1

ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN 05

CASE
STUDY
ABBANG, VINCENT 2
CAPARAS, RUTH MARIE
IBANEZ, BIANCA MAE
MORALES, JULIA RAINE
PATARAY CHRISTIAN

PROPOSED NEW MARILAO CIVIC CENTER

 DEFINITION

CIVIC CENTER
A civic center is essentially a network hub of different institutional buildings. Its notion is meant to
provide vital services and other entrepreneurial/business transactions to a city or municipality. Civic
centers are designed to meet the often extremely specialized requirements of communities. As a
result, civic center architectural design differs greatly across the country in terms of scale, scope, and
general aesthetic. It can feature everything from government offices and public meeting places to free
seminars and memorials recognizing prominent people of the community. Many civic centers have city
halls as their focal features.

Libraries, museums, government offices, churches, opera halls, courthouses, and a variety of other
public-spirited organizations may join them. The people behind these structures can breathe life into
their shared public space—the commons—and create a dynamic, integrated area with strong
partnerships and a clear purpose.
 Foreign Case Study

SAN FRANCISCO CIVIC CENTER

37°46′45″N 122°24′57″W
Zhuhai Jinwan Civic Art Centre in China Jiaxing Civic Center
ZHA MAD ARCHITECTS
 The “Civic Center” is a neighborhood in San
Francisco, California, that houses many of the city's
most important government and cultural institutions.
It's a few blocks north of the Market Street and Van
Ness Avenue intersection. San Francisco's Civic
Center is the hub of the city's arts, governance,
culture, and public places.
San Francisco, officially the City and County of San Francisco,
is a cultural, commercial, and financial center in the United States'
state of California. As of 2020, it has an estimated population of
873,965, making it the 17th most populated city in the United States
and the fourth most populous in California. It is the second most
densely populated large city in the United States and the fifth most
densely populated county in the United States, trailing only four of
New York City's five boroughs. It has an area of about 46.9 square
miles (121 square kilometers), mostly at the north end of the San
Francisco Peninsula in the San Francisco Bay Area, making it the
second most densely populated large city and the fifth most densely
populated county in the United States.
San Francisco's City Hall was rebuilt in time for the Panama-
Pacific International Exposition in 1915 after being destroyed by the
1906 earthquake and fire. A Beaux-Arts center plaza with long, axial
views was developed by a commission led by John Howard,
Frederick Meyer, and John Reid, Jr., and surrounded by classical
buildings such as a city hall, state building, public library, opera
house, theater, and exposition hall.
Sun and Wind Patterns
CLIMATIC CONDITION
San Francisco has the typical Mediterranean
climate of California's coast, with moist, mild
winters and dry summers.
TEMPERATURE
51 °F (11 °C) =Average minimum
63 °F (17 °C) =Average maximum
21 inches (533 mm)

Mean rainfall (almost all of which occurs

between November and April)
The weather in San Francisco is heavily
affected by the cold currents of the Pacific
Ocean on the west side of the city, as well as
the water of San Francisco Bay to the north
and east. This dampens temperature
fluctuations and results in a very pleasant
year-round climate with no seasonal
temperature variance.
Two-thirds of the possible daily hours
are spent in the sun. The summer fog, which
hovers low over the city until lunchtime, is the
most distinguishing element of the weather,
causing alarm among chilly travelers. This fog
is caused by temperature differences, which
occur when warm, moist ocean air collides
with cold water welling up from the ocean
floor along the shore.
An Architectural Evolution
Timeline
Design Concept

“The San Francisco Civic Center is a public space for all San
Franciscans: a ceremonial gathering place that welcomes everyday
use and inspires civic pride. A place where the arts, community,
civic events, and government come together.”

Objectives
● Fulfills the ambitions of the original 1912 Beaux-Arts plan: cohesion across the Civic Center
Landmark District with ceremonial spaces that commemorate civic history with capacity for large
demonstrations and celebrations.
● Adds intimate spaces that create daily destinations and offer diverse experiences and amenities for
local residents.
● Public space principles were developed with stakeholders throughout the plan and will serve as
touchstones for the further development of the design, implementation, and management of the
project as it evolves.
Design Concept

THE DESIGN FRAMEWORKS

Intended to illustrate “a range of long-term potential improvements and

approaches to designing Civic Center Commons to support civic gatherings and
daily use,” and to ensure “a cohesive and coordinated” approach and unified
vision for the area’s plazas, streets and other public spaces, once the final plans
is selected, the three design frameworks have been dubbed the “Culture
Connector,” the “Public Platform” and the “Civic Sanctuary,” each of which has its
own special emphasis in terms of gathering space, landscaping, interactive
features and commercial kiosks and pavilions.
1

Civic Sanctuary

A vision for a 21st-century

commons that celebrates
history: strict rows of trees
that frame the public
spaces and a defined
central spine from Market
Street to City Hall recall
the formality of the historic
Beaux-Arts plan, while
contemporary uses and
amenities celebrate civic
life, work and SF history.
2

The Culture Connector

“A vision for an inclusive

commons that prioritizes
ecology, wellness, and
variety, an expansive tree
canopy loosely frames a
civic promenade from
Market Street to City Hall
and provides a variety of
settings for art, commerce,
and play.”
3

The Public Platform

A vision for a 21st-century

commons centered on
performance: flexible
plazas—stages for public
life to unfold and support a
diversity of activities—are
framed by trees, planting,
and sloped lawns and
bleacher seats that create
places to see and be seen.
 Design Concept

Architects
The current city hall replaced a
large Classical Revival
structure designed by
that was destroyed by the
wildfire that raged through the
city three days after the
earthquake on April 18, 1906.
Although one might anticipate a
city hall to be one of the first
civic structures to be rebuilt
after a fire, the devastation in
San Francisco was so extensive
that many other vital
institutions, such as hospitals,
utilities, and police stations, had Augustus Laver, a Canadian Architect, along with Thomas
to be restored first. Stent, won the competition to redesign the new city hall and
law courts for San Francisco in 1871.
Architectural Style
Late 19th and 20th Century revivals Beaux-Arts

The Beaux Arts architectural style is an ornate subset of

Neoclassical and Greek Revival architecture. Beaux Arts was
a popular but short-lived design trend in the United States
during the Gilded Age, lasting roughly from 1885 to 1925.
Beaux Arts is a late and eclectic type of Neoclassicism also
known as Beaux-Arts Classicism, Academic Classicism, or
Classical Revival. It combines Renaissance ideals with
classical architecture from ancient Greece and Rome. The
late-nineteenth-century American Renaissance movement
included Beaux-Arts architecture.
Architectural characteristics include:

● Balustrades
● Balconies
● Columns
● Cornices
● Pilasters
● triangular pediments
● Stone exteriors are massive and grandiose in their symmetry
● Interiors are typically polished and lavishly decorated with
sculptures, swags, medallions, flowers, and shields.
● Interiors will often have a grand stairway and opulent
ballroom.
● Large arches rival the ancient Roman arches.

According to the Louisiana Division of Historic Preservation

"It is the showy, almost operatic, manner in which these elements are composed that gives the style its characteristic flavor."
 Land Use and Identity
The Civic Center Plan's goal is to direct growth in the Civic Center area. Rather of aiming to designate
precise areas for specific applications, the Plan concentrates on expressing the aims and principles that
should apply to future development.
Recognizing the need to provide basic guidelines for future public development, the Civic Center area plan
includes four (4) primary activity categories:
● Administrative
● Entertainment-Culture
● Open Space
● Housing
Site Zoning
Location: United States > California >
San Francisco County > San Francisco
Longitude: -122.41564
Latitude: 37.7815533
Elevation: 20m / 66feet
Size
> of the Site
Site Area: 135,000 square feet
Building Height: 203 feet
Number of Stories: 14 City Hall
Building Gross Area: 1,030,000 square feet
Site Zoning
 A REVIEW OF VEHICULAR CIRCULATION YIELDED THE FOLLOWING OBSERVATIONS:
• Most vehicular course ways close to the Civic Center are arranged to redirect traffic around the Center's Core.
• Ways that do enter the center are designed to work with development basically in a north/south bearing.
• McAllister provides the only direct east/west path through the core.
• The Fulton Street option to proceed, the focal east/west hub through the Civic Center, is shut to through traffic
east of Civic Center Plaza.
• Much of the traffic on roads neighboring the region is directed as a progression of one way couples.
• A few of these couples oblige the progress between the more extensive South of Market and the more tight North
of Market road networks.
• The Eighth/Ninth Street couple neglects to upgrade the experience of entering the Civic Center Core. North bound
traffic enters at the back of the Civic Auditorium complicated, neighboring the shipping bay. South bound traffic
leaving is redirected around Pioneer Monument, lessening its significance as a notable milestone nearby.
 An analysis of pedestrian movement within the Civic Center has led to the following conclusions:

● Essential stream happens in the east/west heading.

● During the day, the heaviest stream is between the Market Street BART/MUNI stations, accessible
stopping regions and government offices encompassing the Civic Center Plaza.
● North/South stream is restricted, generally, to objections between offices inside the Civic Center.
● Around evening time, the heaviest stream proceeds in an east/west bearing, however a large portion
of it happens west of Larkin, between Brooks Hall and its stopping offices, the Performing Arts
Complex and the Cultural Facilities on the west side of Van Ness.
● Somewhat because of the absence of movement along the Fulton Street option to proceed between UN
Plaza and the Civic Center Plaza, this piece of the passerby way isn't vigorously utilized around
evening time.
● The setup of the open space parts in the Civic Center, like crosswalks and the plan of the square,
doesn't work with east/west common development
Principles of Organization
The Civic Center’s areas include:
The assorted movement center of Van Ness
between City Hall, Davies Hall, the War
Memorial Complex, and the State Building.
Government workplaces are addressed in the
Civic Center, however not incorporated.
Laborers are not served by retail outlets,
commonplace of different areas in the city.
The Plaza and other open space accommodate
city-wide capacities, including marches, rallies,
and a transitory market. Individual clients
experience a social and actual climate that can
be constrained by territoriality.
The eastern part of the Civic Center, needs
assorted day and evening exercises. Other than
unique occasions and the market, this region
isn't used by nearby laborers. Around evening
time, it is kept away from by and large.
Pivotal section at the focal point of the east/west
exteriors.
A plinth that obliges the normal incline of the land.
A profound, evenly rusticated base going from 196"
to 31'6" in which openings are recessed a limit of
1'8" and involve a limit of 20% of the surface.
A shaft somewhere in the range of 33'6" and 45'6"
in stature, with in an upward direction situated
solids and voids essentially 2'6" profound, with a
limit of half surface in openings.
A molding line at around 65'0" in tallness.
A 'capital' of around 150" in stature, with a non-
directional example and a limit of 60% in voids, the
voids being a limit of 8" profound.
A mansard rooftop, where proper, whose slant
lines up with the point from the floor at the
midpoint of the section to the highest point of the
'capital' band
Principles of Organization

The Civic Center’s areas include:

▪ The assorted movement center of Van Ness
between City Hall, Davies Hall, the War Memorial
Complex, and the State Building.
▪ Government workplaces are addressed in the
Civic Center, however not incorporated.
Laborers are not served by retail outlets,
commonplace of different areas in the city.
▪ The Plaza and other open space accommodate
city-wide capacities, including marches, rallies,
and a transitory market. Individual clients
experience a social and actual climate that can
be constrained by territoriality.
▪ The eastern part of the Civic Center, needs
assorted day and evening exercises. Other than
unique occasions and the market, this region
isn't used by nearby laborers. Around evening
time, it is kept away from by and large.
Principles of Organization

The Civic Center’s areas include:

▪ Pivotal section at the focal point of the east/west
exteriors.
▪ A plinth that obliges the normal incline of the
land.
▪ A profound, evenly rusticated base going from
196" to 31'6" in which openings are recessed a
limit of 1'8" and involve a limit of 20% of the
surface.
▪ A shaft somewhere in the range of 33'6" and
45'6" in stature, with in an upward direction
situated solids and voids essentially 2'6"
profound, with a limit of half surface in openings.
▪ A molding line at around 65'0" in tallness.
▪ A 'capital' of around 150" in stature, with a non-
directional example and a limit of 60% in voids,
the voids being a limit of 8" profound.
▪ A mansard rooftop whose slant lines up with the
point from the floor at the midpoint of the
section to the highest point of the 'capital' band.
DAYTIME ACTIVITIES
NIGHTTIME ACTIVITIES
ANALYSIS

▪ Offers a hierarchy of circulation to highlight the notion of universal

accessibility

▪ Clear Zoning and Distribution of each building programs within the site

▪ Clear sense of hierarchy with the buildings

▪ Offers a diverse range of access to different vistas and landscape

▪ Incorporated a District Water Reuse System for sustainable considerations.

▪ Offers various basic public amenities to help promote public immersion

▪ Offer a degree of private spaces for close-spaced gatherings

 Local Case Study

MANDALUYONG CIVIC CENTER

14° 34' 39" N 121° 2' 2" E
 Local Case Study

MANDALUYONG CITY

MANDALUYONG is a city in the Philippines that is in the heart of

Metropolitan Manila.

Its amazing rate of development since the early 1980s has placed the city
as one of the country's most dynamic economic centers. The city would
not have been considered an alternative location in the past. Businesses
tended to cluster in nearby places, and for a time, this calm residential
neighborhood seemed to wander in that direction on its own. events that
INTRODUCTION unfolded in the aftermath of the EDSA Revolution in 1986 saw the dawn
of a new beginning for Mandaluyong.

The expansion and relocation of major capital investments gradually

shifted towards the city, and soon after, this once sleepy town's
landscape dramatically transformed into one of Metro Manila's most
promising business and financial centers. The city was declared the
Millennium City by the city's grandfathers at the turn of the century and
was recently designated the new tiger city of Metro Manila.
Local Case Study

MANDALUYONG CITY

Mandaluyong has a land area of 9.29 sq. km, with a population of

425,758 based on the 2020 Census. According to the presented data,
Mandaluyong represents 3.16% of the total population in NCR.

Based on the 2015 Census, the age group with the highest population in
the city is 25 to 29, with approximately 42,967 individuals. The lowest
population covers those that are 80 and over, with around 2,186
individuals. The table below shows more detailed data regarding the
population and age group in the city of Mandaluyong.
1 LOCATION

Maysilo Circle, Mandaluyong,

1550 Metro Manila, NCR

Approx. 35,800 sq. m.

14° 34' 39" N 121° 2' 2" E

 GENERAL Local Case Study
OVERVIEW
MANDALUYONG CITY CIVIC CENTER
Location:
Maysilo Circle,
Mandaluyong, 1550
Metro Manila, NCR

Climate

Tropical and Maritime

climate, with high
temperature, high
humidity and
abundant rainfall. The Mandaluyong Municipal Hall Complex is located at the Maysilo
Circle, Mandaluyong, with an area of approximately 35,800 sq. m. The
Topography city government and its offices are housed in different buildings in the
Flat land form, 1m complex. For sports development and other multi-purpose functions,
above sea level. there are the City Gymnasium and the Tennis Court and Clubhouse. To
provide for the needs of students, researchers and interested
Vegetation individuals for reference books, specialty books, and Filipiniana
Trees and shrubs are Articles, a public library is open for service at Kaban ng Hiyas which
evident all around the also houses a museum and an auditorium hall. Elsewhere in the city,
site. public buildings are composed of barangay halls and multi-purpose
structures, local health centers and public schools, either locally
Site Area funded or aided by the national government and other funding
Approx. 35,800 sq. agencies. During various events, it is usually held in the complex,
m. becoming a center of life and business.
 Local Case Study

MANDALUYONG CITY CIVIC CENTER

DESIGN
CONCEPT Mandaluyong City has arisen as the new "tiger city",
described as the core of the 'Golden Triangle' (Manila, Makati
and Quezon City), has at last arisen as a genuine blast city –
one of the main business and modern focuses in the
country." The city is taking an exceptional jump toward
progress and has now turned into the sanctuary of modern
goliaths and business combinations.
 AERIAL VIEW

14° 34' 39" N 121° 2' 2" E

1
SITE ZONING

MANDALUYONG CITY HALL

PNP/FIRE STATION KABAN NG HIYAS
HALL OF JUSTICE
OLD CITY HALL

POST OFFICE

BANK OF COMMERCE BUILDING

ARCHDIOCESAN SHRINE OF THE DIVINE

MERCY GYMNASIUM
 Local Case Study

MANDALUYONG CITY CIVIC CENTER

DESIGN With this, the Mandaluyong The Hall of Justice’s facade is

CONCEPT Municipal Hall Complex,
particularly the City Hall, boasts its
green and orange, the colors of
Mandaluyong’s Representative,
title with a Tiger emblem displayed Congressman Neptali Gonzales II.
at its facade. It has an International Style. This
The City hall is the highlight of the also applies to the PHLPost -
complex, and can be easily noticed Mandaluyong Post Office.
due to its international style and
glass front facade that reflects the
skies of Mandaluyong. It’s left,
right, and rear facade, however,
has a different appearance. They
put extra attention and focus to the
front facade, and gave emphasis to
the tiger emblem.
Local Case Study

MANDALUYONG CITY CIVIC CENTER

With this, the Mandaluyong

Municipal Hall Complex,
particularly the City Hall, boasts its
title with a Tiger emblem displayed
at its facade.
The City hall is the highlight of the
complex, and can be easily noticed
due to its international style and
glass front facade that reflects the
skies of Mandaluyong. It’s left,
right, and rear facade, however,
has a different appearance. They
put extra attention and focus to the
front facade, and gave emphasis to
the tiger emblem.
 Local Case Study

MANDALUYONG CITY CIVIC CENTER

The day time activity is focused on all the zones in the site, with the
institutional buildings, and commercial spaces being active during the
day. However, various offices/buildings are also active during the night,
including the PNP and BFP Buildings, being tasked to maintain safety
around the vicinity and the city in general.

The complex is accessible to the public, with spaces open and available
to use such as the City Gymnasium and Multipurpose Hall. Various
events are held in those spaces since they can be rented out. During the
ACTIVITIES Christmas season, the whole complex is decked out with decorations
and events during the night, with commercial stalls being set up along
the vicinity.

Sundays can also be quite a busy day, with the Sunday Masses on the
Archdiocesan Shrine of the Divine Mercy.

Activities tend to flow disconnectedly since people only come to the

complex in accordance to their intention/purpose, may it be transactions
within the city hall, post office, or visitations within the Kaban ng Hiyas,
and other activities that can be done inside the gymnasium, and other
facilities.
2 SUN PATH

Climate:

Tropical and Maritime

climate, with high
temperature, high
humidity and
abundant rainfall.

14° 34' 39" N 121° 2' 2" E

3 WIND PATTERN

AMIHAN

HABAGAT

14° 34' 39" N 121° 2' 2" E

4 SPATIAL ORGANIZATION

CLUSTERED + LINEAR
ORGANIZATION

CENTRALIZED
ORGANIZATION

14° 34' 39" N 121° 2' 2" E

5 SPATIAL ORGANIZATION

BUILDINGS ARE CONNECTED BY

A LINEAR PATHWAY (SERVICE
ROAD)

CLUSTERED ORGANIZATION
ALLOWED FOR RELATING
BUILDING TO ONE ANOTHER,
BUT NOT TO ALL.

CENTRALIZED
ORGANIZATION

14° 34' 39" N 121° 2' 2" E

6 ADJACENT BUILDINGS

COMMERCIAL AND RESIDENTIAL ZONES

14° 34' 39" N 121° 2' 2" E

7 MAJOR ROADS

LEGEND
Boni Ave.
PUBLIC ROUTE
PRIVATE ROUTE

F. Martinez Ave.

Maysilo Circle

Boni Ave.

San Francisco St.

14° 34' 39" N 121° 2' 2" E

8 ACCESS

LEGEND
PUBLIC ROUTE
PRIVATE ROUTE

14° 34' 39" N 121° 2' 2" E

9 INGRESS & ENGRESS

LEGEND
ACCESS FROM PUBLIC ROUTE

ACCESS FROM PRIVATE ROUTE

MAIN ENTRYWAY

14° 34' 39" N 121° 2' 2" E

 ▪ Emphasis on the civic nature of the site, allocate more spaces to
the public.

▪ Emphasize public inclusivity and safety.

▪ Offer diverse social and intimate activities that the public can
virtually interact and participate.

▪ Economic inclusion through promotion of local services and

commerce.

▪ Create a narrative that is distinct to the community and that is

reflective of the culture of that community. Reference history,
People create their
heritage, and the environment.
cities. Our vision for
the New Marilao Civic ▪ Create a connection between the built structures, streets, public
Center, therefore, spaces, transportation, and landscape.
shall inspire civic
pride and promote
historical and ▪ To spatially define the site, articulate the spaces through
cultural heritage – a movement, order, balance, proportion, hierarchy,
true timeless symmetry/asymmetry, rhythm, contrast, and the overall aesthetic.
landmark of the city.

▪ Engage the community. Emphasize interactivity and

interdependence of the different programs intended for the site.

▪ Offer a series of path networks to create linkage in traffic flow.

 ▪ Introduce Bio-swales, rain gardens, conservation landscapes and
porous pavers, as well as green roofs on buildings, in parks and
open space designs to mitigate stormwater runoff. Provide a
design solution that balances both recreation space and habitat
restoration/conservation.

▪ Design the spaces to allow efficient access for operations and

maintenance with support facilities (if needed) integral to the
overall design. Incorporate maintenance needs from the beginning
of the park design process. Provide access to water, maintenance
vehicles where needed and appropriate infrastructure year-round

People create their ▪ Locate public spaces in proximity and accessible to transportation
cities. Our vision for options and connected to a network of streets and sidewalks,
the New Marilao Civic
trails and mid-block connections that offer safe pedestrian access
Center, therefore,
shall inspire civic and crossings to areas for recreation, education, and habitat
pride and promote preservation.
historical and
cultural heritage – a
▪ Integrate Concepts of Placemaking (Social Aspect) / Wayfinding
true timeless
landmark of the city. (Connecting spaces)

▪ Promote biodiversity

▪ Strip off the unnecessary, focus on the functionality of the site

“A space performs well when people use it—especially when those people come from
diverse groups and interact with each other, which promotes inclusion. Numerous
studies have suggested that exposure to people who are different from one’s self—
including differences in race, sexual preference, or religion—increases tolerance and
empathy toward others. Creating spaces that invite a diversity of users helps build a
more inclusive and equitable community for all.”

- Inclusive Healthy Places, Gehl Institute

“It’s very important there’s public life in public spaces. That means people from all
walks of life will naturally meet in the streets, squares and parks of the city. So you
can see what society you belong to. You can see your fellow citizens eye to eye going
about daily life.”

- Jahn Gehl, Danish Architect & Urban Planner

THANK YOU!
REFERENCES
● https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Civic_Center,_San_Francisco#Location
● https://civiccentersf.org/about/creating-the-plan/phase-3/design-concepts/public-space-
design-concept/?fbclid=IwAR0GePGw-EPvNVHFWX22zf7-U3PLtw3m4GT-
C5mDL9bUmQMKJX318vwP8MA
● https://civiccentersf.org/wp-content/uploads/1987-The-San-Francisco-Civic-
Center.pdf?fbclid=IwAR04KSV9e240Xt7IL8fInKE2oyC9YxvUbDIxhoZsRnLbvomiBYOzFfLhcj8
● https://projects.sfchronicle.com/2017/civic-center-timeline/
● https://www.sftourismtips.com/civic-center-san-francisco.html
● https://www.som.com/projects/san-francisco-civic-center-complex/
● http://www.city-data.com/neighborhood/Civic-Center-San-Francisco-CA.html
● https://www.niche.com/places-to-live/n/civic-center-san-francisco-ca/residents/
● Charleton, James P., “San Francisco Civic Center,” San Francisco County, California. National
Register of Historic Places Inventory–Nomination Form, 1984. National Park Service, U.S.
Department of the Interior, Washington, D.C.
● Tilman, Jeffrey T. Arthur Brown, Jr., Progressive Classicist.New York: W.W. Norton, 2006.
● https://generalplan.sfplanning.org/Civic_Center.htm
● https://sah-archipedia.org/buildings/CA-01-075-0037
● https://generalplan.sfplanning.org/Civic_Center.htm?fbclid=IwAR3anjm1ZJ7RDGnDMa0Nst1yg
rBN5LXn7gqfOthP87AVCbHGhDMhlUShFAI
REFERENCES

https://www.mandaluyong.gov.ph/updates/downloads/files/charter%20final%202016.pdf
Mandaluyong City Profile – PhilAtlas
Mandaluyong Municipal Hall Complex - Rotonda, Philippines PageNation.com
https://mandaluyong.gov.ph/profile/history.aspx?node=1
City of Mandaluyong ~ Official Web Site
Mandaluyong City History | Tourist Spots, Language and Festivals | Philippines Cities
Mandaluyong is new ‘tiger city’ | Philstar.com
Civic center definition and meaning | Collins English Dictionary (collinsdictionary.com)