Biology Chapter 1

CHAPTER 1
MOLECULES OF LIFE
Prepared by: splock@17
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5 MAJOR CLASSES OF MOLECULES WHICH MAKE
UP THE BODIES OF LIVING ORGANISM
PROTEIN
WATER
NUCLEIC ACID
LIPID
CARBOHYDRATE
INORGANIC COMPOUND ORGANIC COMPUND
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Terminology
INTRODUCTION
• Adhesion • DNA • Monosaccharide

• Affinity • Ester bond • Nitrogenous bases
• Amino Acid • Fatty acid • Nucleic acid
• Amino Group • Fibrous protein • Nucleotide
• Capillary Action • Globular protein • Organic compound
• Carbohydrate • Glycerol • Peptide
• Carboxyl Group • Glycosidic bond • Peptide bond
• Cohesion • Hydrocarbon chain • Phosphodiester bond
• Condensation • Hydrogen bond • phospholipid
• Conjugated • Hydrolysis • Polarity
Protein • Hydrophilic • Polysaccharide
• Deoxyribose • Hydrophobic • Protein
• Disaccharide • Hydroxyl group • Ribose
• Inorganic compound • RNA
• Lipid • steroid
• Water
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Concept Map
INTRODUCTION
End of Chapter 1, you should be able to… 4

Concept Map
INTRODUCTION
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Learning Outcome: Do not copy
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1. Do not copy
Students should be able to draw the structure of water molecule
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2. Label the covalent bond and hydrogen bond form within or between
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the water molecule. Do not copy
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3. Label the partial positive and partial negative end in water molecule.
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4. Explain the structure of water molecule. Do not copy
5. Describe the polarity of water. Do not copy
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6. List the properties of water. Do not copy
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7. Relate the characteristic of water with the properties of water.
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8. Describe the importance of each properties to living organismDoand
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environment. Do not copy
1.1 WATER
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Introduction Do not copy
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Most abundant compound in cells. Do not copy
60 - 90% of the total chemical content of the cell. Do not copy
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70% of the human body weight
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A colorless, odorless and tasteless fluid with a neutral pH Do not copy
of 7.0. Do not copy
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7
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Do not copy About 71 percent of the Earth's surface is
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Do not copy …only 2.5 percent of it is freshwater.
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Do not copy …only 0.007 percent of the planet's
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U.S. Geological Survey, 2010
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What u know about water? Do not copy
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drops pond Do not copy
ais Do not copy
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1 oxygen atom
sea Do not copy
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2 Hydrogen atom
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raining H2O Do not copy
tear
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Water vapour Do not copy
Hydrogen bond
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WATER Do not copy
Boiling point
drinking Do not copy
sweat Do not copy
cloud Do not copy
70% of body weight Ais cube Do not copy
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swimming Do not copy
Ais kacang Do not copy
Fresh water
washing
liver 9
CHAPTER 1: MOLCULES 0F LIFE 1.1: Water
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STRUTURE OF A MOLECULE OF WATER
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2. The water (H2O) is small molecule;
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3. Hydrogen atoms form covalent

bonds with an oxygen atom by
sharing of electrons
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LEARNING OUTCOMES: 1.1 a) explain the structure of water molecule.

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Do not copy 4. The H2O is a non-linear molecule.
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V-shape.
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What is linear molecule? Example: CO2

the geometry around a central
atom bonded to two other atoms
(or ligands) placed at a bond-
angle of 180°.
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5. The
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atoms is 104.5°
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1. Label the covalent bond in water? 【1m】

2. Label the bond-angle of between 2 hydrogen atom. 【1m】
3. Describe the structure of water and its importance。【10 m】
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Covalent bond
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Covalent bond
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CHARACTERISTIC OF WATER
1. Water is POLAR molecule.
Why?
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The different electronegativity between hydrogen
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The distribution of electron in the polar covalent bond is
unequal.
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LEARNING OUTCOMES: 1.1 b) describe the properties of water & its importance.
Why? oxygen atom attracts electrons Do
more
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stronger than hydrogen atom.
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 Oxygen is more Do not copy
electronegative than hydrogen.
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Result? It create the partial positive hydrogen end (+)
and a partial negative oxygen end (-) in water molecule.
Because water is a polar

molecule, it enable the
formation of hydrogen bonds
between the water
molecules. 16
Question: State the characteristic of oxygen atom in water
molecule. 【2m】
1. The oxygen atom is partially negative.
2. The oxygen atom is more electronegative compare to hydrogen atom.
3. The oxygen able to attracted more electrons in polar covalent bond in
water.
4. The oxygen formed the - pole in water
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2. Water able to form Hydrogen Bond.
Why?
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Because water is polar molecule.
The partially negative oxygen end will attract the partially positive
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hydrogen end to form hydrogen bond.
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Can the hydrogen bond forms between hydrogen atom
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with others more electronegativity atoms?
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Hydrogen bond is formed when a hydrogen atom is attracted to another
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Result? H2O are attracted to each other & also
attracted to charged particles /charged surfaces
Each one water molecule can

forming 4 hydrogen bond.
How it happen?
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???
Forming Hydrogen Bond
A partial positive H
atom(δ + ) of one H2O is
attracted to the partial Areas with opposite
charges are attracted
negative O atom(δ - ) of
nearby H2O molecule
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1 2
3 4
Maximum can form four (4) hydrogen bond

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3.
Each H2O molecule
can form hydrogen
bonds with up to
maximum 4 other
water molecules
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CHARACTERISTIC OF WATER Do not copy
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The strength between different types ofDobond
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Hydrophobic Covalent Bond

interaction Hydrogen Bond &
& Ionic Bond
Van der Waals force
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4. Water exhibit cohesion and adhesion
Why? Because water is polar molecule. Water can form
hydrogen bond by is attracted to another strongly electronegative atom.
• cohesion : •adhesion :
• The binding together •the attraction
of like molecules, between different
often by hydrogen kind of molecules
bond
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1. Label the covalent bond in water? 【1m】

2. Label the bond-angle of between 2 hydrogen atom. 【1m】
3. Describe the structure of water and its importance。【10 m】
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Properties
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Of Water & Its Importance
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List down the Properties Of Water

1. Water is polar molecule which act as good
solvent
2. Water have low viscosity
3. Water have High specific heat capacity
4. Water have High Latent heat of vaporization
5. Water have High surface tension
6. Water have Maximum density at 4oC
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Characteristic
Properties Of Water &
Structure of
water
Small Polarity of
Formation of covalent bond
molecule water
• Water have High specific heat capacity
Water have Water is polar
low viscosity molecule • Water have High Latent heat of
which act as vaporization
good solvent
• Water have High surface tension
• Water have Maximum density at 4oC
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Prepared your revision note….

Properties of Importance to Living
Cause Description
Water Organism
Water is a Polarity of 1. Solubility of ionic 1. Medium of
polar molecule water. compound in water. [refer metabolic
that act as Present of T1] reaction
good solvent unequal 2. Solubility of small organic 2. Medium of
distribution of e- compound in water. [refer transportation of
T2] substance within
body system.
Water have Small in size The larger a molecule, the Good medium of
low viscosity higher the viscosity of a transportation of
liquid. substance in blood
Easier the movement of vessels.
solution
……
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1. Water is a polar molecules that acts as good solvent
Why water is a good solvent

1. because of its polarity and its ability to form H
bond; water can be powerful solvent for:
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• Polar substance: ( eg.
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• Ionic compound: ( eg.
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• Organic compound with ionized groups: (eg.:
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Do not2. it is capable of dissolving more
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substances than any other
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man.
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Water acts as a good solvent, Important ?

Hint :
 most cell components dissolve in water
 metabolic reactions normally takes place in solutions
 water is able to dissolve polar substances such as
salts, acids, sugar, nutrients & gases and salts
What is the important of water

as a good solvent
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Water acts as a good solvent, Important ?
1. Water act as medium of transportation of water

soluble substances within and between cells
 Example 1: transporting of nutrient & waste product in
blood plasma.
 Example 2: Transportation of organic compound in
phloem.
2. Medium of metabolic reaction.
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How water dissolve Ionic compound ?

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Ionic
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Example: mutual attraction between
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PSPM: By using a suitable example, explain the solubility of ionic
compound in water. 32

NaCl
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[By using example of : NaCl
Sodium ion ( Na+)
Chloride ion ( Cla-)
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NaCl when a crystal of salt ( NaCl ) is placed in water:-
[If the question required any diagram,

Draw the diagram in 2 Dimension only] 35

• At surface of each grain,

Na+& Cl- exposed to
solvent molecules

• Salt & water bond to one

another through their
mutual attraction between
positive and negative
charges

The partial positive hydrogen atoms in

the water molecule attract negatively
charged ions (Cl-), while
The partially negative oxygen atom in

the water molecules attracts
positively charged ions (Na+).

Water molecules
surround the
individual Na+ & Cl-
& form hydration
shell

Result:
The NaCl crystal
dissociates &
dissolves in added
water
How water
dissolve the salt?
【1m】
By forming hydration shell that

surrounded the cation and anion
How water dissolve organic compound ?

Example of soluble organic compound:
Glucose, Fructose, polar amino acid
1. Have polar
molecule/side
chain
2. Have expose –OH
group to form
hydrogen bond
with water

Glucose
Glucose is a polar compound
A glucose molecule has five

hydroxyl (-OH) groups .

1. In solution, water molecules are hydrogen
Glucose bonded to all these hydroxyl (-OH) groups.
2. A hydration shell of water surrounds the
glucose molecules.
Polar
compound
Water
molecule
Hydrogen
bond
What is the substance that water

cannot dissolve ?
Hydrophobic substance:
1. substance that do not has an affinity for
water
2. Example:
 Oil  Any types of lipid
 Non-polar molecule
weak attraction and the absence of dipoles
2. Low viscosity
a measure of resistance of a liquid to flow.
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Liquid
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& faster the liquid flow.
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makes
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2. Low viscosity
Why water has low viscosity
 because Hydrogen bonds
between H2O are being
continually broken &
reformed
 Causing water molecules being able to slide

easily over each other.
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2. Low viscosity
What advantages when water has low viscosity
1 suitable as medium of transportation in

living organisms.
Blood flows easily with less

friction through the narrow
vessels in the circulatory
system.
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2. Low viscosity
2. Acts as a good lubricant

 mucus:
helps in the movement of substance
 pericardial fluid:
reduce friction between the heart and rib cage
 synovial fluid:
lubricates joints in vertebrates
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2. Low viscosity
2. Acts as a good lubricant
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3. HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT CAPACITY
WHAT Amount of heat that must be absorbed or lose

for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1ºC.
Explain this phrase:

Water have high specific heat capacity. 4.184 J / g °C.
 Large amount of heat energy is required

to absorb by water to increase 1 °C.
 Large amount of heat energy is required
to loss by water to decrease the
temperature of water by 1 °C.
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WHAT Amount of heat that must be absorbed or lose

for 1 g of a substance to change its temperature by 1ºC.
Explain this phrase:

Water have high specific heat capacity. 4.184 J / g °C.
 Approximately 4.184 J energy need to

absorb or release to make a change of
water temperature by 1 °C
 The unit used for the specific heat capacity
is J / g °C.
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WHY water have high specific heat capacity
Heat must be absorbed in order to break
Hydrogen bonds, heat is released when Hydrogen
bonds break.
High energy is needed to break / form the
Hydrogen bonds
Importance
Important to Marine Organism
Important to organism
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Importance to living organism:
minimizes fluctuations in temperature 1

(a) inside cells
 act as a thermal buffer & prevents large
fluctuations in body temperature
 Therefore maintains a relatively constant
internal (body) temperature
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minimizes fluctuations in temperature 1

(b) Aquatic organism
stabilize aquatic temperatures,
creating a favourable environment for
marine life.
Prevent drastic temperature changes
in ocean between day and night.
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Maintain liquid state at room 2

temperature
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Acts as good heat absorber 3

Advantages:
Large amount of heat energy is needed
to raise water temperature.
Prevent drastic changes of water
temperature in ocean between day and
night.
Regulate the global climate.
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4. High latent heat of vaporization
?
WHAT is latent heat of vaporization
Amount of heat that a liquid must absorb
for 1 g of it to be converted from the liquid
state to the gaseous state
WHY water have high latent heat

of vaporization
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WHY water have high latent heat
of vaporization ?
1. Present of hydrogen bond between water molecule
2.Lots of energy is required to break the
hydrogen bonds and separated the water
molecule to change liquid to vapour.
3.Water molecule need to vibrate & move
quickly enough to break all hydrogen bonds.
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WHAT is the water latent heat of vaporization
?
OBSERVE & MAKES CONCLUSION
580 calories of heat is needed to turn 1 g

of liquid water into water vapour (gas) at
room temperature (25oC)
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WHY important ?
1. Causes a cooling effect; evaporation of
water from a surface removes heat
Question:
With suitable example, explain how it
works and how it important to animal
& plant. 61

Question:
With suitable example, explain how it works
and how it important to animal & plant.
 Hint:
 the cooling mechanism in :
animals : sweating & panting
plants : transpiration
?
62

PREDICT What will happen to a
person if it cannot produce sweat ?
? HOW the animals that cannot sweat

prevent overheating
63

PREDICT What will happen to a
person if it cannot produce sweat ?
? HOW the animals that cannot sweat

prevent overheating
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5. HIGH SURFACE TENSION

WHAT is surface tension
A measure of how difficult it is to stretch
or break the surface of a liquid
? WHY water have high surface tension
the tendency of the water surface to

resist being broken
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WHY water have high surface tension

 High surface tension of
water also refer to the
resistance of water to
increase surface area.
 Water is polar molecule.
 Hydrogen bond present
between the water
molecules, create high
intermolecular force.
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HOW surface tension is formed
The intermolecular force

of interior water molecule
is uniform.
molecules of water at the
surface feel attractions
only to molecules below
and beside it,
create inwardly cohesive
force. 67

IMPORTANCE
1. Allows small organisms (e.g. : water strider,
fallen leaves) to move on the surface of water
WHY? Water resist forces that increase surface area. 68

Concept related to surface tension
1. Cohesive and adhesive forces
2. Capillary action
3. Formation of water droplet @
dew.
4. The concave meniscus on the
air/water interface.
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EXHIBIT CAPULLARITY/ CAPILLATY
ACTION
WHAT is capillary action

the tendency of water to move within a narrow space or
porous material due to the adhesion, cohesion and
surface tension.
HOW capillary action formed

As a result of 3 force:
1. Adhesion
2. Cohesion
3. Surface tension
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ACTION
IMPORTANCE
Enable transportation of water
in plant
1. The intermolecular cohesive
forces maintain the long
columns of water molecules in
xylem.
2. Prevent the break of the water
column
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6. EXHIBIT CAPULLARITY/ CAPILLATY

ACTION
IMPORTANCE
in plant
3. Adhesive force ‘stick’ the

water molecules to the organic
tissue of the plant.
4. Enable the water molecule to

move against earth gravity.
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ACTION
IMPORTANCE
in plant
5. The pulling force is create by

the tension occurs in xylem due
to transpiration.
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ACTION
IMPORTANCE
Enable transportation of water in plant
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7. Maximum density at 4oC

a unique feature of water: The solid
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WHY this happen

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Density:
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 Relate with volume & mass.
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WHY this happen?
1. Molecule of water become less motion.
2. Hydrogen bond constantly break and re-form
3. Molecule get closer as they cool.
From normal
temperature to 4oC From
4oC to 0oC
Warm water Cold water (4oC) Ais 0oC

1. Water start to crystalized @ spread out
2. Stable hydrogen bonds is formed
3. The water completely frozen at 0oC
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WHY this happen

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WHY this happen
1. Water expands as it freezes

2. because hydrogen bonds become stable
& water molecules become far apart
3. resulting in a crystalline lattice
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WHY this happen
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4oC
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Observe the different of

volume in the arrangement of
water molecule.
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IMPORTANCE
Aquatic organisms are able to live below the ice in
winter because ponds, lakes or sea rarely freeze into
solid.
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QUICK CHECK
O = false
1 = true 83
QUICK CHECK
TRUE OR FALSE
1. WATER get smaller volume as it freeze.
2. The unequal distribution of electron in covalent
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bond is due to electronegativity is same in
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Oxygen and hydrogen atom.
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4. More solute can be dissolved in sulfuric
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acid than
in water.
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QUICK CHECK Do not copy
TRUE OR FALSE
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cohesion force between water molecule. Do not copy
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8. Rain-drops in tear-shaped is due to surface tension
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9. A water molecule is polar, because it is V-shaped.
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10.Water is a charged molecule
11.The covalent bond that hold hydrogen atom to
oxygen atom is also called polar covalent bond.
85

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Biology Chapter 1

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CHAPTER 1

INORGANIC COMPOUND ORGANIC COMPUND

• Adhesion • DNA • Monosaccharide

End of Chapter 1, you should be able to… 4

3. Hydrogen atoms form covalent

LEARNING OUTCOMES: 1.1 a) explain the structure of water molecule.

What is linear molecule? Example: CO2

LEARNING OUTCOMES: 1.1 a) explain the structure of water molecule.

LEARNING OUTCOMES: 1.1 a) explain the structure of water molecule.

1. Label the covalent bond in water? 【1m】

LEARNING OUTCOMES: 1.1 a) explain the structure of water molecule.

Result? It create the partial positive hydrogen end (+)

and a partial negative oxygen end (-) in water molecule.

Because water is a polar

Each one water molecule can

Maximum can form four (4) hydrogen bond

Hydrophobic Covalent Bond

1. Label the covalent bond in water? 【1m】

List down the Properties Of Water

• Water have Maximum density at 4oC

Prepared your revision note….

1. Water is a polar molecules that acts as good solvent

Why water is a good solvent

1. Water is a polar molecules that acts as good solvent

Water acts as a good solvent, Important ?

What is the important of water

1. Water is a polar molecules that acts as good solvent

Water acts as a good solvent, Important ?

1. Water act as medium of transportation of water

2. Medium of metabolic reaction.

1. Water is a polar molecules that acts as good solvent

How water dissolve Ionic compound ?

1. Water is a polar molecules that acts as good solvent

How water dissolve Ionic compound ?

1. Water is a polar molecules that acts as good solvent

How water dissolve Ionic compound ?

Sodium ion ( Na+)

Chloride ion ( Cla-)

1. Water is a polar molecules that acts as good solvent

How water dissolve Ionic compound ?

[If the question required any diagram,

1. Water is a polar molecules that acts as good solvent

How water dissolve Ionic compound ?

• At surface of each grain,

1. Water is a polar molecules that acts as good solvent

How water dissolve Ionic compound ?

• Salt & water bond to one

1. Water is a polar molecules that acts as good solvent

How water dissolve Ionic compound ?

The partial positive hydrogen atoms in

The partially negative oxygen atom in

1. Water is a polar molecules that acts as good solvent

How water dissolve Ionic compound ?

1. Water is a polar molecules that acts as good solvent

How water dissolve Ionic compound ?

1. Water is a polar molecules that acts as good solvent

By forming hydration shell that

1. Water is a polar molecules that acts as good solvent

How water dissolve organic compound ?

1. Water is a polar molecules that acts as good solvent

How water dissolve organic compound ?

Glucose is a polar compound

A glucose molecule has five

1. Water is a polar molecules that acts as good solvent