Dr.

Sardar Protein lectures Final 2019

•
Matching

1-Nonessential polar containing sulfur/cysteine

2-Nonessential aromatic/tyrosine

•
3-aspartate/oxaloacetate

I
4-protien of the muscle/myocin

5-glycoprotein and has antioxidant properity/selenoprotein P

--------------

6-alpha 1-anti trypsin/emphysema

Dr. Feedan Tahseen

7-edima is the most important symptom of/kwarshiokor

8-tryptophan di-oxygenase deficiency/Hartnups disease

9-phenylalanine mono-oxygenase deficiency/

10-carbomyle -p- synthetase deficiency/hyperammonomeia
Dr. Sardar Protein lectures
Learning objectives Quiz Group EF

• Describe the cardiac muscle.

• Illustrate the properties of the cardiac

muscle
Dr. Sardar Protein lectures
The Heart Quiz Group EF

• Heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood

throughout the circulatory system.
• It is situated in between two lungs in the
mediastinum.
• It is made up of four chambers, two atria and
two ventricles.
• The musculature of ventricles is thicker than
that of atria.
• Force of contraction of heart depends upon
the muscles.
Dr. Sardar THE Protein
CARDIAClectures
MUSCLE Quiz Group EF

Myocardium has three types of muscle fibers:

i. Muscle fibers which form contractile unit of
heart (99%).
ii. Muscle fibers which form pacemaker.
iii. Muscle fibers which form conductive system.

8
 I -Muscle Fibres which Form the Quiz Group EF
Dr.Contractile
Sardar Protein
unit
lectures

• Striated and resemble the skeletal muscle fibre

• Cardiac muscle fibre is bound by sarcolemma. It
has a centrally placed nucleus. Myofibrils are
embedded in the sarcoplasm.
• Sarcomere of the cardiac muscle has all the
contractile proteins, namely actin, myosin,
troponin and tropomyosin.
• Sarcotubular system in cardiac muscle is slightly
different to that of skeletal muscle.

9
Dr. •Sardar Protein lectures
Exhibit branching.
Quiz Group EF
• Adjacent cardiac cells are joined end to end by specialized
structures known as intercalated discs.
• Within intercalated discs there are two types of junctions:
- Desmosomes
- Gap junctions that allow action potential to spread from one
cell to adjacent cells
- Heart function as syncytium
when one cardiac cell undergoes an action potential, the electrical
impulse spreads to all other cells that are joined by gap junctions
so they become excited and contract as a single functional
syncytium.
Atrial syncytium and ventricular syncytium
Dr. Sardar Protein lectures
Cardiac Muscle Tissue Quiz Group CD

Intercalated disks Cross-striations M~cytes

Nuclei

Plasma membranes of adjacent Desmosome

cardiac muscle fibers

.....
•••
... 7 ... - ...
... .•••...
••• •
"' ...
__. ..
-
......, -...--·--
. . . I BJI . . .

Gap Junction Action

Dr. Sardar
Structure Protein lectures
of Cardiac Muscle Quiz
CellGroup CD
--Intercalated discs-,

,.-Mitochondrion
.--Nucleus

Gap
junction
Dr. Sardar Protein lectures Quiz Group
Orientation of cardiac muscle fibres: CD
Unlike skeletal muscles, cardiac
muscles have to contract in
more than one direction .
Cardiac muscle cells are
c striated, meaning they will only
contract along their long axis .
In order to get contraction in
two axis, the fibres wrap
around .
Dr. Sardar Protein lectures
II- Muscle Fibres which Form theQuiz Group CD
Pacemaker
• Some of the muscle fibres of heart are
modified into a specialized structure
known as pacemaker.
• These muscle fibres forming the
pacemaker have less striation.
• They are named pacemaker cells or P
cells.
• Sino-atrial (SA) node forms the
pacemaker in human heart.
 Ill- Muscle Fibres which Form
Dr. Sardar Protein
Conductive System lectures Quiz Group CD

• Conductive system of the heart is formed by

modified cardiac muscle fibres
• Impulses from SA node are transmitted to
the atria directly. However, the impulses are
transmitted to ventricles through various
components of conducting system
 Dr. Sardar Enzyme lectures Final 2019
Properties of cardiac muscle

4-if Emax changed, and the slope is shifted to the right.

-Noncomptitive inhibitor

16-pepsinogen
- Excita
b i Iity
-pro-enzyme

-Auto rhythmicity
17-alpha-Conductivity
amylase is increased in

-pancreatitis

-Contractility
20-asparginase

-used for leukemia

21-high metals like Hg, Pb, Ag, and toxins are

-noncompititive irreversible

22-inhibiton FH2--->FH4 is by
-compitive inhibition

23-co-enyzme for transferring hydrogen

-NAD

Dr. Sardar Enzyme lectures Final 2019

EXCITABILITY
24-Michaelis-menton

-Vi=1/2Vmax

Excitability is defined as the ability of a living tissue

25-holo-enzyme

to give response to a stimulus.

-protein and non-protein portion

In all the tissues,

26-Co-enzyme initialtoresponse
binding
to a stimulus is
-apoprotein
electrical activity in the form of action potential. It
is followed by mechanical activity in the form of
33-alcohol changes to toxic compound in the liver
contraction, secretion, etc.
-acetaldehyde

36-lipase is working with

Resting membrane potential in:

-Ca

Single cardiac muscle fiber:- 85 to- 95 mV

57-fumarase which
Sinoatrial (SA) converts
node: - 55 tofumarate
- 60 mV to malate is
referred to fibers:-
Purkinje which enzyme
90 to-class

100 mV.
-lyases

Dr. SalarPotentia I: Lipid metabolism

Action Final 2019

30-LCAT

Action potential in cardiac muscle is different from

that
-HDL
of other tissues such as skeletal muscle, smooth
muscle and nervous tissue.

49- cholesterol synthesis

Duration of the action potential in cardiac muscle is

-HMG-CoA reductase

250 to 350 msec (0.25 to 0 ..35 sec).

61-omega 3

-linolenic acid

Phases of action potentia I:

62-last product of fatty acid in cytoplasm

Action potential in a single cardiac muscle fiber occurs

-palmitic acid

in four phases:
63-accumulation of phytnic acid

!.Initial depolarization
-Refsum's disease

2.1nitial repolarization
70-how many ATP used in complex oxidation of
3.A plateau or final depolarization
palmitate

4. Final
-129 ATP
repolarization.
Dr. Salar Lipid metabolism Quiz Group EF

+20
->E 0 ------·@
-~ - 20
·-- -40 CD-·
:::J

0. -----@
E
4: -60
- 80
- 100 - t - - . , . - - - , . - - - , - - - r - - - . , . - - - , . - - - i
0 0.2 0.4 0.6
Action potentia I in ventricular muscle.
1 =Depolarization,
2 = Initial rapid repolarization,
3 =Plateau,
4 = Final repolarization.
 Salar Lipid metabolism
Dr.RHYTHMICITY Quiz Group EF

Rhythmicity is the ability of a tissue to produce its

own impulses regularly. It is also called
autorhythmicity or self-excitation.
Property of rhythmicity is present in all the tissues
of heart.
Heart has a specialized excitatory structure, from
which the discharge of impulses is rapid. This
specialized structure is called pacemaker.
From here, the impulses spread to other parts
through the specialized conductive system.
Dr. Salar
PACEMAKERLipid metabolism Quiz Group EF

Pacemaker is the structure of heart from which the

impulses for heartbeat are produced. It is formed by
the pacemaker cells ca lied P cells.
In heart, the pacemaker is sinoatrial node (SA node).
It was Lewis Sir Thomas, who named SA node as
pacemaker of heart, in 1918.
SA node is a small strip of modified cardiac muscle,
situated in the superior part of lateral wall of right
atrium, just below the opening of superior vena
cava.
Dr.
The Salar Lipid
fibers of this nodemetabolism Quiz Group EF
do not have contractile
elements, and they are continuous with fibers of atrial
muscle, so that the impulses from the SA node spread
rapidly through atria.
Other parts of heart such as atrioventricular (AV)
node, atria and ventricle also can produce the
impulses and function as pacemakers.
Still, SA node is called the pacemaker because the rate
of production of impulse (rhythmicity) is more in SA
node than in other parts. It is about 70 to 80/minute.
 CONDUCTIVITY
Dr. Salar Lipid metabolism Quiz Group EF
Human heart has a specialized conductive system,
through which impulses from SA node are
transmitted to all other parts of the heart this
system is formed by the modified cardiac muscle
fibers. These fibers are the specialized cells, which
conduct the impulses rapidly from SA node to the
ventricles.
Conductive tissues of the heart are also called the
junctional tissues.
Dr. Salar
Components Lipid
of metabolism
Conductive Quiz Group
System in Human Heart: CD
1. AV node
2. Bundle of His
3. Right and left bundle branches
4. Purkinje fibers.

~.....;._. w-+ ---

Sinoatrial node---11•· ~~
Bundle of His
Internodal fibers --- \ I? + -- Left bundle branch
A trioventricular ----~'\'-.: -.------..; -:-i-- Right bundle branch
node

Sinoatrial node and conductive system

of the heart
Dr. Salar Lipid
CONTRACT! LITY metabolism Quiz Group CD
Contractility is ability of the tissue to shorten in
length (contraction) after receiving a stimulus.
Various factors affect the contractile properties
of the cardiac muscle.
Following are the contractile properties:
i- AI l-or-none Law
ii- Staircase phenomenon
iii- Refractory period
ALL-OR-NONE LAW : when a stimulus is applied,
Dr. Salar Lipid metabolism Quiz Group CD
whatever may be the strength, the whole cardiac
muscle gives maximum response or it does not give
any response at all, below the threshold level, i.e. if
the strength of stimulus is not adequate, the muscle
does not give response.
Amplitude of all contractions remains the same,
irrespective of increasing the strength of stimulus.
This shows that cardiac muscle obeys all-or-none
law.
All-or-none law is applicable to whole cardiac
muscle. It is because of syncytial arrangement o
cardiac muscle. While in skeletal muscle, is
applicable only to a single muscle fiber.
Dr. Salar
STAIRCASE Lipid metabolism
PHENOMENON: Quiz Group CD
When the ventricle is stimulated at a short interval of
2 seconds, without changing the strength, the force of
contraction increases gradually for the first few
contractions and then it remains same.
Gradual increase in the force of contraction is called
staircase phenomenon.
Staircase phenomenon occurs because of beneficial
effect, which facilitates the force of successive
contraction. So, there is a gradual increas·e in force of
contraction.
Dr.Beneficial Lipid metabolism
Salar Effect: Quiz Group CD
When two successive stimuli are applied to the
muscle in such a way that the second stimulus
falls after the relaxation period of the first curve,
two separate curves are obtained and the force of
second contraction is greater than that of first
one. This is called beneficial effect.
Cause for beneficial effect, during first
contraction, the temperature increases. It
decreases the viscosity of muscle. So, the force of
second contraction is more.
Dr. Salar Cancer Final 2019
All-or-none law Staircase phenomenon
Matching

11-promotor/
1V 2V 3V 4V

- saccharin

12-antimetabolic/
- methotexate
I I H
13-antimitotic/ 20 second 2 second

- vinca alkaloid

14-carcinoma/
All-or-none law and staircase phenomenon
- Hepatoma

in cardiac muscle
15-indirectly causing cancer/
- PAH

------

Dr. Lweza PERIOD

REFRACTORY Carbohydrate Final 2019
11-glycogen storage disease

Refractory
-pompie's period
disease is acidismaltase
the period in which
deficiency the
12-which muscle
one is
right
does about
notinsulin

show any response to a stimulus. It is of

-synthesis of TG

two types:
13-epinpherene

-stimulates
l.Absolute glycogenolysis

refractory period
14-hypoglycemia

2. Relative refractory period.

-sweating

15-hypothyroid

-decrease
Absoluteutilization of glucose

refractory period is the period during

19-what is right about aerobic

which the muscle does not show any response at all,

-happens in the mitochondria

whatever may be the strength of the stimulus. It is

37-glucagon

-stimultaing
because, glycogenolysis
the depolarization occurs during this
52-gluconeogenesis

period. So, a second depolarization is not

-producing glucose from non carbohydrate sorouce glycrol....etc
possible.
 Dr.Relative Nutrition
Gulanrefractory Final 2019
period is the period during
9-which
which one is true about
the muscle showsmy plate
if the strength
response
-Healthy reminder

of stimulus is increased to maximum. It is the

stage at which the muscle is in repolarizing state.
18-sorouce of carbohydrate

-dried fruit

Significance of Long Refractory Period in Cardiac

27-which
Muscle:one is true about 18mg/day iron

-It isLong
for mostly all healthy females

refractory period in cardiac muscle has three

28-EER

advantages:
-it is1.the dietary energy
Summation intake that
of contractions is predicted
does not occur to
maintain energy
2. Fatigue doesbalance in healthy individuals.

not occur
3. Tetanus does not occur
40-which one is produced in our body means it is
nonessential

-glucose