Planning - Roots of Modern Concepts

Arch 231 ROOTS OF MODERN CONCEPTS
Roots
of
Modern
Concepts
The Industrial
Revolution
Assembly line, product
standardization, mass
production
Railway system
High-density
settlements
Blight
Suburbia
Automobiles and
highways
The Industrial
Revolution
2 ideologist groups -
The “specialists”
The reform
movements
Robert Owen,
New Lanark Mills,
Manchester, England
Robert Owen, Jr.

New Harmony, Indiana,
USA
Birth of
Town Planning
Four general
approaches were
taken to improve
cities:
Garden Cities
Parks
Formalists
Functionalists
Garden Cities
Ebenezer Howard
Author of
Tomorrow: A
Peaceful Path to
Social Reform
The Garden City
paradigm included 3
magnets:
- the town
- the country
- the town-country
Garden Cities
Garden City plans
cluster with a mother
town of 60,000 with
smaller garden cities of
30,000 each with
permanent green space
in between
Garden Cities
Garden City plans
cluster with a mother
town of 60,000 with
smaller garden cities of
30,000 each with
permanent green space
in between
Garden Cities
The Garden City
Association
established by Howard
in 1899
Letchworth: first
Garden City designed
by Raymond Unwin and
Barry Parker in 1902
Consisted of 4,500
acres(3000 for
agriculture, 1500 for
city proper)
Garden Cities
The Garden City
Association
established by Howard
in 1899
Letchworth: first
Garden City designed
by Raymond Unwin and
Barry Parker in 1902
Consisted of 4,500
acres(3000 for
agriculture, 1500 for
city proper)
Garden Cities
Welwyn, 1920: the
second garden city (by
Louis de Soisson)
Garden Cities
Welwyn, 1920: the
Louis de Soisson)
brought formality and
Georgian taste,
highlighted by a mile
long mall
Garden Cities
Welwyn, 1920: the
Louis de Soisson)
brought formality and
Georgian taste,
highlighted by a mile
long mall
Garden Cities
Hampstead Garden
Suburbs:
by Raymund Unwin,
meant only for housing
but with a variety of
housing types
Garden Cities
Hampstead Garden
Suburbs:
by Raymund Unwin,
meant only for housing
but with a variety of
housing types
Parks
Movement
Spearheaded by
Frederick Law
Olmstead
Central Park, NY
Parks
Movement
William Hall
Golden Gate Park, SF
Parks
Movement
City Beautiful
Movement
Influenced by the world
fairs of the late 19th
century, like the 1891
Columbian Exposition
City Beautiful
Movement
City Beautiful
Movement
Influenced by the world
fairs of the late 19th
century, like the 1891
Columbian Exposition
Most famous personality

was Daniel Burnham
(“make no little plans,
they have no magic to
stir men’s blood…..”)
Golden era of urban

design in the U.S.
City Beautiful
Movement
Emphasis was on grand
formal designs, with
main circulation arteries
consisting of wide
boulevards, a network of
parks and civic spaces,
clusters of focal
buildings, arts, etc.
Advocates believed
beautification could
provide a harmonious
social order that would
increase quality of life
and remove social ills.
City Beautiful
Movement
Castigated by Lewis
Mumford as cosmetic;
and by Patrick
Abercrombie as beauty
too supreme
Total concentration on
the monumental and on
the superficial, on
architecture as symbols
of power, but with an
almost complete lack of
interest on wider social
purposes of planning.
City Beautiful
Movement
Baron Hausmann worked
on the reconstruction of
Paris
Emphasis was on linear

connections of public
spaces (and tourist
attractions) such as the
place de concord, arc
de triomph, Eiffel tower
City Beautiful
Movement
Paris

spaces (and tourist
City Beautiful
Movement
Paris

spaces (and tourist
New Capitals
Brasilia
capital of Brazil –
a completely new
twentieth- century city
designed by Lucio Costa

with two huge axes in
the sign of the cross, one
for gov’t, commerce, and
entertainment, the other
for the residential
component
New Capitals
Brasilia
a completely new

for the residential
component
New Capitals
Brasilia
a completely new

for the residential
component
New Capitals
Brasilia
Oscar Niemeyer –
designed the
National Congress
Building, the Cathedral,
and the Palacio do
Panalto, and the Palacio
Da Alvorada
New Capitals
Brasilia
Oscar Niemeyer –
designed the
National Congress
Building, the Cathedral,
and the Palacio do
Panalto, and the Palacio
Da Alvorada
New Capitals
Brasilia
Office and Residential

structures with multi-
level, high densities
New Capitals
Canberra, Australia
designed by Walter
Griffin
New Capitals
Canberra, Australia
designed by Walter
Griffin
with a triangular
formation of three
important buildings:
the Court of Justice, the
Parliament House, and
the Capitol Building,
with each apex pointing
to another important
building or monument
New Capitals
Canberra, Australia
designed by Walter
Griffin
with a triangular
formation of three
important buildings:
the Court of Justice, the
Parliament House, and
the Capitol Building,
with each apex pointing
to another important
building or monument
New Capitals
New Delhi, India
designed by Sir Edward

Lutyens
based on the great east-

west axis of Kingsway,
1.5 miles long, with the
Government House on a
hilltop in the West end,
and the eastern
counterpoint a large
hexagonal space
reserved for palaces of
the native princes
New Capitals
New Delhi, India
designed by Sir Edward

Lutyens
based on the great east-

west axis of Kingsway,
1.5 miles long, with the
Government House on a
hilltop in the West end,
and the eastern
counterpoint a large
hexagonal space
reserved for palaces of
the native princes
New Capitals
Chandigarh
Capital of Punjab
province of India
Designed by Le
Corbusier; originally by
Albert Mayer
A regular grid of major

roads for rapid transport
surrounding residential
superblocks or sections
each based on the
rectangle and measuring
800x1200 meters
New Capitals
Chandigarh
Capital of Punjab
province of India
Designed by Le
Corbusier; originally by
Albert Mayer
A regular grid of major

roads for rapid transport
surrounding residential
superblocks or sections
each based on the
rectangle and measuring
800x1200 meters
City of Towers
Conceptualized by
Le Corbusier in his
book “the Cities of
Tomorrow”
His first plan for high

density living was Unite
d’ Habitation, in
Marseilles, a “super
building” with 337
dwellings in 10 acres of
land
Described as an entire
neighborhood housed
in one building
City of Towers
Le Corbusier also
conceptualized
Le Contemporaine, high
rise offices and
residential buildings
with a greenbelt for a
population of 3,000,000
people
City of Towers
Mid - high rise
residential apartments
with open fields.
City of Towers
Modern Day Cities
of Towers
NEW YORK CITY
City of Towers
Modern Day Cities
of Towers HONGKONG
City of Towers
Modern Day Cities
of Towers DUBAI
City of Towers
Modern Day Cities
of Towers SHANGHAI
City of Towers
Modern Day Cities
of Towers CHICAGO
City of Towers
Modern Day Cities
of Towers
TORONTO
City of Towers SAO PAULO
Modern Day Cities

of Towers
RIO DE JANEIRO
City of Towers
Modern Day Cities
of Towers BANGKOK
City of Towers
Modern Day Cities
of Towers
MAKATI
Tony Garnier
Une Cite Industrielle
Locational features may

have been a
precursor to modern
zoning policies
Frank Lloyd
Wright
Broadacres
proposed that every
family in the U.S. each
live in one acre of land
The Mile High

Tower
10 of these skyscrapers
could replace all of
Manhattan
Paolo Soleri
The Arcology
Alternative
the 3D city,
Ecumenopolis
Architecture + Ecology
Artificial Ecology
Paolo Soleri
The Arcology
Alternative
the 3D city,
Ecumenopolis
Architecture + Ecology
Artificial Ecology
Arcosanti
Science Cities
Sky City
Proposed by the
“metabolism group”;
visionary urban
designers that proposed
underwater cities,
“biological” cities, cities
in pyramids, etc.
Science Cities
The Floating City

(Marine City)
Proposed and planned

by Kiyonori Kikutake
Special kisho kurokawa
Housing
The Tower Capsule

Special
Housing
Habitat 67
Designed by Moshe
Safdie in Montreal, for
the 1967 Exposition
Mixed Uses
The Barbican City

A 63-acre area mixed
used development built
in response to the
pressures of the
automobile. An early
type of P.U.D. that had
all amenities in one
compound with multi-
level circulation
patterns.
Environmental
Cities
The Green City

Environmental
Cities
Sustainable City
Small Scale
Developments
Neighborhood Unit
by Clarence Perry and

Clarence Stein:
defined as the Physical
Environment wherein
social, cultural,
educational, and
commercial uses are
within easy reach of each
other
concerns self
sustainability
of smaller units
IMAGES
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Arch 231 ROOTS OF MODERN CONCEPTS

Robert Owen, Jr.

Most famous personality

Golden era of urban

Emphasis was on linear

Emphasis was on linear

Emphasis was on linear

designed by Lucio Costa

designed by Lucio Costa

designed by Lucio Costa

Office and Residential

designed by Sir Edward

based on the great east-

designed by Sir Edward

based on the great east-

A regular grid of major

A regular grid of major

His first plan for high

City of Towers SAO PAULO

Modern Day Cities

Locational features may

The Mile High

The Floating City

Proposed and planned

Special kisho kurokawa

The Tower Capsule

The Barbican City

The Green City

by Clarence Perry and

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