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To cite this article: Ernesto R. Acevedo-Muñoz (2002) Don't look now: Kubrick,
schnitzler, and "The unbearable agony of desire", Lit: Literature Interpretation
Theory, 13:2, 117-137, DOI: 10.1080/10436920212486
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Literature Interpretation Theory, 13: 117–137, 2002
Copyright # 2002 Taylor & Francis
1043-6928/02 $12.00 +.00
DOI: 10.1080/10436920290095686
Ernesto R. Acevedo-Muñoz
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117
118 E. R. Acevedo-Muñoz
tion of pleasure (when one indeed possesses the object), the purest
state of desire is that in which the object is never possessed, and it is
by definition insatiable as long as it remains unfulfilled. These are
both Fridolin’s and Albertina’s situations. But while Fridolin stub-
bornly tries to fulfill his sexual wants, thus experiencing only, in
Schnitzler’s words, the ‘‘unbearable agony of desire,’’ Albertina is
satisfied, in another surrealist theme, by desire itself (76). The theme
of desire and its pleasures is, of course, a classic topic in surrealist
literature and film. Like Schnitzler’s novella, Luis Bu~ nuel’s early
films Un chien Andalou (1929) and L’Age d’Or (1930) are structured
around the narrative principles of dreams and explore precisely the
pleasures and agony of desire.
Fridolin flirts with sexual temptations unsuccessfully, trying to
elaborate desire through means that are not logical or natural. He is
‘‘goal oriented,’’ so to speak, and he repeatedly suggests through the
novel that he will not be satisfied until he has in fact had relations
with another woman (Schnitzler 34 35; 58; 64; 79, etc.). Interestingly,
Fridolin’s real sexual pursuits are constantly interrupted by his own
imagination. Seemingly incapable of achieving success physically,
Fridolin seems to yield to his imagination as part of the agony of
desire. In what is formally one of Schnitzler’s most interesting
experiments in this novella, the third person omniscient narration is
regularly intersected by Fridolin’s internal monologues. In these
narrative detours, Schnitzler allows his character to inject into the
flowing narrative sharply subjective sexual scenarios (imagined by
Fridolin), as well as the character’s viciously judgmental musing about
the people he meets on the street or talks to or with whom he comes in
contact. This may be formally the most direct debt of this novella to
surrealist literature because it allows for access to the character’s
thoughts and gives him an outlet for his own prejudices, in a way
letting us ‘‘see’’ inside his mind. The result itself is a commentary on
subjectivity because we can see what he is thinking, and we are wit-
nesses to the evolution of the character’s state of mind.
Throughout Fridolin’s seemingly incessant search through the city,
he faces temptation many times, all of which are faithfully recreated
122 E. R. Acevedo-Muñoz
in Kubrick’s film. First, a friend confesses love for him. Later, he runs
into a young and beautiful (but fatally sick) prostitute. A costume
salesman offers to sell him his little daughter, and finally, at the
mysterious orgy, a woman refuses to have sex with him and, in the
process, saves his life. Throughout his adventures, however, what
emerges from Schnitzler’s novella is that Fridolin is inevitably faith-
ful. He elaborates sexual fantasies that never materialize because, as
it emerges at the end, all he really wants is Albertina. He is forced to
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camera slowly pans across the painting before revealing Mandy in the
same pose. The repetitive, self-reflexive mise-en-scène demands a
connection between the ‘‘real’’ woman of the film and her framed
counterpart in the painting: nakedness, passivity, immobility, repre-
sentation, silence, and blindness. Bill gently asks Mandy, ‘‘can you
open your eyes for me?’’ but she appropriately does not respond. Seven
times Bill commands her to open her eyes, and tells her, ‘‘look at me,
look at me.’’ When Mandy finally responds, she is apologetic as Bill
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reprimands her like a little girl: ‘‘You’re a very lucky girl, you know
that,’’ he says. Juxtaposed to Mandy’s rescue by Bill and her
mechanical assent (all she says is ‘‘yes’’) is the parallel scene of Alice
sharply dealing, like a star matador, with the Hungarian would-be
seducer. Alice, with her gaze fixed in his eyes, swiftly answers ‘‘no,’’ ‘‘I
can’t,’’ and ‘‘I don’t want to’’ to every sexual insinuation.
The scene of Ziegler, Mandy, and Bill in the bathroom, with its
strangely self-reflexive quality, establishes a sharp contrast with Ali-
ce’s searching gaze and subjective, inquisitive nature. Mandy is a
dramatization of the role of the woman in classical cinema; she is there
only to serve as spectacle in the exploitation of the cinema’s scopophilic
function, an erotic object for both the protagonist’s and the spectator’s
pleasure (Mulvey 19). Women characters are customarily denied
narrative agency in films, and in Eyes Wide Shut Mandy’s passivity
indeed serves only as a plot point without giving her any real narra-
tive responsibility or meaning. Furthermore, the woman in classical
cinema is also denied subjectivity and desire. Her desires, when
expressed, are actively repressed by the elaborate patriarchal
mechanisms of the narrative (Doane 18 19). Alice Harford in Eyes
Wide Shut presents the rare case of a woman who is in touch with her
subjectivity (as we see repeatedly in her actions of looking and
inquiring) and who expresses her desire without concerns about how it
may upset the men around her. She thus causes the male protagonist a
great deal of distress. Alice does not function as the passive, blind, and
mute ‘‘body’’ to look at that Mandy is. Without ever surrendering her
desire or her subjectivity, Alice poses the same challenge to Bill in the
film’s pivotal scene that Albertina does to Fridolin in Dream Story: ‘‘If
you men only knew.’’
Kubrick plays with mirrors and eyeglasses in the only scene sug-
gestive of lovemaking between the couple in the film. It is a properly
cinematic rendition of the power of Alice’s subjectivity and desire, the
mystery of which arguably conducts the narrative. The scene of Bill
and Alice in front of the mirror summarizes the film’s position in terms
of the expression and representation of female desire. After returning
from the Zieglers’ party, we see Alice naked in front of a large mirror,
Don’t Look Now: Kubrick, Schnitzler, and the Unbearable Agony of Desire 125
her body delicately dancing to the music of Chris Isaak’s song ‘‘Baby
Did a Bad, Bad Thing.’’ Challenging the customary notions of the
relationship between the gaze, desire, and eyeglasses in the cinema,
Kubrick stages the lovemaking prelude showing Alice from the waist
up, her back to the camera, but her front reflected in the mirror. She
stands slightly off frame-center, taking off her earrings, but her eye-
glasses still on, looking at her own reflection. Her dance is thus a
performance for herself. The camera slowly tracks in, isolating the
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erotic image of herself and Bill. (The first time is the short bathroom
scene when she asks, while removing her glasses, ‘‘How do I look?’’). In
this ‘‘foreplay’’ scene, Alice again consumes her own reflected image,
arguably standing in for the cinematic spectator, since she clearly
derives pleasure from her own position of spectatorship. It is indeed
the male lead who is visibly removed from the equation; he is first
added, then left out almost entirely, as the shot closes in on her eyes.
But Alice’s articulation of desire is paradoxically represented as
unrepresentable, left only for herself to understand.
Interestingly, all the action of the film’s first act is invented by
Kubrick and Raphael. Schnitzler begins his novella with the appro-
priately literary device of Albertina and Fridolin’s dialogue about the
party of the previous night (where they first meet temptation).
Kubrick, however, concentrates on the visual representation of desire,
but emphasizes the impenetrability of the woman’s view. As described
above, Alice derives erotic pleasure from a combination of voyeurism
(a theoretically male position in the cinema) and narcissism (a theo-
retically female position). By substituting the male’s usually active
gaze with hers, Kubrick further removes the experience of real desire
from the male protagonist, whose ignorance of female desire directs
his misguided erotic quest through the film’s second act.
In the film’s second act, Kubrick finally arrives at Schnitzler’s story.
Bill and Alice are winding down after a busy day, and as in the film’s
opening, she talks to him about some trivial matter (suggesting they
wrap some Christmas presents). Bill, who is watching some sports
event on television, does not pay attention and the annoyed Alice goes
to the bathroom and stands in front of the mirror for the third time in
the film. She is again initially wearing her eyeglasses. She scrutinizes
her own image once more, looking into the reflection of her eyes, as she
holds her hands to the sides of her face. She then opens the medicine
cabinet and from a Band-Aid tin box extracts marijuana and paper.
Before wrapping a joint, she looks at herself in the mirror once more,
for the last time in the film. The choice of marijuana is doubly inter-
esting because it suggests or prefigures the forthcoming moment of
revelation in which Alice gets in touch with her subjectivity, unin-
Don’t Look Now: Kubrick, Schnitzler, and the Unbearable Agony of Desire 127
hibited by the effect of the drug. The action in front of the mirror
restates the privately subjective meaning of the moment, since we
have already witnessed Alice having a private moment (even with Bill
in the room) in a similarly staged situation.
The mirror=marijuana prelude leads to Alice questioning Bill
about his activities at the party. A close-up of Alice taking a long
draught from the joint zooms out to reveal Bill sitting at the margin
of the bed, waiting his turn for the cigarette. In a challenging tone
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she wants to know if he ‘‘by any chance happened to fuck’’ the two
young women with whom she saw him flirting. Of course he didn’t,
and gallantly denies her inquiry. He then asks her about the stran-
ger with whom she was dancing: ‘‘what did he want?’’ She replies,
without a moment’s hesitation, that the man wanted sex. Alice
objects to Bill’s suggestion that the reason men want to talk to her is
because she is a beautiful woman, but that it is not the same when it
comes to women’s interest in men. ‘‘Alice, women don’t think that
way,’’ he fatally states. She answers by invoking clichés about
women’s expressions of sexuality and desire, including his own sug-
gestion that for women relationships are about ‘‘security and stabi-
lity’’ and not the pure pleasures of sex. Truly the turning point in the
movie, as in Schnitzler’s version of the scene, is Alice’s assertion of
men’s ignorance, ‘‘if you men only knew.’’ She challenges his own
security about her fidelity after he declares, with the usual patri-
archal expectations about women, that he has never been jealous of
her ‘‘because you’re my wife and the mother of my child, and I know
you would never be unfaithful.’’ In response she laughs hysterically,
losing her composure, even falling on the floor. And then she con-
fesses to Bill not a real infidelity, but, as in Schnitzler, an imagined
one. It expresses the power of her desire in similar words as those
found in the novella, putting the emphasis on the visual experience
that triggers her desire. ‘‘Just a glance,’’ she says, ‘‘nothing more.’’ As
Albertina reveals in the book, Alice states in no uncertain terms that
she was ready to give up her life as she knew it for one night with
the stranger.
Alice’s desire, which Kubrick has already underscored with the
three scenes of Alice in front of mirrors, is an effect of her gaze. But in
the cinema, the power of the gaze is not only a condition of desire, but
is a statement of power and subjectivity. Alice’s confession restates
that power unequivocally since her gaze in the film so often deter-
mines the structure of agency and desire, while Bill repeatedly fails to
see her or even to look at her. Appropriately, Bill responds with a
rather blank stare. He simply cannot understand. From this point on,
following the exact narrative structure of Dream Story, Bill embarks
128 E. R. Acevedo-Muñoz
the course of the night and his erotic misadventures, Bill is haunted by
the mental visual representation (his representation) of Alice’s ima-
ginary infidelity. In Kubrick’s film, Bill’s visualization of Alice having
sex with the stranger becomes the representation of ‘‘the unbearable
agony’’ of desire; the agony of the woman’s desire.
It is in his taxi ride to the patient’s house that Bill first visualizes or
imagines Alice’s infidelity. Bill sits in the back seat of the taxi with a
concerned yet lost stare in his eyes. The camera slowly and discreetly
zooms in to his face and then cuts to reveal his vision of Alice. She is
lying on a bed being avidly kissed by the young naval officer dressed in
his full white uniform. He is leaning toward her, kissing her neck and
caressing her breasts through her dress, mimicking the foreplay kis-
sing of Bill and Alice’s that we have seen before. Her hands reach
down to her waist, and she pulls off her panties in one swift motion.
The single shot lasts only eleven seconds and then cuts back to the
shot of Bill, continuing the slow zoom-in to a close-up of his face.
Stylistically, the shot of Alice and the naval officer contrasts sig-
nificantly from the general look of the picture. This shot, as are the
continuing shots of this action, each progressively moving toward the
consummation of the sexual relation, is filmed with a grainy black and
white film stock, unnaturally lit with one apparent source light from
above. In contrast, the film’s cinematography up to this moment sug-
gests natural light sources (as Kubrick’s films usually do). Cinemato-
grapher Larry Smith offers a lavish, gorgeous combination of warm
golden glows, hot reds, and cold blue tones. Light sources are often
visible whether they are lamps, light fixtures, or the ubiquitous
Christmas lights that often seem to be the direct sources of illumi-
nation. As in Barry Lyndon (photographed by John Alcott), where
Kubrick insisted on using candlelight to light night scenes to enhance
the natural feeling, the lighting pattern in Eyes Wide Shut is very
expressive without being excessively distracting. Thus, the choice of a
high-contrast black and white film stock for Bill’s vision of Alice
removes those shots from the natural look of the picture, emphasizing
their strictly filmic quality and their value as specifically cinematic
representations.
Don’t Look Now: Kubrick, Schnitzler, and the Unbearable Agony of Desire 129
After the visit to his dead patient’s house where he faces his friend’s
love declaration (to which Bill replied, characteristically, ‘‘I don’t think
you realize what you’re saying’’), Bill wanders the streets aimlessly.
He sees a couple kissing on the street and that vision of real desire
triggers his second imaging of Alice in bed with the stranger. The
sequence of shots is significant, because a direct connection is drawn
here between the visual stimulus (the couple kissing, the man cares-
sing the woman’s buttocks) and the content of Bill’s fantasy. It con-
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his friend, the piano player Nick Nightingale (Todd Field). The
encounter is faithfully recreated from Schnitzler’s description, down to
the mystery of Nick’s next musical engagement (the orgy). After little
argument, Nightingale surrenders the appropriately referential
password to the prohibited house. The password is ‘‘Fidelio,’’ which,
like the name ‘‘Sonata,’’ is one of several references to Beethoven in
the film. It has been changed from ‘‘Denmark’’ in the novel. In their
specific contexts, both passwords are significant. It was during a
Danish holiday when Albertina first saw the naval officer of her fan-
tasy, and Beethoven’s opera title, of course, comes from the Latin word
for ‘‘faithful’’ (Bill’s torture). The selling point that inspires Bill to
pursue this new temptation is Nightingale’s (Nachtigall in the book)
description of the women who will attend the orgy. ‘‘The women,’’ says
the musician, ‘‘I’ve never seen such women.’’ As always in the cinema,
the women are a fantasy, unreal. Bill repeatedly fails to ‘‘see’’ Alice,
and Nightingale has never ‘‘seen such women.’’ As I will discuss
shortly, the women in the orgy are themselves stylish dramatizations
of the classic cinematic image of female sexuality and narrative posi-
tion; like Mandy before them, their function is ‘‘to be seen.’’ While Bill
goes to the orgy with the intention of ‘‘seeing such women,’’ he remains
incapable throughout the movie of ‘‘seeing’’ Alice as a desiring subject.
Bill’s last stop before arriving at the orgy is at a costume shop where
he needs to pick up the necessary cloak and mask for the anonymous
party. Temptation knocks at Bill’s door once more when he visits the
costume shop. Bill and the owner, Milich (Rade Sherbedigia), discover
the man’s young daughter (Leelee Sobieski) in some sort of strange
sexual trio with two Asian tourists. The girl, grotesquely made up,
prefiguring the orgy’s masquerade, protects herself from her father’s
rage behind Bill’s back. Even under the layers of make-up her eyes are
very expressive, seductive even. She whispers something into Bill’s ear
and walks away slowly in her brassiere and panties, still facing Bill,
her eyebrows invitingly calling him. The costume shop is probably the
most bizarre scene in the film (yet, again faithfully taken from the
novel). In the book the scene seems to indicate the time of the evening
when Fridolin is starting to confuse reality with dreams and fantasy,
Don’t Look Now: Kubrick, Schnitzler, and the Unbearable Agony of Desire 131
the spectacle in a slow tracking shot that shows each one of the naked,
‘‘unreal’’ women. They obey without hesitation, without faces, in a
sequence of carefully choreographed mechanical motions in which
they mock-kiss through their masks. The sequence underscores the
detached artificiality of the situation, turning them into pieces of an
elaborately designed mise-en-scène. The scene is reminiscent of Barry
Lyndon, where the design of each shot (based on eighteenth century
portrait, court, and landscape paintings) emphasized artificiality, one
of the topics of the film. The introduction to the orgy in Eyes Wide Shut
is equally too coldly artificial, too technically proficient, to be anything
but a cinematic fantasy. Everything is either theatrical or cinematic:
the costumes, the setting, the lighting, the rhythmic editing, the zoom
shots and camera movements, and the cast of characters. The ‘‘vision’’
of these women and their fantastic, decorative function is comparable
to the sexual fantasies of the cinema itself. Especially suggestive is the
presence of a specifically theatrical mise-en-scène that dramatizes the
performative aspects as well as the presence of a ‘‘director.’’
Bill’s problem in this scene, as with his fear of Alice’s desire, is his
confusion between reality and fantasy. Like Fridolin, who loses the
notion of where his waking life ends and his dreams begin, Bill ima-
gines, cinematically, Alice’s infidelity. At the orgy he is unable to dis-
tinguish between reality and the ultimate spectatorial fantasy. The
orgy sequence goes on to show Bill (always protected behind his mask)
walking about the rooms, watching couples having sex with the help of
props, elaborate settings and lots of spectators. The sequence itself is
arguably a reflection of what sex has become in its cinematic design;
something cold, mechanical, impersonal, and certainly not erotic.
Furthermore, trouble ensues in part because of Bill’s violation of the
spectatorial covenant, because of his desire to participate in a fantasy
designed only ‘‘to be looked at.’’ When Bill becomes interested in one of
the women at the orgy, he wants to see her face, to go away with her, to
establish a personal relationship. Instead of remaining within the
relative safety of his mask (which presumably ‘‘frames’’ the action from
his point of view), Bill wants to participate in the imaginary world of
desire and beauty in which the cinematic representation envelops us.
Don’t Look Now: Kubrick, Schnitzler, and the Unbearable Agony of Desire 133
Unlike his kissing scene with Alice, where she commands the image
into a rendition of her own subjectivity, Bill’s position actually removes
him from the fantasy, because of his inability to see it as such. Here
Kubrick seems to address, in a specifically cinematic metaphor, the
same topics treated by Schnitzler from his psychoanalytical and sur-
realist perspective. The result is similar in that both are formal
representations of ‘‘the agony of desire.’’ For Fridolin it shows his
incapacity to fulfill his desire and discern between it and his real life;
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for Bill, it exposes his reluctance to maintain his distance from the
objects of desire. After ignoring the woman’s requests to leave, Bill is
indeed put on a sort of mock trial, presumably for his attempt to tres-
pass beyond the limits and into the world of the fantasy. Interestingly,
as part of his punishment he is asked to remove his clothes, which in
this context means to assume a female position. The unknown woman
saves him by offering herself (actually, her body) in exchange.
Coincidentally, upon returning home, Bill finds Alice having a
traumatic nightmare that is strangely reminiscent of the orgy scenario
he has just witnessed but which includes herself as one of the parti-
cipants. In the dream, significantly, Bill appears again only as a
spectator: ‘‘I was fucking other men,’’ Alice says, ‘‘I don’t know how
many. And you could see me.’’ To comfort her, Bill paradoxically
explains to Alice that hers was only a dream, for the first time
acknowledging their distinction from real life. In spite of the apparent
realization, Bill ‘‘stages’’ his last fantasy the next day at the office:
Alice and her lover are now, in Bill’s mind’s eye, furiously making love,
the signs of pleasure clearly visible on her face. Later at home, Bill
watches Alice at the table feigning exemplary domestic harmony. Alice
is helping their daughter, Helena (Madison Eginton), with her home-
work. Bill grabs a beer from the refrigerator and the camera slowly
zooms in to a close-up of his face, suddenly distraught. He looks
slightly off the frame. The reverse shot of Alice at the table, however,
shows her in middle close-up looking directly into the camera (the only
such shot in the film). She looks over her eyeglasses, violating her
expectedly passive position by returning Bill’s (and the camera’s) gaze.
Her lips offer a demure yet challenging little smile. Over the point of
view shot of Alice we hear again in Bill’s mind the narration of her
dream: ‘‘I was fucking other men. I don’t know how many. And you
could see me.’’ His reaction shot shows his distress, his agony over the
complete yet elusive picture of desire that he has himself composed.
He is in a way adding the soundtrack to his mental picture of Alice’s
desire. In this one scene, Kubrick’s self-reflexive position in Eyes Wide
Shut is apparent. We have seen the misrepresentation of female desire
throughout the film (and the self-reflexive over-representation of
134 E. R. Acevedo-Muñoz
women as sexual objects in the orgy). But in this shot Alice’s pene-
trating look and ironic smile can be interpreted as the ultimate pro-
vocation in the film. While Bill tortures himself over what is in her
mind, she seems to say again, ‘‘if you men only knew.’’ To that remark
Kubrick seems to be adding, ‘‘if the cinema only could.’’
In the third act of the film, Bill goes around town trying to retrace
the steps of the previous night, back to the dead patient’s house (her
fiancé answers the telephone), the costume shop (the girl is now openly
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for sale), and Domino’s apartment (he learns she is HIV positive). This
time, unlike the night before where women and chance always took
the lead, Bill pretends to take the sexual initiative. He fails, of course,
because there is no real desire in him. Because desire only brings him
agony, Bill cannot reenter the scenario of the previous night, which
was organized like a dream, based on chance encounters and unclear
distinctions between its latent and manifest content. As we are unable
to return to a dream or remember it properly after waking (because it
has already served its purpose), Bill’s attempt to retake his ‘‘dream
story’’ proves to be impossible. Instead, he faces the reality of his
position as spectator. As in the orgy, Bill’s search the next day for a
position within the fantasy forces him to come to terms with reality.
Looking for the woman he met at the orgy, he discovers that she
mysteriously died of a drug overdose the following day.
Bill goes to the morgue where his physician’s identification card gets
him the privilege to look at the body. Until now Bill has been unable to
‘‘see.’’ But at the morgue, as he inspects the cold inert, dead body which
only the night before he had so strongly desired (or so he thought), Bill
seems genuinely remorseful over the quest that led to this point. He
looks at the dead woman, convinced that she has died for him. Schnit-
zler’s version of this scene is strikingly similar and rather cinematic in
its reliance on ‘‘seeing’’ as the basis of desire. In the novel, Fridolin
admits in his internal monologue that, never having seen the woman’s
face, he had ‘‘pictured [her] as having the features of Albertina. In fact,
he now shuddered to realize that his wife had always been in his mind’s
eye as the woman he was seeking’’ (Schnitzler 151 52). The significance
of these lines cannot be underestimated. For Schnitzler, this is Fridolin’s
moment of realization, his confrontation and final understanding of his
own desires. The emphasis on seeing as a measure of desire in this
passage makes it strangely and yet appropriately cinematic, especially
in the context of Schnitzler’s closeness to the surrealists at the time. As
the scene continues in the novel, Fridolin concentrates his attention on
the dead woman’s eyes, looking for a sign of life, of desire. Schnitzler
describes Fridolin’s experience rather paradoxically: ‘‘a white face with
half-closed eyelids stared at him.’’ ‘‘If it were her eyes,’’ he continues,
Don’t Look Now: Kubrick, Schnitzler, and the Unbearable Agony of Desire 135
‘‘the eyes that had shone at him the day before with so much passion [ . . .]
he did not want to know’’ (157 58). Desire is no longer the cause of
agony, but it is agonizing, it is dying itself. At the morgue visit in Dream
Story, Fridolin (like Bill in Eyes Wide Shut) resolves his ‘‘agonizing’’
conflict. On one hand, he is confronted with a reality that denies the
nature of his fantasies: He finally ‘‘sees’’ this woman, although it has
been at the expense of her life that he has come to this moment. On the
other hand, Fridolin=Bill seems to make peace with his own desire,
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ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Research for this article was partially funded by the College of Arts
and Sciences Dean’s Fund for Excellence and by the Film Studies
Program, University of Colorado.
Don’t Look Now: Kubrick, Schnitzler, and the Unbearable Agony of Desire 137
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