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vStrain- A Strain is a group of species with one/ more characteristics that distinguish it from other sub
groups of the same species of the strain .
- each strain is indentified by a name, number or letter.
Example:- E.coli Strain K12
The Science and technology of manipulating and improving microbial strains, in order to enhance their
metabolic capacities for biotechnological applications, are referred to as strain improvement.
vStrain Improvement-The Science and Technology of manipulating and improving microbial strains in
order to enhance their metabolic capacities is known as Strain Improvement
Criteria to select an industrially important microorganism
q The nutritional characteristics of the organism:- It is frequently required that a process be carried out using a very
cheap medium or a pre-determined one, e.g. the use of methanol as an energy source. These requirements may be met
by the suitable design of the isolation medium.
q The optimum temperature of the organism:- The use of an organism having an optimum temperature above 40°
considerably reduces the cooling costs of a large-scale fermentation and, therefore, the use of such a temperature in the
isolation procedure may be beneficial.
q The reaction of the organism with the equipment to be employed and the suitability of the organism to the type of
process to be used.
q The productivity of the organism, measured in its ability to convert substrate into product and to give a high
yield of product per unit time.
ndustrial that that is strain that is develop in that is five main steps involved, one
Purpose of Strain Improvement
• For revival of cultures, the frozen ampoules are removed from the liquid
nitrogen.
• For thawing, they are immediately immersed to the neck in a water bath at
37°C for a few seconds.
• The thawed cell contents of the ampoule or vial are immediately
transferred to membranes to form a thick layer.
• The resulting bacterial membranes with immobilized cells are used as a biological
component of a biosensor for activity measurements.
e discuss about the method of industrial strain development
Methods of Strain Improvement
Ø Mutant Selection
Ø Recombination
Ø Recombinant DNA Technology
MUTANT SELECTION
v Mutation are resulting due to a treatment with certain agents are known as
“Induced Mutation.”
v Many Mutations bring about marked changes in the Biochemical Characters of practical interest these are
called Major Mutations – these can be used in Strain Improvement
v In contrast, most improvements in biochemical production have been due to the Stepwise accumulation of
so called Minor genes.
Ex: Pencillium chrysogenum – Strain E15-1 was obtained which yield 55% more penicillin than original strain
Isolation of Mutant
Isolation of Auxotrophic Mutants:- it has a defect in one of its biosynthetic pathways, so it require a
specific Bio-molecule for normal growth & development.
Ex: Phe‾ mutant of C.glutamicus – require Phe for growth so, it accumulates Tyrosine.
Analogue – Resistant Mutant:- it have feed back insensitive enzymes of the biosynthetic pathway.
Feed - back inhibition- Tyr‾ mutant of C. glutamicus were selected for resistance to 50mg/L of p-
flurophenylalanine (analogue of phenylalanine).
Revertants from non producing mutants:-
Mutant mutates back to its original phenotype, its called
Reversion and mutant is called Revertant.
Ex: Reversion mutant of Streptomyces viridifaciens showed over 6-fold
increase in chlortetracycline production over the original strain.
RECOMBINATION
- Cross over
- Transformation
- Conjugation
- Transduction
- protoplast fusion – The fusion between non producing strains of two species
( Streptomyces griseus and Streptomyces tenjimariensis) has yielded a strain
that produces indolizomycin, a new Indolizine antibiotic.
RECOMBINATION DNA TECHNOLOGY
rDNA Technology or Genetic Engineering involves the isolation and cloning of genes of interest,
production of the necessary gene constructs using appropriate enzymes and then transfer and expression of
these genes into an suitable host organism.
2.Metabolic Engineering :- When metabolic activities of an organism are modified by introducing into it
transgenes, which affect enzymatic, transport and /or regulatory function of its cells its known as Metabolic
Engineering
Examples – Over production of the amino acid Isoluecine in C. glutamicum& Ethanol by E.coli
General strategies for enhanced production of recombinant proteins in
Pichia pastoris. Strategies are divided into strain engineering wise and
Z. Yang, Z. Zhang
process engineering wise.
Fig. 1. General strategies for enhance
combinant proteins in P. pastoris. Strate
strain engineering wise and process
Considerations were indicated for ea
combined strategy could be used for p
poses.
Upstream Processes
Microorganism
Fermentation raw materials
Initial isolation Sources of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus and
sulphur, minor elements, trace elements,
growth factors, water, etc. (availability, cost,
Strain improvement stability, and pretreatment and sterilization
requirements)
Production strain
Constraints: nutritional requirements, metabolic Media development
controls, shear sensitivity, temperature optima,
morphology, O2 and CO2 effects and requirements,
Propagation Maintenance
genetic stability, metabolic by-products, viscosity
medium medium
effects
+/–
Oxygen
pH control
Supported or suspended growth.
Antifoam
Fermenter type, stirring mechanism, size,
Cooling/heating
geometry, mode of operation,
Fermentation instrumentation and automation
Intracellular Extracellular
or product
periplasmic product
Concentration
Cell disruption step
Primary
recovery
Cell Centrifugation
debris or ultrafiltration
Cell lysis
Precipitation of
total protein Chromatography purification