1.

Resistor
A. Color Coding
 Black 0 x1
 Brown 1 x10
 Red 2 x100
 Orange 3 x1k
 Yellow 4 x10k
 Green 5 x100k
 Blue 6 x1M
 Violet 7 x10M
 Gray 8 x100M
 White 9 x1G
B. Types and Uses
 Linear Resistors – Value changes with the applied voltage and temperature. Current
value is directly proportional to the applied voltage.
 Fixed – Has a specified value and cannot be changed
 Carbon Composition – Current Limiting & Circuit Protection
 Wire Wound – Often used in circuit breakers or as fuses
 Thin Film – Circuits that require high stability, high accuracy, or low noises
 Thick Film – Devices with battery or AC connection
 Variable Resistors – To adjust value of current or voltage
 Potentiometers – Control Input & Calibration Component
 Rheostats – Adjust and control the flow of current
 Trimmers – Adjust, tune and calibrate circuits
 Non-Linear Resistors
 Thermistor – Used as a temperature sensor
 Varistor (VDR) – Protect a circuit from high voltage surges
 Photo Resistor or LDR – Indicate the presence or absence of light & measure the
light intensity
C. How to Test
 Connect the multimeter probe wires to the resistor’s two terminals.
 For a potentiometer that has “Ends” and “Wiper” try different combination until you get
a proper reading.
 Check the reading, if the value is closer to the original then it is a good resistor.
2. Capacitor
A. Types and Uses – Energy Storage, Power Conditioning, Electronic Noise Filtering,
Remote Sensing and Signal Coupling/Decoupling
 Fixed Capacitors – Supply a continuous flow of level current
 Polar – to filter power supplies
 Electrolytic
 Supercapacitors
 Non-Polar – used in circuits of coupling, decoupling, feedback, and oscillation
  Ceramic
 Mica
 Film
 Variable Capacitors – in circuits where the capacitance needs to be varied
 Mechanically Controlled
 Electrically Controlled
B. How to Test
 Use multimeter with capacitance settings
 Discharge the capacitor completely
 Connect the multimeter probes to the terminal of the capacitor. For polarized capacitor
connect RED to POSITVE and BLACK to NEGATIVE
 Check the reading, if the value is closer to the original then it is a good capacitor.
C. How to Read

3. Transistor
A. Types and Uses
 Bipolar Junction Transistors (BJT) – Used to amplify Current or Switches
 NPN
 PNP
 Field Effect Transistors (FET) – Used for weak-signal amplification
 Junction Field Effect Transistors – commonly used as switches and amplifiers
 N-Channel JFET
 P-Channel JFET
 MOSFET – control conductivity or how much electricity can flow
 Depletion MOSFET
 Enhancement MOSFET
B. How to Test
 Set the multimeter to Diode Test Function
 Determine where are the base, emitter, and collector
 Connect the NEGATIVE to BASE and POSITIVE to EMITTER
 Note the Readings
 Move the POSITIVE to the COLLECTOR
 The output should be the same
 Remove the NEGATIVE and connect the POSTIVE to the BASE
 Then Connect the NEGATIVE to EMITTER, and then to COLLECTOR
 If the same measurement. Means the transistor is Good.
4. Diode
A. Types and Uses of Diode - used as rectifier, signal limiters, voltage regulators, switches,
signal modulators/demodulators, signal mixers, and oscillators
 P-N Diode
 Small Signal Diode
 Rectifier Diode
  Schottky Diode
 Super Barrier Diode
 Light Emitting Diode
 Photodiode
 Laser Diode
 Tunnel Diode
 Zener Diode
 Shockley Diode
 Point Contact Diode
 Vacuum Diode
 PIN Diode
 Gold Doped Diode
 Gunn Diode
B. How to Test
 Use Diode Test Function on Multimeter
 Connect the RED probe to the POSITIVE and BLACK probe to the NEGATIVE
 Check the Measurements
5. Inductor
A. Types and Uses of Inductor
 Based on Their Core – Used for choking, blocking, attenuating, or filtering/smoothing
high frequency noise, storing and transferring energy power converters (dc-dc or ac-dc)
 Based on Core Material
 Air Core Inductor
 Iron Core Inductor
 Ferrite Core Inductor
 Ceramic Core Inductor
 Iron Powder Core Inductor
 Laminated Core Inductor
 Based on Core Design
 Toroidal Core Inductor
 Drum Core Inductor
 Based on Their Usage
 Multi-layer Core Inductor
 Thin Film Inductor
 Molded Inductor
 Coupled Inductor
 Power Inductor
 Radio-Frequency Inductor
 Chokes
 Variable Inductors
B. How to Read
 Use a resistor with 1%resistance
  Connect the function generator, resistor, inductor and oscilloscope in series
 Generate a sine wave from the function generator
 Check the Readings on oscilloscope
6. Transformer
A. Types and Uses of Transformer
 Based on Voltage Conversion
 Step Up Transformer
 Step Down Transformer
 Based on Core
 Air Core Transformer
 Iron Core Transformer
 Based on Usage
 Power Transformer
 Distribution Transformer
 Based on Phase Transformer
 Single Phase Transformer
 Three Phase Transformer
 Based on Windings
 Two Windings Transformer
 Autotransformer
B. How to make step up transformer

C. How to make step down transformer

7. Analog Multi-tester
A. Uses of each part
 V~ AC Voltage Measure AC Voltage
 V= DC Voltage Measure DC Voltage
 A~ AC Current Measure AC Current
 A= DC Current Measure DC Current
Ω Resistance Measure Resistance
 Hz Frequency Measure Frequency
% Duty Cycle Measure Duty of the Signal
 Diode Sign Diode Test Checks a diode in a circuit
 μF Capacitance Measures capacitance in microfarads
 Wifi Sign Continuity Gives and audible indication of continuity
 hFE Transistor Test The forward current gain of a transistor
 REL Relative Mode Measure the offset value
F,C° °
Temperature Measure temperature in Fahrenheit or Celsius
8. Digital Multi-tester
A. Advantage to Analog Multi-tester
 More Accurate
  Reduced Reading Errors
 Faster and do not require zero adjustment
 Easier to read
9. Two-phased Motor and Three-phased Motor
A. Two-phased Motor
 Advantages
 Lower Power Requirements
 Simpler Design
 Lesser Cost
 Disadvantages
 Commutation is not Smooth
 Easy to get stuck
 Shorter Lifespan
B. Three-phased Motor
 Advantages
 Higher Efficiency
 Larger starting Torque
 Smaller Size
 The Commutation is stable, without stuttering and shaking
 Lower Noise
 Can start by itself
 Disadvantages
 More Power is required
10. Relay
A. Types and Uses of Relay – Permits a small amount of electrical current to control high
current loads
 Based on Poles and Throw
 SPST Relay
 SPDT Relay
 DPST Relay
 DPDT Relay
 Based on Forms of Relay
 Form A Relay
 Form B Relay
 Form C Relay
 Form D Relay
 Base on Operation Principles
 EMR (Electromechanical Relay)
 SSR (Solid State Relay)
 Hybrid Relay
 Reed Relay
 Electrothermal Relay (Thermal Relay)
  Polarized and Non-Polarized Relay
B. How to Use

11. Digital Oscilloscope
A. How to Use

B. Function of the Selector

12. Function Generator
A. How to Use
B. Function