A.

Orientational metaphor

metaphor The second type of conceptual metaphor is orientational metaphor. This type
of metaphor is “one that does not structure one concept in terms of another but instead
organizes a whole system of concepts with respect to one another” (Lakoff and Johnson,
1980:14). This type of metaphor is related to the spatial orientation obtained from human
physical experience. “we will call these orientational metaphors, since most of them have to
do with spatial orientation: up-down, in-out, front back, on-off, deep-shallow, and central
peripheral. These spatial orientations arise from the fact that we have bodies of the sort we
have and that they function as they do in our physical environment.” (Lakoff and Johnson,
1980:14) This spatial orientation is followed by the concept of direction. For example, the
expression happy is up indicates an up and down orientation. Expressions of happiness such
as "I'm feeling up today," are associated with an ascending dimension, while feelings of
sadness such as "I'm feeling down today," are associated with a descending dimension.
Analagi analogy is created based on activities that blend with the human mind and physical
experience so as to create a more lively expression of language.

according to (siti aisah, fibu ui, 2010) orientational metaphors, namely metaphors
related to spatial orientation, such as up and down, inside-outside, front-back, and others. This
spatial orientation arises from the fact that we have bodies and bodies function in a physical
environment. This metaphor is more based on human physical experience in regulating the
orientation of the direction in everyday life, such as up-down which is measured from human
physical experience. Orientational metaphors reflect different spatial concepts according to
the physical experience or culture of the community (2003: 14). Therefore orientational
metaphor is different in every culture, because what each culture thinks, experiences, does, is
different. Orientational metaphor gives a concept a spatial orientation, for example: happy is
up, health is up.

Orientational metaphors are related to the orientation of human experience, such as up-
down (up-down), inside-out (in-out), front-back (front-back), on-off (on-off), deep-shallow
(deep). -shallow), and center-peripheral. The spatial orientation appears based on human
physical experience in regulating the orientation of the direction in life. The experience is
integrated in the human mind so that abstract things become concrete. For example, concretize
the abstract by usingdimensions
up-down. Feelings of happiness (happy) and sad (sad) are mapped in an up-down dimension.
The structure of a metaphor which is one metaphorical concept is structured into
another concept. However, there is another type of concept metaphor, namely that which does
not structure one concept into another and is an arrangement of a whole system of related
concepts, this type of metaphor is called an orientational metaphor, because most work with a
"spatial" orientation (parts) such as: “up-down” (up-down); “in-out” (in-out); “front
back” (front-back); “on-off” (on-off); "deep-shallow" (deep-shallow); "central peripheral"
(center-around).

Orientational metaphor the word 'break' in English

The division of orientational metaphor that appears in the data is based on metaphorical
projections that appear on aspects including aspects of bodily functions and experiences which
are called image schemas. Image schema is obtained from basic experience, namely based on
how the body interacts with the world. One of the things presented here is the image scheme
contained in the following top orientational metaphors (up) and down orientational metaphors
(down) :

Bottom orientational metaphors (down metaphors)

The bottom orientational metaphors show a decline, failure, mental weakness, physical
weakness, condition physically, experiencing a decline in health, being seriously injured,
failing, giving up, experiencing grouping, experiencing decomposition, being critical, being
affected, doing something not wholeheartedly or forced, and having different opinions which
are poured into the container following:
A. Break/ break down as a decline/failure is characterized by:
1) break: 'a sudden and abrupt decline of prices or value'
'a sudden drop in price or value.'
2) break: mining: fault; dislocation
'error, disconnection'
3) break: 'failure of a horse to maintain the prescribed gait'
'a horse that failed to run fast in accordance with applicable
regulations' 4) break: 'to reduce in rank'
'downgrade'
“broken from sergeant to private”
'degraded from sergeant to soldier'
5) break: 'to fail to keep a prescribed gait –used of a horse'
'failed to enter a jump race' –used for horse
6) break: 'to fall in health, strength, vitality, resolve, or control'
'deteriorating health, strength, vitality, undergoing changes, or experiencing a decrease in the
power of control'
Used in the phrase:
“may break under questioning”
'maybe the problem of declining health is questioned'
7) break: 'to undergo a sudden significant decrease in price, value or volume' 'experience a
sudden significant drop in price, decrease in value, or decrease in content'
Used for:
“transportation stocks may break sharply”
'transportation stocks may decline very sharply'

B. Break down as mental weakness/failure/decline health/seriously injured/gives

up/decomposes/separation/causes fainting 1) break down: “suffered mental breakdown”
'suffering mentally weak'
2) break down: 'a physical mental or nervous collapse'
'physical disabilities or weak nerves'
3) break down: 'failure to progress or have effect: disintegration'
'a break down of negotiation "(failingto
negotiate)'failed to progress or are having an impact: split
'4)break down:'to fall in strength or vitality'
'decline in strength or vitality'
"her health broke down
''in poor health
'5)break down (of horses):'to severely injure the supporting ligaments or bones of the fetlock
joint '
'associated with the horses was badly injured in the championship equestrian or horse's legs
broken' 6) break down: 'to Become inoperative or ineffective: fail'
'Being is not functioning or are not effective: failed
"negotiation broke down'
'negotiations fail'
7) break down: 'to succumb to mental or emotional stress'
'
broke down and cried
'
8) break down: 'to lose one's resolve: give in'
'one who has lost his mind': give up
"Finally broke down and bought a computer

''finally gave up and bought a computer

'9)break down:'to be susceptible to or undergo analysis or subdivision
''easily split or analysis that is divided into
sections'"the statistical break down like this ”
'statistics are divided into subchapters as follows'
10) break down: 'to undergo decomposition syn see analyze'
'to decompose' is synonymous with analysis
11) break down: 'to separate (as chemical compound) into simpler substances:
decompose'into simpler substances: decompose 'to separate (a mixture of chemicals)' 12)
break down: 'to cause to fall or collapse by breaking or shattering' C. Breaking point as
being critical
1) breaking point: 'a point at which a situation becomes critical'
'when the situation becomes critical
'D.break-in as helpless
1) break-in (ca 1535):'to enter something (as a building or a computer system) without
consent or by force
''to enter something (such as a building or a computer system) without full either by heart
or by force'
E. Break out as affected
1) break out: 'to become affected with a skin eruption'
'affected by the appearance of spots on the skin'
F. Break ranks as dissent
1) break ranks Also break rank: 'to Differ to opinion or action from one's peers- Often used
with'

Metaphor orientasional above (up metaphor)

Metaphor orientasional above (up metaphor) shows elements of strength, achievement, form
of success, opportunity, sudden success, trying hard, getting out of, and overcoming which
refers to positive elements. In addition, it can also be characterized by negative elements such
as coercion, disrupting, destroying, defeating, forcing, ending relationships, stopping,
separating themselves, hurting hearts, and destructive actions that are poured into the
mapping.

Orientational metaphor is a type of metaphor that is not arbitrary. This type of metaphor has a
basic physical and cultural experience, for example
A. Break/break down as decline/failure
B. Break down as mental weakness/failure/deteriorating health/severely
injured/surrender/experiencing breakdown/separation/causing fainting C. Breaking point as
critical
D. Break in as defenseless
E. Break out as impacted
F. Break ranks as dissent

Decreased, failed, weakened, decreased health, heavily injured, surrendered,

decomposed, split, caused fainting, Being critical, helpless, affected, and having different
opinions shows a position that is weak, helpless, and has no power or strength, which is
analogous to the physical human being in a lower position. Therefore, the characteristics
mentioned are included in the category of down-orientational metaphors (down metaphors).
Likewise, the up metaphor has the following characteristics:
A. Break as strength/defeat/destroy/cast a spell/become accustomed/disrupt/break
through/change/control/achievement/sort/group an/strive /sudden movement/separation
B. Break down as render ineffective
C. Breaking point as opportunity
D. Break in as coercion/interference/interrupt
E. Break out as evasive power/sudden success/success out of/form of activity
F .Break up to end the relationship/stop
G. Break off to end the relationship/lift/move/clean up H. Break through as a
breakthrough
I. Break free as an attempt to escape
J. Break into to interrupt/pause
K. Break-age as an act damage
L. Break an entering as coercion
M. Break the back of to overcome
N. Break away as break away
O. Break one's heart as an insult
The above mentioned traits as poured into the container indicates the presence of power,
power, coercion to do something to other people or to something. Physical activity by forcing,
overcoming, separating oneself, and even hurting one's heart is analogous to the position of
the human body being in the upper position, because humans who have the power are in the
upper position. Therefore the characteristics mentioned above belong to the category of
metaphor orientasional above (upmetaphor).

B. Ontological metaphor

according to (siti aisah, fib ui, 2010) ontological metaphor is a metaphor that sees
events, emotional activities, and ideas as entities and substances. For example in the metaphor
"the mind is a machine" in the sentence "my mind just isn't operating today". Ontological
metaphors are metaphors that conceptualize thoughts, experiences, and processes—other
abstract things—to something that has physical properties. In other words, ontological
metaphor considers abstract
nouns as concrete nouns. The following is an example of a metaphor for an increase in the
price of goods that is seen as an entity through the noun inflation.

Inflation is an entity

inflation is lowering our standard of living (inflation lowering our living standards)

Inflation makes me sick (inflation makes me sick)

based on the example of metaphor of inflation, an entity allows us to refer / refer to it

(referring), calculating the number (quantifying), identifying these aspects (identifying
aspects), identifying the causes/reasons (identifying causes), determining goals and
encouraging action (setting goals and motivating actions), (Lakoff and Johnson, 1980: 26).
The ontological metaphor has another sub-section called the container metaphor, which is an
abstract entity that is considered to have a physical form of a container, or a kind of space that
has entrances in and exits out. In this case, when an object enters the container, the container
is filled, and vice versa. For example, he fell in love (he fell in love). We're out of trouble now
(we're out of trouble/we're free from problems)

ontological metaphor that is the subject of this research. Thus, the portion of the
discussion on ontological metaphors will be discussed more than the previous 2 (two)
metaphors. This metaphor conceptualizes experiences, thoughts, experiences, and processes of
abstract entities into concrete entities. In other words, this metaphor involves the systematic
presentation of an entity or substance to something that does not have that status innately.

“Our experience of physical objects and substances provides a further basis for understanding
—one that goes beyond their orientation. Understanding our experiences in terms of objects
and substances allows us to pick out parts of our experience and treat them as discrete entities
or substances of a uniform kind. Once we can identify our experiences as entities or
substances, we can refer to them, categorize them, group them, and quantify them—and, by
this means, reason about them.” (lakoff and johsnon, 1980:26).

The quote above indicates that the ontological metaphor is an understanding of how
human experience can be described as a concrete entity and substance that
is more than just a spatial orientation. Ontological metaphor also, indirectly, aims not to create
a separate space between entities and human physical experience because, according to this
metaphorical concept, human physical experience can be referenced, categorized, and
measurable. In addition, they also argue that ontological metaphors exist to fulfill certain
human goals, namely the delivery of a more comprehensive communication with metaphorical
expressions. This is reaffirmed in the quote:

“when things are not clearly discrete or bounded, we still categorize them as such, eg,
mountains, street corners, hedges, etc. Such ways of viewing physical phenomena are needed
to satisfy certain purposes that we have: locating mountains, meeting at street corners,
trimming hedges. Human purposes typically require us to impose artificial boundaries that
make physical phenomena discrete just as we are: entities bounded by a surface.” (lakoff and
johnson, 1980:26)

For example, "the candidates are jumping on the bandwagon" is an expression of an

ontological metaphor because the abstract concept of the candidates is likened to the concrete
concept of jumping on the bandwagon. In this case, the concept of the candidates is presented
systematically with the expression jumping on the bandwagon whose relevance or relevance,
with political concepts, is not directly related. However, based on the meaning of the concept
of the candidates in the description, it can be said that the so-called systematic presentation of
the concept of the candidates has a relationship with the concept of thinking involving the
person, individual, examinee entity. Entities that are abstract (the candidates) are likened to
the concept of existence so that they require the concept of a material entity (container). This
indicates that the focus of this metaphor is on the systematic presentation of something
abstract into something real. In addition, another opinion also states that:

"ontological commitments reflect the shared beliefs within a community about the sorts of
things that exist. Our beliefs about what exists are shaped by our sensory and motor
interactions with objects in the physical world. Physical objects have boundaries and surfaces
that separate the object from not-the-object. Objects have insides and outsides, and can be
described in terms of more-or-less fixed and stable “objective” properties.”

(Harrison, 2013:1) according to Harrison, ontological metaphors represent shared beliefs

about things that are present in human daily life. More than that, the concepts that exist in
everyday life are shaped by sensory and motor interactions experienced by
individuals. Physical objects that are judged to have boundaries and surfaces can be described
in terms of explicable properties. Ontological metaphors allow individuals to understand
"things" that are not objects as if they were objects by "picking out parts of our experience and
treating them as [if they were] discrete entities or substances of a uniform kind" (lakoff and
johnson, 1980:25). That is, sensory and motor interactions affect bodily actions experienced
by individuals with the outside world through metaphorical language. In other words, human
experience of the external world is represented through bodily actions which are the result of
sensory and motor interactions. After these experiences are manifested, metaphorical
expressions are realized or systematized through mapping or mapping.
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