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COLLEGE OF EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

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LEARNING MODULE
FOR
M113: ADVANCED STATISTICS
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WEEK 5

M113: Advanced Statistics

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 WEEK 5
ONE SAMPLE TEST

Binomial Test
A binomial test uses sample data to determine if the population proportion of one level in a
binary (or dichotomous) variable equals a specific claimed value. For example, a binomial test
could be run to see if the proportion of leopards at a wildlife refuge that have a solid black coat
color is equal to 0.35 (which is expected based on a genetic model).

The test calculates the probability of getting from a specific sample size, n, the number of the
desired outcome (in this case, the number of leopards with a solid black coat color) as extreme
or more extreme than what was observed if the true proportion actually equaled the claim
(0.35). This is calculated using the binomial formula:

Note: There is no test statistic calculated in a binomial test, as is typically found in inferential
tests. This is because the p-value is calculated directly using the binomial formula shown
above.

Hypotheses:

Ho: The population proportion of one outcome equals some claimed value, or π = πo
HA: The population proportion of one outcome equals some claimed value, or π ≠ π o

Assumptions:

 Random samples
 Independent observations
 The variable of interest is binary (only two possible outcomes).
 The number of trials, n, is fixed ahead of time.

X2 One Sample Test

Here we consider hypothesis testing with a discrete outcome variable in a single population.
Discrete variables are variables that take on more than two distinct responses or categories
and the responses can be ordered or unordered (i.e., the outcome can be ordinal or
categorical). The procedure we describe here can be used for dichotomous (exactly 2
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response options), ordinal or categorical discrete outcomes and the objective is to compare the
distribution of responses, or the proportions of participants in each response category, to a
known distribution. The known distribution is derived from another study or report and it is
again important in setting up the hypotheses that the comparator distribution specified in the
null hypothesis is a fair comparison. The comparator is sometimes called an external or a
historical control.

In one sample tests for a discrete outcome, we set up our hypotheses against an appropriate
comparator. We select a sample and compute descriptive statistics on the sample data.
Specifically, we compute the sample size (n) and the proportions of participants in each
response

category ( , , ... ) where k represents the number of response categories. We then

determine the appropriate test statistic for the hypothesis test. The formula for the test statistic
is given below.

Test Statistic for Testing H0: p1 = p 10 , p2 = p 20 , ..., pk = p k0

We find the critical value in a table of probabilities for the chi-square distribution with degrees
of freedom (df) = k-1. In the test statistic, O = observed frequency and E=expected frequency
in each of the response categories. The observed frequencies are those observed in the
sample and the expected frequencies are computed as described below. χ2 (chi-square) is
another probability distribution and ranges from 0 to ∞. The test above statistic formula above
is appropriate for large samples, defined as expected frequencies of at least 5 in each of the
response categories.

When we conduct a χ2 test, we compare the observed frequencies in each response category
to the frequencies we would expect if the null hypothesis were true. These expected
frequencies are determined by allocating the sample to the response categories according to
the distribution specified in H0. This is done by multiplying the observed sample size (n) by the
proportions specified in the null hypothesis (p 10 , p 20 , ..., p k0 ). To ensure that the sample
size is appropriate for the use of the test statistic above, we need to ensure that the following:
min(np10 , n p20 , ..., n pk0 ) > 5.

The test of hypothesis with a discrete outcome measured in a single sample, where the goal is
to assess whether the distribution of responses follows a known distribution, is called the
χ2 goodness-of-fit test. As the name indicates, the idea is to assess whether the pattern or
distribution of responses in the sample "fits" a specified population (external or historical)

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distribution. In the next example we illustrate the test. As we work through the example, we
provide additional details related to the use of this new test statistic.

Kolmogorov- Sirnov One-sample Test

The One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test procedure compares the observed cumulative

distribution function for a variable with a specified theoretical distribution, which may be
normal, uniform, Poisson, or exponential. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov Z is computed from the
largest difference (in absolute value) between the observed and theoretical cumulative
distribution functions. This goodness-of-fit test tests whether the observations could
reasonably have come from the specified distribution.

Example. Many parametric tests require normally distributed variables. The one-sample
Kolmogorov-Smirnov test can be used to test that a variable (for example, income) is normally
distributed.

Statistics. Mean, standard deviation, minimum, maximum, number of no missing cases, and
quartiles.

One-Sample Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test Data Considerations

Data. Use quantitative variables (interval or ratio level of measurement).

Assumptions. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test assumes that the parameters of the test
distribution are specified in advance. This procedure estimates the parameters from the
sample. The sample mean and sample standard deviation are the parameters for a normal
distribution, the sample minimum and maximum values define the range of the uniform
distribution, the sample mean is the parameter for the Poisson distribution, and the sample
mean is the parameter for the exponential distribution. The power of the test to detect
departures from the hypothesized distribution may be seriously diminished. For testing against
a normal distribution with estimated parameters, consider the adjusted K-S Lilliefors test
(available in the Explore procedure).

One Sample Run Test

The one sample runs test is used to test whether a series of binary events can be considered
as randomly distributed or not.

A run is a sequence of identical events, preceded and succeeded by different or no events.

The runs test used here applies to binomial variables only. For example, in ABBABBB, we
have 4 runs (A, BB, A, BBB).

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The one sample runs test is used to test whether a series of binary events is randomly
distributed or not.

One sample runs test hypothesis

In the case of the two-tailed (or two-sided) test, the null (H0) and alternative (Ha) hypotheses
are:

 H0: Data are randomly distributed.

 Ha: Data are not randomly distributed.

In the one-tailed case, you need to distinguish the left-tailed (or lower-tailed or lower one-
sided) test and the right-tailed (or upper-tailed or upper one-sided) test. In the left-tailed test,
the following hypotheses are used:

 H0: Data are randomly distributed.

 Ha: There is repulsion between the two types of events.

In the right-tailed test, the following hypotheses are used:

 H0: Data are randomly distributed.

 Ha: The two types of events are alternating.

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 ACTIVITY #5
Direction: Read and understand this module. Provide what is asked. Write your answer in a
long bond paper (Hand written) and attach to the last page of this module.

 In a study done from various streams of a college 60 students, with equal number of student
drawn from each stream, are we interviewed and their intention to join the Drama Club of
college was noted.

B.Sc. B.A. B.Com M.A M.Com

No. in each class 5 9 11 16 19

It was expected that 12 students from each class would join the Drama Club.
Using the K-S test to find if there is any difference among student classes with regard to
their intention of joing the Drama Club.

End of fifth week

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