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Resistor attenuator
Balanced attenuator
RF attenuators are a universal building block within the RF design arena. As the name implies
RF attenuators reduce the level of the signal. This may be required to protect a stage from
receiving a signal level that is too high, an attenuator may be used to provide an accurate
impedance match as most fixed attenuators offer a well defined impedance, or attenuators may
be used in a variety of areas where signal levels need to be controlled.
Types of RF attenuator
RF attenuators can be categorised in a number of ways according to their capabilities and the
technologies they use.
There are a number of ways in which attenuators can be designed and made. The two main
types are given below.
These are only broad categories for RF attenuators - they can be categories in a variety of ways
according to the application and the type of attenuator technology that is used.
RF attenuator specifications
When designing, purchasing or using an RF attenuator it is necessary to be able to specify it to
ensure that an attenuator with the correct performance is obtained. While some of the major
specifications are detailed below, for some applications other parameters may need to be
specified.
E n v i r o n m e n t a l d e t ai l s : Many applications for attenuators are for use within benign
conditions such as a laboratory environment. Environmental conditions would not be an
issue. However for some applications it is possible that an environmental is required to
detail factors such as vibration, temperature, humidity and the like.
By Ian Poole
Resistor attenuator
Balanced attenuator
RF resistor attenuators or resistor attenuator pads are used in many RF circuit design
applications. The RF attenuator circuits reduce the level of the signal and this can be used to
ensure that the correct radio signal level enters another circuit block such as mixer or amplifier so
that it is not overloaded. With attenuator pads including the Pi attenuator pad, T attenuator pad
and bridged T attenuator pad topologies, it is necessary to look at each one in turn.
The RF resistive attenuator pads also enable the correct impedance levels to be seen in by
particular circuits such as mixers that may be impedance sensitive. The resistor attenuator pad
has the effect of reducing any mismatch, although naturally some signal is lost.
While it is possible to buy ready made resistive attenuators, it is also easy to make attenuators
for many applications. Here a simple resistor network can be used to make attenuators that
provide levels of attenuation up to figures of 60 dB and at frequency of 1 GHz and more,
provided that care is taken with the construction and the choice of components.
Both the Pi attenuator pad format and the T attenuator pad format perform equally well. Often the
preference of which type to use is a matter of personal preference for the designer.
Bridged T attenuator
The bridged T attenuator can be used in a number of scenarios for which it provides some
distinct advantages.
The bridged T attenuator can be thought of as a modified Pi attenuator. , There is one resistor in
line and two, one at either end that connect to a common junction point that passes signal to
earth via a four resistor.
Bridged T Attenuator Pad
The bridged T attenuator pad is often the favoured format for variable attenuators, especially
those using PIN diodes. The reason for this is that the bridged T attenuator pad only requires the
use of two variable resistors against the three required for both the Pi and T attenuator pads.
A further advantage is that as the bridged T attenuator pad has a tendency to match itself to the
characteristic impedance Zo. At high attenuation levels R5 is at a high resistance and R6 is low.
Accordingly the predominant resistor values at those labelled R which is equal to the
characteristic impedance.
Each attenuator pad format has its own advantages and disadvantages. Often, the choice of the
attenuator pad format used is down to the individual.
By Ian Poole
Resistor attenuator
Balanced attenuator
The calculations for the "Pi" and "T" RF attenuator resistor values are relatively straightforward.
However it is often convenient to have a chart that provides the attenuator resistor values in a
tabular format.
The most common format for RF attenuators is in a 50 ohm system, i.e. one with a characteristic
impedance of 50 ohms. Accordingly the table given below is calculated for a system with an
impedance of 50 ohms.
One of the most popular forms of resistor attenuator pad, is the T section pad. It gains its name
from the topology of the attenuator pad. The attenuator resistor values are given for this format -
the resistor identification in the table relating to the numbers in the diagram.
Bridged T Attenuator Pad
To convert the values in the table to another value of impedance, they should be multiplied by
the factor Z / 50, where Z is the characteristic impedance of the required system.
The RF attenuator resistor values chart given above enables resistors to be chosen for popular
values of attenuation more easily than having to calculate each one individually. It provides a
quick, at-a-glance reference for the attenuator resistor values. While only covering integer dB
steps, it is unlikely that a any intermediate values would be needed. Also any attenuators
providing more than 20 dB are likely to be made up from several stages each having a maximum
of 20 dB.
By Ian Poole
Resistor attenuator
Balanced attenuator
Balanced attenuator pads are can be seen in a variety of circuits. While the unbalanced formats
for the Pi and T section attenuator pads are probably the most widely used, balanced attenuator
pads need to be used for balanced systems.
Balanced attenuators are used for balanced RF systems, but they are probably more widely used
for balanced audio systems where the characteristic impedance is 600 ohms and for some
television systems as well.
There are a number of formats that can be adopted for balanced attenuators. The most
commonly used are the balanced Pi attenuator and balanced T attenuator - these are basically
balanced versions of the familiar Pi and T attenuator pads.
The balanced Pi attenuator is shown in the diagram below. It can be seen from this that the
series resistor in the top of the Pi section of the attenuator is shared between the two lines, rather
than being completely contained within the non-earth line in the case of the unbalanced version.
As a result the value of the series resistor is half that of the value of the resistor in the equivalent
position on the unbalanced Pi attenuator.
The balanced T attenuator has a total of five resistors. As may be imagined, the resistors in the
top of the T section are half the value of the equivalent resistors in the unbalanced version of the
attenuator pad.
As there are two resistors that are effectively split between the two lines, the balanced T
attenuator pad has one more resistor than the balanced Pi attenuator.
By Ian Poole
Resistor attenuator
Balanced attenuator
Electronically controllable variable RF attenuators are often used in RF design. For example, it is
often necessary to be able to control the level of a radio frequency signal using a control voltage.
These variable RF attenuators can even be used in programmable RF attenuators. Here the
known voltage generated by a computer for example can be applied to the circuit and in this way
create a programmable RF attenuator.
The maximum attenuation is achieved when Vin is at a minimum. At this point current from the
supply V+ turns the diodes D1 and D2 on effectively shorting the signal to ground. D3 is then
reverse biased. When Vin is increased the diodes D1 and D2 become reverse biased, and D3
becomes forward biased, allowing the signal to pass through the circuit.
PIN diode variable RF attenuator circuit
Typical values for the variable RF attenuator circuit might be: +V : 5 volts; Vin : 0 - 6 volts; D1 to
D3 HP5082-3080 PIN diodes; R1 2k2; R2 : 1k; R3 2k7; L1 is self resonant above the operating
frequency, but sufficient to give isolation between the diodes D1 and D2.
These values are only a starting point for an experimental design, and are only provided as such.
The circuit may not be suitable in all instances.
By Ian Poole
Resistor attenuator
Balanced attenuator
When building RF attenuators, there are a number of practical aspects that should be considered
to ensure the optimum performance is obtained. The practical elements of RF attenuator
construction can make the difference between success and failure in terms of their performance.
Even what may appear to be relatively small points within the attenuator construction, layout or
build can affect the performance.
To ensure these problems are not encountered screening between the input and output may be
required, along with solid earth lines.
If high levels of attenuation are required, then it is far better to build the attenuator in several
sections - cascading several sections - so that the overall level of attenuation is achieved in
stages. In this way the stray effects are not as significant
In attenuator construction, it is generally good practice not to attempt to achieve any more than a
maximum of 20 dB attenuation in any one attenuator section. When this is done the adjoining
resistors can be combined. In the case of the T section attenuator this simply means the two
series resistors can be added together. For the Pi section attenuators there are parallel resistors.
One of the key requirements is to ensure that non-inductive resistors are used. Surface mount
resistors are particularly good, because they are small and are not manufactured using any spiral
cutting techniques. Accordingly the levels of stray inductance are very low.In terms of
conventional components a variety of forms of resistor are available. Wirewound resistors are
obviously not acceptable, but as many other types use spiral cutting techniques to trim the
resistance levels, some level of inductance may be introduced. This may introduce some stray
effects at higher frequencies, although at frequencies, certainly below 30 MHz most types should
operate satisfactorily. Specialised non-inductive resistors can be obtained where higher
frequency operation, flat frequency responses and accurate levels of attenuation are needed.
If the correct components and techniques are used within the attenuator construction / build, then
good levels of performance are not difficult to achieve. Using conventional component
techniques, it is possible to gain good performance into the UHF region, and using surface mount
technology within the attenuator construction, excellent levels of performance are achievable well
beyond frequencies of 1 GHz or more. As previously mentioned, the chief problem using surface
mount technology is that of power dissipation, although some higher power surface mount
resistors are available should these be needed.
By Ian Poole