Journal of Manufacturing Processes 34 (2018) 513–522

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

Journal of Manufacturing Processes

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/manpro

A study on the machining characteristics of induction and laser-induction T

assisted machining of AISI 1045 steel and Inconel 718
⁎
Jong-Tae Baeka, Wan-Sik Woob, Choon-Man Leeb,
a
Technical Support Department, FANUC Co., 101, Wanam-ro, Seongsan-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea
b
School of Mechanical Engineering, Changwon National University, 20, Changwondaehak-ro, Uichang-gu, Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do, Republic of Korea

A R T I C LE I N FO A B S T R A C T

Keywords: Difficult-to-machine materials are being widely used in various industries. However, these materials are much
Induction assisted machining (IAM) more difficult to machine using conventional machining (CM) methods than other common materials, because of
Laser-induction assisted machining (LIAM) their superior material properties such as high strength, stiffness and brittleness. Thermally assisted machining
Cutting force (TAM) methods have been developed to address this problem. Laser assisted machining (LAM) is a type of TAM
process in which a workpiece is locally softened by a laser heat source in front of the cutting tool. The method is
an effective way to enhance machinability when processing various difficult-to-cut materials. Two other ap-
proaches, induction assisted machining (IAM) and laser-induction assisted machining (LIAM), were analyzed
and experimentally investigated in this study to compare their efficiency with that of CM for two materials, AISI
1045 steel and Inconel 718. It was found that cutting force was decreased and surface quality was improved
when the IAM and LIAM were used.

1. Introduction
Thermally assisted machining (TAM) is an economic, rapid-heating
heat treatment technique for enhancing the machinability of materials.
TAM has been used extensively in industry for various applications over
the past few decades, and has been widely investigated by researchers.
TAM is mainly applied to difficult-to-cut materials which cause high
machining cost by conventional machining (CM) methods. Shin et al.
performed TAM of titanium alloy and nickel alloy. The cutting force
was reduced by about 20% compared with the CM, and the tool wear
was also reduced. In addition, machining costs such as laser, tool, tool
exchange and operation costs were decreased by about 30–50% com-
pared to CM [1,2]. They performed thermal and mechanical modeling
analysis for micro machining using TAM on three difficult-to-cut ma-
terials. The reliability of the analysis model was verified by comparing
the simulation results with the experimental results [3]. Some re-
searchers conducted the TAM using various heat sources to verify the
effectiveness of the TAM. As a result, machining characteristics such as
cutting force, specific cutting energy, tool wear and surface roughness
were enhanced by TAM [4–7]. Recently, Ito et al. has applied TAM to
precisely machine a glass. The surface roughness was reduced by 74%.
The tool life was shortened, but the glass was precisely machined by
TAM [8]. Lee et al. successfully machined the specimens with the three-
dimensional shape such as cylindrical and spherical shape using the
TAM and a new preheating method was proposed to improve the pre-
heating effect [9–11]. By using heat to soften the metal workpiece prior
to machining, TAM can reduce the energy used for cutting materials by
reducing the amount of force which needs to be applied to the work-
piece. Among the various TAM processes, the laser assisted machining
(LAM) process locally softens a workpiece using a laser heat source.
Induction assisted machining (IAM) is also an effective TAM method.
IAM is a non-contact process which requires no physical interaction
with the metal material. An induction heat source can be used for
preheating, welding, heat treatment, melting, etc. [4,12,13]. Also, the
induction heat source can be replaced at a cost of about one tenth of the
laser heat source, and the quality of induction heating can be superior
to that of a laser heat source because the heating can be applied more
evenly to the metal surface in various manufacturing methods [4]. In
this study, the use of multi-heat sources (laser-induction) is proposed
for the first time in TAM. The laser produces a narrow and deep heat
affected zone (HAZ), and the induction produces a wide and shallow
HAZ. Therefore, when using laser-induction, the disadvantages of a
single heat source can be supplemented and the material removal rate
(MRR) can be improved as the HAZ increases. In addition, low output
lasers can be used by using the high output induction with low cost.
Therefore, it is possible to reduce initial costs by using the low cost laser
with low power, and it is possible to achieve equal or better machining
efficiency as compared with the use of high power laser. The use of

⁎
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: cmlee@changwon.ac.kr (C.-M. Lee).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jmapro.2018.06.030
Received 30 May 2017; Received in revised form 15 June 2018; Accepted 19 June 2018
1526-6125/ © 2018 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Society of Manufacturing Engineers.
J.-T. Baek et al.
Fig. 1. Current distribution of material.
Fig. 2. IAM of workpiece with flat shape.
Fig. 3. The thermal conductivity and specific heat with temperature change of
AISI 1045 steel.
multi-heat sources such as laser-induction is an important study to
improve productivity and machining efficiency.
The number of TAM and manufacturing processes, using various
energy sources, has been increasing because they efficiently facilitate
the processing of difficult-to-machine materials [12–19]. Among var-
ious approaches that have been investigated, Dong et al. [20] con-
ducted a coupled thermal-mechanical analysis using the finite element
514
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 34 (2018) 513–522
method (FEM), and compared experimental results to those from the
analysis. Zhang et al. [21] compared CM with LAM for the Al/SiCp
composite. The shape of the chip was saw-tooth and semi-continuous
type, and there was no difference between CM and LAM, but the cutting
force and shear zone stress decreased as the temperature of specimen
increased. Vijenda et al. [22] studied a hybrid friction-stir welding
process. The plastic materials were welded following induction heating
of the tools, and various experiments were analyzed. As the tool-pin
temperature by induction heating increased, the hardness of the joint
center decreased and the joint efficiency increased. The optimal con-
dition of hybrid friction-stir welding was derived from the conditions of
maximum strength of joint (a tool-pin temperature of 45 ℃ and a ro-
tational speed of 2000 rpm). Wiedenmann et al. [23] investigated
process modeling with experimental validation. Cutting force and tool
wear were analyzed using the developed model, and the results de-
monstrated the superior quality of the laser assisted milling. Ber-
mingham et al. [24] studied wear mechanisms and tool life during laser
assisted milling. Their study investigated machining methods and
parameters such as dry conditions, flood coolant, minimum quantity
lubrication (MQL), laser assisted milling and hybrid laser + MQL mil-
ling. Jankowski et al. [25] analyzed the induction heating of solid cy-
linders for an approximate analytical solution. Song et al. [26] studied
coupled electro-magnetic and induction heating. Their experimental
results confirmed the predicted excellent temperature distribution in
J.-T. Baek et al. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 34 (2018) 513–522

the induction heating of crankshafts. Gao et al. [27] investigated the

effect of using a magnetizer for the induction heating process. Experi-
ments and simulations were carried out for various magnetizer geo-
metries, and the simulation results were found to be in excellent
agreement with experimental outcomes on the workpiece. Amin et al.
[28] studied the enhancement of machinability of Inconel 718 by IAM
using milling cutter. Tool life, vibration and chatter were analyzed
according to the machining conditions.
In previous studies to date, thermal analysis and experiments of
multi heat sources using laser-induction have not been investigated.
The purpose of the present study is to investigate the flat machining
characteristics of IAM and laser-induction assisted machining (LIAM) in
comparison with CM. Induction heating is based on the coupling of
electromagnetism and heat transfer. The main source of heating during
induction heating is resistive heating caused by eddy currents in the
heated specimen. The most important factor in IAM and LIAM is using Fig. 4. The thermal conductivity and specific heat according to the temperature
high frequency alternating current to generate heat. The position of the change of Inconel 718.
induction coil influences the final surface temperature distribution in
the workpiece. Thermal analysis was carried out using finite element
analysis (FEA) to determine effective depth of cut for materials, AISI
1045 steel and Inconel 718. The cutting force and surface quality of
IAM and LIAM were experimentally analyzed to compare their effi-
ciency versus CM for the two materials.

2. Thermal analysis

2.1. High frequency induction heating method

The magnetic flux is generated by the high frequency alternating

current flowing in the induction coil and is continuously changed in
direction and size. Then, in each coil on the steel sheet, electromotive
force corresponding to the change rate of the magnetic flux interlinked
to the inside of the workpiece is generated. As a result, a eddy current is
generated in the coil with a closed circuit and resistance heat is gen- Fig. 5. Tensile strength of Inconel 718 according to temperature.
erated in the workpiece. The process using this generated heat is called
high frequency induction heating.
In this study, electromagnetic field analysis was carried out to cal-
culate heat loss by the resistance between induction coil and workpiece.
First, the coil and workpiece were modeled for the electromagnetic field
analysis, as shown in Fig. 1. The material properties for electromagnetic
field analysis are electrical resistivity and relative permeability. Second,
as high-frequency alternating current flows in the coil, electromagnetic
characteristics including the eddy current and the heat loss are derived
by Maxwell equations. However, the electromagnetic field analysis
cannot confirm the temperature generated in the material because only
the electromagnetic characteristics can be analyzed. Therefore, the
coupled analysis using the heat loss value of the electromagnetic field
analysis result as the input value of the thermal analysis should be
performed finally. When thermal-electromagnetic coupled analysis is
performed, the heating temperature of the material can be confirmed by
induction heating.
The eddy current field simulator solution can be described using
Maxwell equations. The Maxwell equations for heat transfer are as Fig. 6. Mesh condition.
follows, in Eqs. (1)–(4).

∂D ∇∙B = 0 (4)
∇×H=J+
∂t (1)
where H denotes the magnetic field intensity or B / μ , J is the conduction
∂B current density or σE , D is the electric displacement or εE , t is time, E is
∇×E= − the electric field intensity, B is the magnetic flux density and ρ is the
∂t (2)
charge density. Because of the non-linearity of the electromagnetic field
∇∙D = ρ (3) it is generally described by Eq. (4), based on the Maxwell equations.

515
J.-T. Baek et al. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 34 (2018) 513–522

Fig. 7. The temperature distribution of AISI 1045 steel in IAM.

Fig. 8. The temperature distribution of Inconel 718 in IAM.

Fig. 9. Schematic diagram of the LIAM.

516
J.-T. Baek et al. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 34 (2018) 513–522

Fig. 10. The temperature distribution in AISI 1045 steel in LIAM.

Fig. 11. The temperature distribution in Inconel 718 in LIAM.

Fig. 2 shows a schematic diagram of the IAM process. The difficult-to-
machine materials are removed by cutting tool after softening by in-
duction preheating.
2.1.1. Thermal analysis conditions
Thermal analysis in this study was conducted for the induction
heating process of two materials, AISI 1045 steel and Inconel 718. As
noted, since thermal conductivity and specific heat change non-linearly
with material temperature, the thermal conductivity and specific heat
of the materials must be considered for accurate thermal analysis.
Figs. 3 and 4 show the thermal conductivity and specific heat with
temperature change of AISI 1045 steel and Inconel 718 [11,29]. Fig. 5
shows the tensile strength of Inconel 718 [9,11]. For the thermal ana-
lysis, the preheating temperature should be selected considering the
mechanical strength according to the temperature of each material. The
mechanical strength of the material is greatly reduced above a certain
temperature. Therefore, after preheating temperature of each material
is selected, it is applied to analysis model to confirm temperature dis-
tribution. The selected preheating temperature was set based on the
maximum temperature of the material surface. In this study, heat

517
J.-T. Baek et al. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 34 (2018) 513–522

Fig. 12. Experimental set-up and equipment for CM, IAM and LIAM.

Table 1 Table 2
Machining conditions for AISI 1045 steel. Machining conditions for Inconel 718.
Machining method Feed rate Spindle Depth of Material Machining method Feed rate Spindle Depth of Material
[mm/ rotation speed cut [mm] removal rate [mm/ rotation speed cut [mm] removal rate
min] [rpm] [MRR] min] [rpm] (MRR)
[mm3/min] [mm^3/min]

Conventional 120 3000 0.2 192 Conventional 120 3000 0.1 96

machining 4,000 0.7 672 machining 5000 0.3 288
5000 1.2 1152 7000 0.5 480

Induction assisted 120 3000 0.2 192 Induction assisted 120 3000 0.1 96
machining 4,000 0.7 672 machining 5000 0.3 288
5000 1.2 1152 7000 0.5 480

Laser-induction 120 3000 0.2 192 Laser-induction 120 3000 0.1 96

assisted 4,000 0.7 672 assisted 5000 0.3 288
machining 5000 1.2 1152 machining 7000 0.5 480

Preheating temperature of induction assisted milling: 700 ℃.
Preheating temperature of laser-induction assisted milling: 700 ℃.
MRR (material removal rate, the volume of material removed per
minute) = Depth of cut (D)*Width of cut (W)*Feed rate (F) = mm3/min.
generated to material during machining was not considered because the
heat generated during the machining is mainly transferred to the chip
and less than 10% of the generated heat is transferred to the workpiece.
In addition, the TAM preheated to a high temperature is not sig-
nificantly affected by the heat transferred to the material during ma-
chining.
Fig. 6 shows the generated mesh shape. The mesh element is divided
by 0.5 mm and the mesh around the moving heat source is locally di-
vided by 0.5 mm in order to increase the accuracy of the analysis. The
finite element discretization was performed by the hexagon dominant
mesh (Quad/Tri) and user custom methods, the number of nodes was
441,601 and the number of elements was 105,000. Two methods were
Preheating temperature of induction assisted machining: 900 ℃.
Preheating temperature of laser-induction assisted machining: 900 ℃.
used as user custom methods. First, the mesh of the all surfaces was
divided by 1 mm. Second, to increase the quality of the mesh, a mapped
mesh was used on all surfaces. The diameter of induction coil is 8 mm.
2.1.2. Analysis results for AISI 1045 steel
The annealing temperature and A1 transformation temperature of
AISI 1045 steel are known to be 550 and 726 ℃, respectively. Thus,
residual stress in the AISI 1045 steel can be removed by machining in
the range of 550–726 ℃. The above conditions are important because it
is necessary to avoid phase transformation of the material during pre-
heating and machining [7,9,11].
To prevent phase transformation, the preheating temperature of the
AISI 1045 steel was established to be between the annealing tempera-
ture (550 ℃) and the A1 transformation temperature (726 ℃). The

518
J.-T. Baek et al. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 34 (2018) 513–522

surface temperature of the workpiece was increased above the A1

transformation temperature in some cases, and in such instances the
overheated region was removed during machining [9]. Thus, the pre-
heating temperature for IAM was determined to be 700 ℃. The pre-
heating temperature was determined by considering the maximum
temperature of the material surface obtained by the thermal analysis
results. The effective depth of cut was determined to be approximately
1.2 mm considering the depth where the temperature up to 550 ℃,
where the material is softened and residual stress is removed, as shown
in Fig. 7. The effective depth of cut is the depth of the HAZ according to
the preheating temperature and means the maximum depth at which
the effect of the TAM can be clearly shown. Therefore, the depth of cut
to be used in the experiment should be selected within the effective
depth of cut.

2.1.3. Analysis results for Inconel 718

The tensile strength of Inconel 718 decreases sharply at tempera-
tures between 650 to approximately 950 ℃, as shown in Fig. 5. Thus,
the preheating temperature for IAM was determined to be 900 ℃. As a
result, the effective depth of cut was determined to be approximately
0.5 mm considering the depth where the temperature up to 650 ℃,
where the tensile strength is decreased, as shown in Fig. 8. The obtained
surface temperature was applied to the temperature control of the in-
duction module.

2.2. Laser-induction heating method

Fig. 9 shows a schematic diagram of the LIAM process. LIAM is a

type of TAM process in which a material surface is locally softened by a
laser heat source and induction heat source in front of the cutting tool.
Used as a hybrid machining approach, LIAM improves heating effi-
ciency, productivity and surface quality. The distance between laser
heat source and cutting tool ( yL ) was determined by repeating experi-
ments three times for distances of 2 mm, 3 mm and 4 mm with a pre-
heating temperature of 700 ℃. As a result, the cutting force was the
lowest when the distance between laser heat source and cutting tool
was 2 mm. Therefore, the distance between laser heat source and cut-
ting tool was determined to be 2 mm. The distance between induction
heat source and laser heat source ( yI ) and the distance between in-
duction heat source and workpiece (zI ) were determined to be 2 mm in
consideration of the interference between the induction coil and the
laser and the interference between the induction coil and the material
due to the external force including vibration during machining. Also,
the diameter of laser heat source is 3 mm.

2.2.1. Analysis results for AISI 1045 steel

Fig. 10 shows the temperature distribution in the AISI 1045 steel. In
LIAM, the thermal analysis was performed by modeling the shape of the
induction heat source and the shape of the laser heat source. The pre-
heating temperature of the laser heat source and induction heat source
must be considered in relation to the material properties. The laser-
induction preheating temperature was set to be 700 ℃. As a result, the
effective depth of cut was determined to be approximately 1.5 mm
considering the depth where the temperature up to 550 ℃, where the
material is softened and residual stress is removed. The effective depth
of cut in LIAM can be obtained a deeper depth of cut than the IAM.
Fig. 13. Cutting force of AISI 1045 steel for the different machining methods
and depth of cut.

519
J.-T. Baek et al. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 34 (2018) 513–522

Table 3 material surface was monitored in real time. The cutting force was
Maximum size of tool wear and surface roughness of AISI 1045 steel. measured by Kistler’s 9527B dynamometer. A carbide cutting tool
Conventional Induction Laser-induction (WIDIN ZE324061) with diameter of 8 mm, length of 100 mm and 4
machining assisted assisted flutes was used during machining [7,9–11].
machining machining
3.2. Machining conditions
Tool wear (mm) 1.179 0.380 0.007
Surface roughness, 0.673 0.415 0.332
Ra (㎛) In CM, IAM and LIAM, the workpiece is kept in a fixed position and
the tool is rotated counterclockwise. The feed rate was chosen to be
120 mm/min because the speed of the laser module in the experimental
2.2.2. Analysis results for Inconel 718 set-up was limited to this rate. Depth of cuts of both materials are de-
Fig. 11 shows the temperature distribution in Inconel 718. The termined with consideration of the effective depth of cut. In order to
LIAM preheating temperature was determined to be 900 ℃. The effec- compare each machining method equally, it was chosen within the
tive depth of cut was determined to be approximately 0.7 mm con- effective depth of cut of the IAM. The machining conditions of the AISI
sidering the depth where the temperature up to 650 ℃, where the 1045 steel and Inconel 718, such as feed rate, spindle rotation speed,
tensile strength is decreased. As with the results in Section 2.1.1, the depth of cut and preheating temperature, are shown in Tables 1 and 2,
effective depth of cut in LIAM can be obtained a deeper depth of cut respectively.
than the IAM.
4. Results and discussion
3. Experiments
4.1. AISI 1045 steel
3.1. Experimental set-up
Fig. 13 shows the experimental results of the cutting forces of AISI
Fig. 12 shows the experimental set-up used to verify the perfor- 1045 steel based on the different machining methods. The cutting
mances of CM, IAM and LIAM. IAM device was built at about one tenth forces are decreased with the preheating temperature rise. These results
the cost of LAM device. The 5-axis machining center is the Hi-V560M by show IAM and LIAM are effective methods for decreasing cutting force.
Hyundai WIA. The laser module is a high-power diode laser with a The cutting forces were also decreased by increasing spindle rotation
maximum output of 1 kW. The induction module is a 6 kW high fre- speed, both with and without preheating. LIAM was determined to be
quency Induction Heater by Tae-yang Induction Heater Co., Ltd. It the most efficient method for reducing cutting force. When the depth of
provides a much better heating and faster ability than current existing cuts were 0.2 mm, 0.7 mm and 1.2 mm, at a spindle rotation speed of
induction heating processes. The laser temperature pyrometer is the 3000 rpm, the LIAM cutting forces decreased by about 91%, 47% and
LPC03 pyrometer by Dr. Mergenthaler GmbH & Co. KG. The tempera- 13%, respectively, as compared with CM. Also, in LIAM, the measured
ture measurement range is 400–3000 ℃. The IR temperature pyrometer cutting force was less than in the CM and IAM method in all cases.
process sensor was a PSC-CS-Laser-2MH Series. The temperature mea- Table 3 and Fig. 14 show the tool wear, the surface roughness and
surement range is 385–1600 ℃. The laser temperature pyrometer and the surface machined at 5000 rpm and a depth of cut of 1.2 mm. The
induction temperature pyrometer were attached to the 5-axis ma- cutting force is focused on the edge of the cutting tool. Softening the
chining center at the surface of the material, and the temperature of the materials by different heat sources significantly reduced friction and

Fig. 14. Tool wear, and the machined surface of AISI 1045 steel, for the different machining methods.

520
J.-T. Baek et al. Journal of Manufacturing Processes 34 (2018) 513–522

cutting resistance at the tool edge, and thus resulted in a decrease in

tool wear and improvement of surface finish in IAM and LIAM. In LIAM,
the surface roughness was reduced by about 50.6% compared with the
CM.

4.2. Inconel 718

Fig. 15 shows the experimental results for the cutting forces on

Inconel 718 for the different machining methods. The cutting forces
were decreased by preheating. These results show IAM and LIAM are
effective methods for reducing cutting force. The cutting forces were
also decreased by increasing the spindle rotation speed, for both with
and without preheating. LIAM was determined to be the most efficient
method for reducing cutting force. When the depth of cuts are 0.1 mm,
0.3 mm and 0.5 mm, at a spindle rotation speed of 3000 rpm, the LIAM
cutting force was decreased by about 70%, 74%, and 43% respectively,
as compared with CM. In addition, in LIAM, the measured cutting force
was less than the CM and IAM methods in all cases.
Table 4 and Fig. 16 show the tool wear, the surface roughness and
the surface machined at 7000 rpm and a depth of cut of 0.5 mm. Tool
wear occurred at more points because Inconel 718 has stronger me-
chanical properties than AISI 1045 steel. When comparing CM and IAM,
the maximum size of tool wear was large in IAM, but the number of
wear points was less than CM. Compared to CM and LIAM, tool wear
and surface roughness of LIAM decreased by about 21.8% and 60.4%,
respectively. Compared to IAM and LIAM, tool wear and surface
roughness decreased by about 34% and 35.6%, respectively. Compared
with CM and IAM, the machining characteristics by LIAM were the best
in all cases.

5. Conclusions

This study compared the machining characteristics of AISI 1045

steel and Inconel 718 using IAM and LIAM, with the results for CM
without preheating. The induction process was used to induce eddy
currents in the surface of the material, creating local heating which
softens and reduces the mechanical strength of the material. A coupled
analysis based on the finite element analysis was performed to de-
termine the effective depth of cut. Also, experiments were conducted to
verify the efficiency of the IAM and LIAM processes.
The conclusions of this study are as follows.

1) Based on the results of the thermal analyses, machining conditions

were established for the temperature of the induction heating and
effective depth of cut.
2) When spindle rotation speed increased, the cutting force was re-
duced at all depths during machining. In comparisons between CM
and IAM, the cutting force of AISI 1045 steel was decreased by up to
83% using IAM. Also, the cutting force of Inconel 718 was decreased
by up to 70% in comparison with CM.
3) When comparisons were made between IAM and LIAM, the cutting
force of AISI 1045 steel was decreased by up to 65% using LIAM.
Also, the cutting force of Inconel 718 was decreased by up to 67% in
Fig. 15. Cutting force of Inconel 718 for the different machining methods, and comparison with IAM. In addition, in LIAM, the measured cutting
depth of cut. force was less than in the CM and IAM method in all cases.
4) In IAM and LIAM, the surface quality and tool wear were enhanced
Table 4 greatly, as compared to CM. These results show IAM and LIAM are
Maximum size of tool wear and surface roughness of Inconel 718. the more effective methods to improve surface quality and tool life.
5) The experimental results show that the machining method is more
Conventional Induction Laser-induction
machining assisted assisted excellent in the order of LIAM, IAM than CM. However, considering
machining machining that the IAM device cost is about one tenth of the LAM device, IAM
is also an effective TAM method.
Tool wear (mm) 0.288 0.341 0.225
Surface roughness, 0.711 0.437 0.281
Ra (㎛)

521
J.-T. Baek et al.
Fig. 16. Tool wear, and the machined surfaces of Inconel 718, produced by the different machining methods.
Acknowledgments
This research was supported by Basic Science Research Program
through the National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by
the Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning (No.
2016R1A2A1A05005492).
References
[1] Hedberg GK, Shin YC. Laser assisted milling of Ti-6Al-4V ELI with the analysis of
surface integrity and its economics. Lasers Manuf Mater Process 2015;2:164–85.
[2] Anderson M, Patwa R, Shin YC. Laser-assisted machining of Inconel 718 with an
economic analysis. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 2006;46:1879–91.
[3] Ding H, Shen N, Shin YC. Thermal and mechanical modeling analysis of laser-as-
sisted micro-milling of difficult-to-machine alloys. J Mater Process Technol
2012;212:601–13.
[4] Baili M, Wagner V, Dessein G, Sallaberry J, Lallement D. An experimental in-
vestigation of hot machining with induction to improve Ti-5553 machinability.
Appl Mech Mater 2011;62:67–76.
[5] Tadavani SA, Razavi RS, Vafaei R. Pulsed laser-assisted machining of Inconel 718
superalloy. Opt Laser Technol 2017;87:72–8.
[6] Sun S, Brandt M, Dargusch MS. Thermally enhanced machining of hard-to-machine
materials—a review. Int J Mach Tools Manuf 2010;50:663–80.
[7] Ahn JW, Woo WS, Lee CM. A study on the energy efficiency of specific cutting
energy in laser-assisted machining. Appl Therm Eng 2016;94:748–53.
[8] Ito Y, Kizaki T, Shinomoto R, Ueki M, Sugita N, Mitsuichi M. High-efficiency and
precision cutting of glass by selective laser-assisted milling. Precis Eng
2017;47:498–507.
[9] Woo WS, Lee CM. A study of the machining characteristics of AISI 1045 steel and
Inconel 718 with a cylindrical shape in laser-assisted milling. Appl Therm Eng
2015;91:33–42.
[10] Kim IW, Lee CM. A study on the machining characteristics of specimens with
spherical shape using laser-assisted machining. Appl Therm Eng 2016;100:636–45.
[11] Kim DH, Lee CM. A study on the laser-assisted ball-end milling of difficult-to-cut
materials using a new back-and-forth preheating method. Int J Adv Manuf Technol
2016;85:1825–34.
[12] Lee CM, Woo WS, Baek JT, Kim EJ. Laser and arc manufacturing processes: a re-
view. Int J Precis Eng Manuf 2016;17(7):973–85.
[13] Lee CM, Woo WS, Kim DH, Oh WJ, Oh NS. Laser-assisted hybrid processes: a re-
view. Int J Precis Eng Manuf 2016;17(2):257–67.
522
Journal of Manufacturing Processes 34 (2018) 513–522
[14] Lee CM, Kim DH, Baek JT, Kim EJ. Laser assisted milling device: a review. Int J
Precis Eng Manuf-Green Technol 2016;3(2):199–208.
[15] Thien NT, Jeong YH, Hong ST, Kim MJ, Han HN, Lee MG. Electrically assisted
tensile behavior of complex phase ultra-high strength steel. Int J Precis Eng Manuf-
Green Technol 2016;3(4):325–33.
[16] Jeong YC, Cho YT, Jung YG. Design of stitch welded shape with laser-ARC hybrid
welding for ultra-high strength steel. Int J Precis Eng Manuf-Green Technol
2016;3(2):193–7.
[17] Kim JS, Lee WJ, Park HW. The state of the art in the electron beam manufacturing
processes. Int J Precis Eng Manuf 2016;17(11):1575–85.
[18] Wan L, Zhu N, Li X, Zhang RY, Mei T. Optimization for solid polymer microstructure
replication using gas-assisted hot embossing under low pressure. Int J Precis Eng
Manuf 2016;17(8):1067–72.
[19] Wang HY, Song G. Influence of adhesive and Ni on the interface between Mg and Fe
in the laser-TIG-adhesive hybrid welding joint. Int J Precis Eng Manuf
2016;17(6):823–7.
[20] Dong XY, Shin YC. Coupled thermomechanical multiscale modeling of alumina
ceramics to predict thermally induced fractures under laser heating. J Am Ceram
Soc 2015;98(3):920–8.
[21] Zhang H, Kong X, Yang L, Wang Y, Chi G. High temperature deformation me-
chanisms and constitutive modeling for Al/SiCp/45 metal matrix composites un-
dergoing laser-assisted machining. Mater Sci Eng A 2015;642:330–9.
[22] Vijendra B, Sharma A. Induction heated tool assisted friction-stir welding (i-FSW): a
novel hybrid process for joining of thermoplastics. J Manuf Process
2015;20:234–44.
[23] Wiedenmann R, Zaeh MF. Laser-assisted milling-process modeling and experi-
mental validation. CIRP J Manuf Sci Technol 2015;8:70–7.
[24] Bermingham MJ, Sim WM, Kent D, Gardiner S, Dargusch MS. Tool life and wear
mechanisms in laser assisted milling Ti–6Al–4V. Wear 2015;322–323:151–63.
[25] Jankowski TA, Pawley NH, Gonzales LM, Ross CA, Jurney JD. Approximate ana-
lytical solution for induction heating of solid cylinders. Appl Math Model
2016;40:2770–82.
[26] Song MC, Moon YH. Coupled electromagnetic and thermal analysis of induction
heating for the forging of marine crankshafts. Appl Therm Eng 2016;98:98–109.
[27] Gao K, Qin X, Wang Z, Zhu S, Gan Z. Effect of magnetizer geometry on the spot
induction heating process. J Mater Process Technol 2016;231:125–36.
[28] Amin AKMN, Hossain MI, Patwari AU. Enhancement of machinability of Inconel
718 in end milling through online induction heating of workpiece. Adv Mater Res
2012;415–417:420–3.
[29] Outeiro JC, Dias AM, Jawahir IS. On the effects of residual stresses induced by
coated and uncoated cutting tools with finite edge radii in turning operations. CIRP
Ann 2006;55:111–6.