you can see in the examples, adjectives don’t change their form,
and they usually come before nouns. But what are nouns?
Nouns are words we use to name people, things, places, feelings, experiences,
and so on. Nouns can refer either to concrete or abstract things.
Concrete nouns are those used to name things we can see or touch.
For example:
CONCRE TE NOUNS
But nouns are also used to name abstract things, things we can’t touch, such as
ideas, feelings, experiences, and situations. They are called abstract nouns.
ABSTRACT NOUNS
Regardless of the type of noun, the position of the adjective won’t change.
Compare:
In the first example, we have the adjective unforgettable and the abstract noun
experience. In the second one, we have the adjective large and the concrete
noun cappuccino. In both cases, we use the same structure, that is: an adjective
plus a noun. As you can see, the type of noun – concrete or abstract – doesn’t
affect this structure.
But, different from adjectives, nouns vary in number. Most of them have singular
and plural forms. When we talk about one thing only, we use a singular noun.
And to talk about more than one, we use plural nouns.
Check some examples out:
Notice that we used different plural forms. To use the plural form of regular plural
nouns, such as seat, we just add -S to the end of the word. This is the general
rule. There are other variations, mainly regarding spelling depending on the
noun’s ending, but regular plural nouns will always end in -S.
On the other hand, irregular plural nouns will suffer a change in their basic form
and will not end in -S. It’s the case of woman, which becomes women.
Let’s see other examples:
But remember, in English, the adjective doesn’t change its form. It does not
matter if the noun is singular or plural, nor whether it has a regular or irregular
plural form: the adjective won’t change.
It’s also important to keep in mind that all the nouns that have a plural form are
things that we can count, so we call them countable nouns. For example:
COUNTABLE NOUNS
There are things we can’t count by units; therefore, they don’t have a plural form.
They are called uncountable nouns.
Take a look at the examples:
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Information Luggage
Informação Bagagem
The words information and luggage have a plural form in several languages, but
in English they are uncountable, so they have no plural form. If we really need to
be more precise about their quantity, we say pieces of.
Look at other examples:
Heavy luggage
Bagagem pesada / Bagagens pesadas
Interesting information
Informação interessante / Informações interessantes
Now you know how to use adjectives, the plural, and countable and uncountable
nouns in English. Go to the Grammar Guide section at the end of your book to learn
more about these important language items.
GRAMMAR GUIDE
Part 5.
Grammar
A. Write C when the noun is countable, and U when it is uncountable.
Activities
a) ( ) Information d) ( ) Man
Informação Homem
b) ( ) Child e) ( ) Woman
Criança Mulher
c) ( ) Luggage f) ( ) Dream
Bagagem Sonho
B. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate adjective and noun, according to the
words in bold.
a) I’d like a .
Eu gostaria de um cappuccino grande.
e. Canceled flights
d. heavy luggage
f. Tall people
b) There are at the duty-free shop.
Existem produtos interessantes na loja duty-free.
b. interesting products
Activity B – Answers
c) Have a .
a. large cappuccino
c. U
Guide
Grammar
GuideInfinitive Form
The infinitive form of the verb is the verb in its base form. In English, the infinitive
form is preceded by the particle “to.”
Have a look at some examples of verbs in the infinitive form:
INFINITIVE FORM
To eat To go To study
Comer Ir Estudar
Just like it happens in most languages, the infinitive form is used in several
instances in English. One of the most common uses is to follow other verbs.
VERB + INFINITIVE
All of these sentences have examples of verbs in the infinitive form, which is also called
to-infinitive, because it is composed of two words in English: the particle to + the verb.
But we also use the bare infinitive, which is the verb in the infinitive form, but not preceded by
the particle “to.” This is how verbs appear in the dictionary, and it’s also used after some verbs.
The other position for adjectives is right before the noun to which they refer.
In this case, we’ll have a determiner (if necessary), the adjective, and the noun.
Take a look:
ADJE CTIVES
(Determiner +) Adjective + Noun
DE TERMINERS
Article: the / a / an
o(a) / um(a)
Let’s see some examples with determiners before the adjective and the noun.
ADJE CTIVES
Determiner + Adjective + Noun
ADJE CTIVES
When you use more than one adjective in a sentence, there is an order to be followed. Check it out:
It’s not common to use many adjectives for the same noun, but it’s possible.
The same goes for number. The definite article in English does not change
in number either. So, there’s no article variation, whether it is referring to a
singular or a plural noun.
DEFINITE ARTICLE
Number
In English, there are some situations in which we will not use articles before nouns. Articles are not used
before generalizations, possessive adjectives, and most proper nouns.
Let’s see each of these cases:
DEFINITE ARTICLE
General rule: no article before proper nouns
But there will be some exceptions to this general rule. We’ll use the definite article before
proper nouns in some situations, as we can see in the following table.
DEFINITE ARTICLE
Exceptions: definite article before proper nouns
Proper nouns that include a common noun as part of their name, such as “states,”
“kingdom,” and “republic” in the following examples.
Geographical regions
ARTICLES
Indefinite x Definite
In English, the articles do not change according to gender. This means that no
matter if the noun is feminine or masculine, there will be no variation.
Regarding number, it is important to notice that the English indefinite article is
only used before singular nouns.
INDEFINITE ARTICLE
Singular Plural
a girl girls
uma menina (umas) meninas
a boy boys
um menino (uns) meninos
INDEFINITE ARTICLE
We should also pay special attention to the variation of the indefinite article in English.
The indefinite article in English will vary depending on the initial sound of the word that comes
after it. If the following word begins with a consonant sound, we’ll use a, and if the following
word begins with a vowel sound, then we’ll use an.
Notice that the variation occurs based on the initial sound and not on the spelling. Considering
the vowels, sound and spelling will coincide in all words starting with the vowels A, E, and I. That
means that these words are spelled with initial vowels and have an initial vowel sound. Therefore,
they will be preceded by an.
Have a look:
INDEFINITE ARTICLE
Indefinite Article + Words Starting with A, E, and I
A E I
an army an elephant an island
an avenue an event an institution
an alien an employee an immigrant
INDEFINITE ARTICLE
Indefinite Article + Words Starting with O
an object
um objeto
( pronounced as vowel)
( pronunciada como vogal)
a one-way street
uma rua de mão única
( pronounced as a consonant – sounds like /w/ as in the verb want)
( pronunciada como consoante – como o som inicial do verbo “want”)
As for words spelled with an initial U, we should pay more attention to the
difference in pronunciation since there are a considerable number of words
spelled with initial U but pronounced as a consonant.
Take a look at the difference:
INDEFINITE ARTICLE
Indefinite Article + Words Starting with U
an umbrella
um guarda-chuva
( pronounced as vowel – sounds like / / as in the word “other”)
( pronunciada como vogal – como o som inicial da palavra “other”)
a university
uma universidade
( pronounced as a consonant – sounds like /j/ as in the pronoun you)
( pronunciada como consoante – como o som inicial do pronome “you”)
INDEFINITE ARTICLE
Indefinite Article + Words Starting with H
an hour
uma hora
( pronounced as vowel – silent initial H)
( pronunciada como vogal – o H inicial é mudo)
an honest man
um homem honesto
( pronounced as vowel – silent initial H)
( pronunciada como vogal – o H inicial é mudo)
a house
uma casa
( pronounced as consonant – the initial H is not silent)
( pronunciada como consoante – o H inicial não é mudo)
a hurricane
um furacão
( pronounced as consonant – the initial H is not silent)
( pronunciada como consoante – o H inicial não é mudo)
IMPERATIVE FORM
Structure
Affirmative Form
Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement
Go there.
Vá lá.
Negative Form
Auxiliary Verb Do + Not (Don’t) + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement
In English, the imperative performs many functions. It can be used to give orders
or to demand something, to instruct, to give advice or recommendation, or to
encourage someone.
IMPERATIVE FORM
Functions
1. Order; demand
2. Instructions
Mix the ingredients and add salt. Don’t put too much salt.
Misture os ingredientes e adicione sal. Não coloque muito sal.
Have a cup of tea and rest. Don’t forget to take your coat.
Tome uma xícara de chá e descanse. Não se esqueça de levar seu casaco.
4. Requests; favors
5. Encouragement
Try again! You can do it. Don’t give up. You can do it.
Tente novamente! Você consegue. Não desista. Você consegue.
Imperative sentences are always addressed to the listener or listeners. So, the subject is always
in the second person, which is “you,” in the singular or plural forms. For that reason, in most
imperative sentences, the subject is omitted.
However, the subject can be included in imperative sentences to add emphasis to the action. In
such cases, it will be placed before the main verb, in both affirmative and negative sentences.
IMPERATIVE FORM
Using the Subject to Add Emphasis
Affirmative Form
Subject (second person) + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement
Negative Form
Auxiliary Verb Do + Not (Don’t) + Subject (second person) +
Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement
INDEFINITE ARTICLE
Making Suggestions or Requests in the First Person
Let me see.
Deixe-me ver.
We can use the same structure to make suggestions or requests for a third person.
To do that, we just have to use the object pronouns in the third person.
IMPERATIVE FORM
Making Suggestions or Requests for a Third Person
Let it go.
Deixe isso para lá.
MODAL VERBS
Affirmative Form
I can drive.
Eu posso dirigir.
(subject: I + modal verb: can + main verb: drive)
In negative sentences, we keep the same pattern, but include not after the
modal verb. We generally use the contracted form can’t.
MODAL VERBS
Negative Form
I can’t drive.
Eu não posso dirigir.
(subject: I + modal verb: can + not (can’t) + main verb: drive)
MODAL VERBS
Interrogative Form
The modal verb can in its affirmative form typically expresses possibility, present ability,
and permission. In the negative form, it expresses lack of possibility, lack of ability, and lack
of permission.
Affirmative Negative
Interrogative
It’s important to acknowledge that these uses are usually easily noticed within the context, since the same
sentence in different contexts may have different meanings.
You can speak English. You have the ability to speak English.
Você pode/sabe falar inglês. Você tem habilidade para falar inglês.
MODAL VERBS
Affirmative
In negative sentences, we’ll include the word not after the modal verb.
When we use the negative form, we generally use the contracted form couldn’t.
MODAL VERBS
Negative
Subject + Modal Verb + Not + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement
MODAL VERBS
Interrogative
It’s important to notice that modal verbs, in general, should be associated with their functions in the context,
and not with time ( past, present or future). This is particularly important when analyzing the modal verb could
since the time reference may change drastically according to its function in the context.
The modal verb could, in its affirmative and negative forms, can be used to express probability or lack of
probability, either of a present or a future event. It can also refer to abilities, but in such case, could refers to
past abilities.
Mary is not home right now. She’s usually at her parents’ in the morning. She could be there.
Mary não está em casa agora. Ela geralmente está na casa de seus pais de manhã. Ela pode estar lá.
(She could be there = It’s possible that she is there)
We can also use the modal verb could to talk about probability in the future, that is, the chances for
something to happen.
Brian is just as good. But he couldn’t be the new manager; he has no management skills.
Brian é tão bom quanto ela. Mas ele não poderia ser o novo gerente; ele não tem habilidades gerenciais.
(He couldn’t be the new manager = It’s not likely to happen)
Kevin won a lot of football tournaments back in our school days. Boy, he could run!
Kevin ganhou muitos torneios de futebol americano na época de escola. Cara, como ele
sabia/podia correr!
The modal verb could in the interrogative form is used to ask about possibilities
or abilities in the past.
In the interrogative, the modal verb could is also very frequently used to make
requests in a polite way, either asking for a favor or permission.
And now you know how to use the modal verb could.
MODAL VERBS
Sentence Structure
Affirmative Form
Subject + Modal Verb + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
Sujeito + Modal Verb + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)
Negative Form
Subject + Modal Verb + Not + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
Sujeito + Modal Verb + Not + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)
Interrogative Form
Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
Modal Verb + Sujeito + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)
The modal verb may can also be used to say that there
is a chance that something does not happen.
In this case, we use it in the negative form. Take a look:
I may not be the best student in class, but I’m very dedicated.
Eu posso não ser o melhor aluno da turma, mas eu sou muito dedicado.
Be careful with the pieces of news you read on social media. They
may not be true.
Tenha cuidado com notícias que você lê nas redes sociais. Elas podem
não ser verdadeiras.
When we ask for permission, the interrogative form can only be used in the first person.
However, when we answer these permission requests, that is, when we give permission or not, we will use
the affirmative or the negative forms in the second person. Have a look:
Asking for permission: Excuse me, Ms. Sullivan. May I come in?
Com licença, senhora Sullivan. Eu posso entrar?
Giving permission or not: Yes, you may come in. / No, you may not come in.
Sim, você pode entrar. / Não, você não pode entrar.
And now you know how to use the modal verb may.
MODAL VERBS
Sentence Structure
Affirmative Form
Subject + Modal Verb + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
Sujeito + Modal Verb + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)
Negative Form
Subject + Modal Verb + Not + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
Sujeito + Modal Verb + Not + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)
Interrogative Form
Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
Modal Verb + Sujeito + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)
John’s son was born. He must be very happy. It must be nice to be rich.
O filho do John nasceu. Ele deve estar muito feliz. Deve ser legal ser rico.
Visitors must not ( mustn’t) cross this line. This is a restricted area.
Os visitantes não podem cruzar esta linha. Esta é uma área restrita.
Must is rarely used in the interrogative form, but it can be used to confirm or to
double-check duties and obligations. For instance:
MODAL VERBS
Sentence Structure
Affirmative Form
Subject + Modal Verb + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
Sujeito + Modal Verb + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)
Negative Form
Subject + Modal Verb + Not + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
Sujeito + Modal Verb + Not + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)
Interrogative Form
Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
Modal Verb + Sujeito + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)
Depending on the context, sentences with the modal verb should can be understood
as a polite way to talk about obligations and duties. Have a look at some examples:
You should clean your room. People should respect other people’s choices.
Você deve limpar o seu quarto. As pessoas devem respeitar as escolhas de outras pessoas.
(It’s your responsibility). (It’s a social rule).
In some other cases, should expresses that something is probable because it is logical or normal,
that is, you refer to a deduction. For instance:
MODAL VERBS
Sentence Structure
Affirmative Form
Subject + Modal Verb + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
Sujeito + Modal Verb + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)
Negative Form
Subject + Modal Verb + Not + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
Sujeito + Modal Verb + Not + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)
Interrogative Form
Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form + Complement (if necessary)
Modal Verb + Sujeito + Verbo Principal na Forma Base + Complemento (se necessário)
In some cases, the modal verb would is used as a softer and less definitive form of the modal will,
or as the past of will when we are reporting sentences.
Expressing hypothesis is one of the most common uses of the modal verb would. And since it is
used to express hypothetical situations, you’ll see that it is used in many conditional sentences.
In such cases, we’ll use a clause with would to refer to unreal or uncertain situations together with
an if-clause.
We can also use would to make polite requests. If we observe it carefully, we’ll see that it’s still
a request made from a hypothetical perspective, but now you are actually asking something
from someone.
Would you help me with my project? Would you like some coffee?
Você me ajudaria com o meu projeto? Você aceitaria um café?
Would you go to the grocery store for me? Would you like me to drive you home?
Você iria ao supermercado para mim? Você gostaria que eu te levasse para casa?
I asked her what was going on, but she wouldn’t tell me.
Perguntei o que estava acontecendo, mas ela não quis me dizer.
(I asked her in the past and she refused to tell me.)
When I was younger, I would argue with my brother all the time.
Quando eu era mais novo, eu discutia com meu irmão o tempo todo.
(It was a typical behavior in the past.)
We can use would in expressions too. Would rather is used to say we prefer
one thing to another. Most of the time, we use the contracted form, which is I’d
rather.
Another commonly used expression with would is “would mind.” We use it to ask for favors or permission.
But the structure is a bit different. Check it out in the following box.
Would you mind opening the window? Would you mind if I opened the window?
Você se importaria de abrir a janela? Você se importaria se eu abrisse a janela?
(Would you mind + verb in the -ING form) (Would you mind if + subject + verb in the past)
PREPOSITIONS OF PL ACE
Check out some other common phrases with the preposition of place IN.
IN – COMMON USES
in church (involved in church service) in the church (inside the physical place)
na igreja (envolvido em serviços religiosos) na igreja (dentro do espaço físico)
AT – COMMON USES
at school/college/university (in the building) at the hospital (in the building; working or visiting)
na escola/faculdade/universidade ( no prédio) no hospital ( no prédio; trabalhando ou visitando)
PREPOSITIONS OF PL ACE – ON
ON – COMMON USES
Across from means that something is directly opposite to something else, such
as on the other side of the street. In front of means further forward or facing
someone or something. Behind means at the back.
PREPOSITIONS OF PL ACE
Across from, In Front of, Behind
PREPOSITIONS OF PL ACE
Under
Beside means on the side, between means in the middle of two things, and among means surrounded by things.
PREPOSITIONS OF PL ACE
Beside, Between, Among
There’s a cat between dogs. There’s a dog among the stuffed animals.
Tem um gato entre cachorros. Tem um cachorro entre os bichos de pelúcia.
PREPOSITIONS OF PL ACE
Near, Close to, Far from
The restaurant is near the hotel. / The restaurant is close to the hotel.
O restaurante é perto do hotel.
Notice that, if you don’t choose the appropriate preposition, the sentence might still
be grammatically correct, but it may not send the right message.
That’s why it’s important to understand prepositions in context so you can practice
and use them to refer to different things in different situations.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Structures
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Verb forms with the verb to be as the main verb (simple present and simple past)
Is she a lawyer?
Ela é advogada?
However, in the case of verb forms in which the main verb is not
the verb to be, one auxiliary verb or a modal verb is required.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Verb forms with other verbs as the main verb
Are you studying for the test? ( main verb: study in the -ING form)
Você está estudando para a prova?
(The verb to be works as an auxiliary, and the sentence is in the present continuous)
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Verbs forms with more than one auxiliary verb
Have you been studying for the test? ( main verb: study in the -ING form)
Você tem estudado para a prova?
(The verb to have works as the first auxiliary, and the verb to be in the past participle, as the second)
Have you been waiting for a long time? ( main verb: wait in the -ING form)
Você está esperando há muito tempo?
(The verb to have works as the first auxiliary, and the verb to be in the past participle, as the second)
Notice that in English when someone asks a question using auxiliaries, we can give a long or a short
answer, and to give a short answer we need to use an auxiliary verb.
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES
Long and short answers
Do you like chocolate? Yes, I like chocolate. Yes, I do. Yes, I like.
Você gosta de chocolate? Sim, eu gosto de chocolate. Sim, eu gosto.
NOUNS
Singular and Plural
My cat is lazy.
Meu gato é preguiçoso.
There are countable and uncountable nouns. The noun “cat” is countable, since
you can count cats and quantify them, such as in “one cat,” “two cats,” “three
cats,” and so on.
And there are uncountable nouns, which means that we cannot use numbers
to quantify them. Let’s take the noun “water” as an example. We don’t say “one
water,” “two waters,” “three waters,” etc.
However, we can express an amount by using quantifiers such as a lot of.
Check it out:
NOUNS
Countable and Uncountable
NOUNS
Gender variation
(The noun “student” doesn’t vary in gender: whether referring to male or female, it remains the same).
(The noun “actor” varies in gender: We use “actor” to refer to men and “actress” for women).
NOUNS
Proper Nouns
NOUNS
Common Nouns
NOUNS
Concrete and Abstract
phone freedom
telefone liberdade
table dream
mesa sonho
food passion
comida paixão
Now you know what a noun is, its characteristics, and some categories.
PLURAL NOUNS
Singular Plural
PLURAL NOUNS
General Rule: Add –S
Singular Plural
cat cats
gato gatos
bike bikes
bicicleta bicicletas
car cars
carro carros
PLURAL NOUNS
Nouns ending in –S, –X, –Z, –SH, –CH: add –ES
Singular Plural
bus buses
ônibus ônibus
tax taxes
imposto impostos
watch watches
relógio relógios
The nouns ending in –O can either have their plural form ending in –S or –ES,
and some can be spelled either way. As a general rule, we add –S to make the
plural of most nouns ending in –O.
PLURAL NOUNS
Nouns ending in –O
hero heroes
Add –S or –ES herói heróis
mango mangos/mangoes
manga mangas
volcano volcanos/volcanoes
vulcão vulcões
tornado tornados/tornadoes
tornado tornados
PLURAL NOUNS
Nouns ending in –F or –FE
PLURAL NOUNS
Nouns ending in –Y
Consonant + Y Vowel + Y
Replace –Y with –IES Add –S
PLURAL NOUNS
Irregular Plural Forms
There are also some nouns that have the same form for the singular
and plural. In these cases, we’ll understand if it’s singular or plural by
the context.
PLURAL NOUNS
Nouns that keep the same form
Now you know some rules and how to use the plural.
But remember: When in doubt, research!
COUNTABLE NOUNS
Before countable nouns we can use the indefinite article or cardinal numbers to
specify the exact amount we are referring to.
However, if we don’t know or don’t want to mention an exact amount, we can
also use quantifiers to express the idea of quantity. Some quantifiers can only be
used with countable nouns, such as few to express small quantities, and many
to express large quantities.
Let’s see an example in which we refer to people, which is a countable noun with an irregular plural.
COUNTABLE NOUNS
Quantifiers
There are few people at the beach. There are many people at the beach.
Há poucas pessoas na praia. Há muitas pessoas na praia.
Uncountable nouns are the ones you cannot count, and for this
reason they do not have a plural form.
They are usually abstract ideas, liquids, grains, gases, or natural
phenomena. As we usually treat uncountable nouns as singular nouns,
we do not use the indefinite article with them, since the indefinite
article means one.
Uncountable Countable
travel a journey/trip
viagem uma jornada/viagem
baggage/luggage a bag/suitcase/backpack
bagagem uma bolsa/maleta/mochila
work a job/project/task
trabalho um trabalho/projeto / uma tarefa
advice a recommendation
conselho uma recomendação
money dollars/euros/reais/yens
dinheiro dólares/euros/reais/ienes
This strategy may not work every time, though. You may not want to use a similar
word, or maybe there isn’t a similar word that fits the context.
In such cases, you can use a quantifier. The most frequent way to quantify
uncountable nouns is to use either some or (a) piece of before these nouns.
The expression piece of can be used with not only the indefinite article (a piece of)
meaning one, but also with cardinal numbers (two pieces of).
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
some and (a) piece of
Check some other examples with some and a piece of used with uncountable nouns.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
some and (a) piece of
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Quantifiers
I feel a bit frustrated, but I see some hope for the future.
Eu me sinto um pouco frustrado, mas vejo alguma esperança no futuro.
When referring to gases, grains, and liquids, we can count them by using a
unit of measurement, such as kilos, liters, or ounces. We can also count the
containers in which they have been packed.
UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Units of measurement or containers
Now you know the most frequent countable and uncountable nouns
and how they can be quantified.
WILL
Structure
Affirmative
Negative
Interrogative
It won’t rain.
Não vai chover.
WILL
Uses
WILL
Uses
Promises
WILL
Uses
Refusal
WILL
Inevitability
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Structure
Affirmative Form
Subject + Will + Be + Main Verb in the -ING Form +
Complement (if necessary)
Negative Form
Subject + Will + Not (Won’t) + Be + Main Verb in the -ING Form +
Complement (if necessary)
I won’t be traveling.
Eu não estarei viajando.
Interrogative Form
Will+ Subject + Be + Main Verb in the -ING Form +
Complement (if necessary)
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Uses
Predictions
When the future continuous is used with still, it refers to events that are already
happening now, and that are expected to continue in the future.
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Uses
FUTURE CONTINUOUS
Going to
I can’t go with you because I’m going to be running that marathon I told you about.
Não posso ir com você porque estarei correndo naquela maratona de que eu te falei.
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Structure
Affirmative
Subject + To Be + Verb in the -ING Form + Complement
I am watching a movie.
Eu estou assistindo a um filme.
Negative
Subject + To Be + Not + Verb in the -ING Form + Complement
Interrogative
To Be + Subject + Verb in the -ING Form + Complement
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Repeated Temporary Actions and Events
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Gradual Change
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Future
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
Non-progressive Verbs in Continuous Forms: Different Meaning
I am seeing someone.
Eu estou saindo com alguém.
Now you know what the present continuous is all about: you’ve seen its
structure, some examples, and how to properly use it.
watch watching
assistir assitindo
do doing
fazer fazendo
There are also some special cases. If the verb ends in an E, drop the
E and add -ING.
take taking
pegar; levar pegando; levando
make making
fazer fazendo
run running
correr correndo
get getting
pegar pegando
swim swimming
nadar nadando
enjoy enjoying
gostar; aproveitar gostando; aproveitando
show showing
mostrar mostrando
fix fixing
consertar consertando
commit committing
(se comprometer) (se comprometendo)
whisper whispering
(sussurrar) (sussurrando)
For the verbs ending in IE, we replace IE with Y and add -ING.
lie lying
mentir mentindo
tie tying
amarrar amarrando
Now you know the spelling rules for the -ING forms.
But when we ask direct questions with the question word what, there are three
possible structures.
It is important to notice that the structure what + interrogative form will never be used for
questions about the subject of the sentence. When we follow this structure, it means that the
subject is included in the given question.
Let’s take a closer look:
(The question is not about who performs the action, but about what the person
wants. The subject “she” is part of the question. The core answer is “eggs and toast.”)
(Não tem relação com o sujeito, mas com o que o sujeito quer fazer.
O sujeito “ela” é parte da pergunta. A resposta central é “ovos e torradas”.)
I was traveling.
Eu estava viajando.
(It’s not about who was performing the action, but what the person was doing.
The subject “you,” which is part of the question, becomes “I” in the answer.
And the core answer is “traveling.”)
(Não tem relação com quem estava fazendo a ação, mas com o que a pessoa estava
fazendo. O sujeito “você”, que é parte da pergunta, vira “eu” na resposta.
A resposta central é “viajando”.)
What makes you happy? Spending time with my family makes me happy.
O que deixa você feliz? Passar tempo com a minha família me deixa feliz.
(The core answer is “spending time with my family,” which is the subject of the answer and is not
part of the question. That is why the verb in question is in the third person singular “makes.”)
(A resposta central é “passar tempo com a minha família”, que é o sujeito da resposta e não faz parte da
pergunta. Por isso o verbo da pergunta está na terceira pessoa do singular “makes”, deixa.)
(The core answer is “a music festival,” which is the subject of the answer and is not part
of the question. That is why the verb in question is in the third person singular “is.”)
(A resposta central é “um festival de música”, que é o sujeito da resposta e não faz parte
da pergunta. Por isso o verbo da pergunta está na terceira pessoa do singular “is”, está.)
(The core answer is “not having money to pay their bills,” which is the subject of the answer and is
not part of the question. That is why the verb in question is in the third person singular “is.”)
(A resposta central é “não ter dinheiro para pagar suas contas”, que é o sujeito da resposta e não faz
parte da pergunta. Por isso o verbo da pergunta está na terceira pessoa do singular “is”, está.)
(1) (2)
What’s happening?
If you want to ask a more specific question using what, place a noun right after
the question word.
Great idea.
Ótima ideia.
What’s up?
E aí?
What now?
O que agora?
What a song!
Que música!
(What + Article “a” + Noun “song”)
Now you know different ways in which you can use the question word what, the structure used
with different verb forms, as well as how to use it in exclamations and expressions.
When
Quando
Check out some examples of when used in direct and indirect questions:
Structure: When + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form +
Complement (if necessary)
We can use when with continuous forms such as the present continuous to
indicate actions in the future.
PRESENT PERFECT
Structure: When + Verb To Have + Subject +
Main Verb in the Past Participle + Complement (if necessary)
QUESTION WORDS
Specific Time
And now you know what a question word is and how to use the question
word when with different verb forms.
Where
Onde/Aonde
The question word where can be used in direct and indirect questions.
Direct questions with where will follow the same pattern, regardless of the
verb form. The structure will be the question word where followed by the
interrogative form.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Questions with where in the simple past follow the same pattern of the simple
present. The only difference is that you’ll conjugate the verb to be or the auxiliary
verb in the past
SIMPLE PAST
The question word where can also be used with continuous forms such as the
present and the past continuous.
PRESENT PERFECT
Modal verbs can be used in questions with where. In this case, the modal verb
comes right after the question word.
Structure: Where + Modal Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form +
Complement (if necessary)
Check out some questions with the verbs to go and to come followed by these prepositions.
(The preposition is optional because the verb to go expresses movement toward a place
with or without the preposition.)
(A preposição é opcional porque ir o verbo ir indica movimento em direção a algum lugar,
com ou sem preposição.)
(The preposition is mandatory, otherwise the verb to come might not imply the idea of origin.)
(A preposição é obrigatória, caso contrário, o verbo vir pode não transmitir a ideia de origem.)
And now you know what a question word is and how to use the question
word where to ask indirect or direct questions with different verb forms.
QUESTION WORDS
What vs. Which
In English, when we ask direct questions with both which and what, it’s possible to use a noun
after the question word to make the question more specific.
Again, you’ll choose to use one or the other based on the range of options. Take a look at the
examples.
QUESTION WORDS
Which vs. What
I bought white and grey paint. Which color will you choose for your bedroom?
Eu comprei tinta branca e cinza. Qual cor você vai escolher para o seu quarto?
(Limited options = only two colors available: white and grey)
I’m trying to decide on the new color of our bedroom walls. What colors do you like?
Eu estou tentando decidir a cor das paredes do nosso quarto. De quais cores você gosta?
(Broader option = from all the colors, you can choose the ones you like)
Which can also be followed by a pronoun, usually because you don’t want to repeat the
options you have just given, and in such case, we’ll frequently use the pronoun one.
Can you give me some suggestions on which museums I should visit in Berlin?
Você pode me dar algumas sugestões de quais museus eu devo visitar em Berlim?
(Indirect Question: Which + Structure of the Affirmative Form)
Now you know how to ask questions using the question word which, and know the
difference between what and which, their use and structure.
The structure for direct questions is the question word followed by the
interrogative form, and it can be used with different verb forms.
In the simple present, we can use how with the verb to be or with other verbs.
The difference is that when the verb to be is the main verb, we do not use an
auxiliary verb. For all the other verbs, an auxiliary must be used to create the
questions.
Check out some examples:
Structure: How + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form
+ Complement (if necessary)
How can also be used in the simple past, and the structure will follow the same
pattern of the simple present. The difference is that the verb to be or the auxiliary
verb will be conjugated in the past.
Structure: How + Auxiliary Verb + Subject + Main Verb in the Base Form +
Complement (if necessary)
The question word how can also be used with continuous forms such as the
present and the past continuous. In this case, we’ll use how followed by the
interrogative form of these structures.
For the interrogative form of the present and past continuous, the verb to be
works as an auxiliary verb, followed by the subject, the main verb in the -ING
form, and a complement, if necessary.
It is also possible to use how with perfect forms such as the present perfect and
the present perfect continuous.
If you want to ask more specific questions using how, you can use an
adjective or an adverb after it. Check out the examples.
How much is this T-shirt? How many people were there at the concert?
Quanto custa esta camiseta? Quantas pessoas havia no show?
(How + Much = Amount or Price) (How + Many = Quantity)
How long does it take to get there? How tall is your brother?
Qual tempo demora/leva para chegar lá? Qual é a altura do seu irmão?
(How + Long = Duration) (How + Tall = Height for People)
HOW ABOUT
Offers and Suggestions
HOW ABOUT
Reason and Surprise (Informal)
How + Adjective
How beautiful!
Que bonito!
(How + Adjective “beautiful”)
And now you know different ways to use the question word how, it’s meaning, structures in
different verb forms, as well as how to use it in exclamations.
SIMPLE PRESENT
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be
Singular Plural
First person I am We are
Second person You are You are
Third person He/She/It is They are
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be
Affirmative
Subject + Verb To Be + Complement
I’m a writer.
Eu sou escritor.
Negative
Subject + Verb To Be + NOT + Complement
I am not a writer.
Eu não sou escritor.
Interrogative
Verb To Be + Subject + Complement
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be – Uses
Name
I am Sophie. My name is Sophie.
Eu sou Sophie. O meu nome é Sophie.
Age Profession
I am 36 years old. I am an architect.
Eu tenho 36 anos. Eu sou arquiteta.
We can also use the verb to be followed by an adjective to talk about permanent
or temporary physical characteristics and feelings.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be – Uses
I am thirsty.
Eu estou com sede.
(It’s a state. Something I am experiencing now.)
I am skinny.
Eu sou magro(a).
(It refers to a physical characteristic.)
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be – Uses
The verb to be in the simple present is also used to talk about time and dates.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be – Uses
We can use the verb to be in the simple present to refer to places and locations as well.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Verb To Be – Uses
And now you know when and why we use the verb to be in the simple present.
SIMPLE PRESENT
The basic structure for the affirmative form is the SVC structure, that is, subject,
main verb, and complement. And the verb conjugation works like this: we’ll use the
base form of the verb for all persons, except for the third person singular. In this
case, we’ll add –S, –ES, or –IES to the end of the verb, depending on how it’s spelled.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Affirmative Form
Singular Plural
He works here.
Ele trabalha aqui.
Notice that we do not use the auxiliary verb in the affirmative form. But it’s possible to use it to
add emphasis to a statement. In that case, the auxiliary verb is placed before the main verb.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Affirmative Form: Adding Emphasis
(The verb “do” is used as an auxiliary. So it does not have a meaning, but a function).
(O verbo “do” é usado como auxiliar. Portanto, não tem um significado, mas uma função).
SIMPLE PRESENT
Negative Form
Singular Plural
The basic interrogative form structure in the simple present is the auxiliary verb do conjugated according to
the subject, the main verb in its base form, and the complement, if necessary.
So the position of the auxiliary verb and the subject is inverted, and, once again, in the third person singular,
the main verb goes back to its base form, and the auxiliary verb is conjugated.
Check out the following table:
SIMPLE PRESENT
Interrogative Form
Singular Plural
SIMPLE PRESENT
Other Verbs – Uses
First you read the questions, then you have to mark the correct statement.
Primeiro você lê as perguntas, depois você tem que marcar a afirmação correta.
The simple present can convey the idea of immediacy and drama, and that’s why it’s commonly
used in stories or novels, in sports broadcasting, and in newspaper headlines, even when
reporting past events.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Other Verbs – Uses
She crosses the street toward him, looks back, and decides to let it go.
Ela atravessa a rua em direção a ele, olha para trás e decide deixar para lá.
He gets the ball, passes through the defense and shoots, but the goalkeeper saves it.
Ele pega a bola, passa pela defesa e chuta, mas o goleiro agarra.
SIMPLE PRESENT
Non-progressive Verbs
And now you know the structure and the most common uses of
the simple present with other verbs.
my dog
meu cachorro
(It’s not your dog or his dog, it is my dog)
our house
nossa casa
(It’s not a house or a beautiful house, it is our house)
their books
os livros deles
(It’s not just any book, it is their books)
Take a look at the following table to see all the possessive adjectives in English.
Singular Plural
My Our
First
person meu(s), minha(s) nosso(s), nossa(s)
Your Your
Second
person teu(s), tua(s), seu(s), sua(s) vosso(s), vossa(s), seus,
suas, de vocês
His
seu(s), sua(s), dele
Her
Third person Their
seu(s), sua(s), dela seu(s), sua(s), deles, delas
Its
seu(s), sua(s), dele, dela
For the second person, we’ll use your. This possessive adjective will
be the same for both the singular and plural forms, and only the
context will make it clear if we are referring to one or more owners.
POSSESSIVE CASE
If the context makes it clear to whose party we are referring, we can replace the
possessive case with a third person possessive adjective.
For the third person singular, we’ll use the possessive adjectives his for a masculine owner, her for feminine,
and, for other cases, we will use its.
(We used “his” because we are talking about George’s wife, and George is a man.)
(Usamos his porque estamos nos referindo à esposa do George, e George é um homem.)
(We used “her” because we are talking about Paula’s husband, and Paula is a woman.)
(Usamos her porque estamos nos referindo ao marido da Paula, e Paula é uma mulher.)
(We used “its” because we are talking about the computer keyboard, which is an object.)
(Usamos its porque estamos nos referindo ao teclado do computador, que é um objeto.)
For the third person plural, we will use their regardless of gender.