1.

A, B, O, AB
2. A=37% B=11% O 48% AB 4%
3. A represents A, B represents B, A and B represent A and B, neither A nor B represents O
4. In group B anti-A and in group O both anti-A and anti-B
5. It identifies the antigens present on RBC’s by reacting a suspension of patient cells with
commercial anti-A and anti-B sera and observing for agglutination after centrifugation
6. It identifies the antibodies present in a patient’s serum or plasma by reacting the plasma with a
commercial 2% to 5% suspension of group A cells and a commercial 2% to 5% suspension of
group B cells and observing agglutination
7. When testing group A blood with anti-A the results are positive, and with AB they are also
positive
8. Tube testing is more sensitive and reliable method of determining a patients blood group than
the slide testing
9. Because it takes 2 minutes of gentle rocking to observe for agglutination reaction which will tell
us if they are positive or negative and depending on what reacts if they are A B AB or O
10. For grouping the tubes are tapped gently to loosen the cells from the bottom of the tube and
then those cells are observed for agglutination
11. Wear proper PPE, handle all reagents as potentially infectious, use disposable labware and
discard into appropriate containers, counter surfaces should be disinfected regularly, and follow
SOP for safety on electrical and physical hazards
12. It is important because they can have a direct impact on patients, blood transfusions can be life
saving if done correctly or fatal if done incorrectly
13. Solid-phase and gel or column typing methods can be automated allowing some walk away
testing which is helpful when staff is low and technologists need to work in more than one
department on their shift
14. It is major histocompatibility complex, a complex of closely associated genes that code for highly
valuable antigens expressed on most cells of the body, these tissue antigens help distinguish one
individual from another and are a major barrier to the ability to transplant tissues and organs
from one individual to another
15. Allele; one of two (or more) forms of a gene responsible for genetic variation
Antiserum; serum that contains antibodies
Blood bank; clinical laboratory department where blood components are tested and stored until
needed for transfusion; also called immunohematology department or transfusion services; the
refrigerated unit used for storing blood components
Blood group antibody; a protein (immunoglobulin) that reacts specifically with a blood group
antigen
Blood group antigen; a substance or structure on the red blood cell membrane that stimulates
antibody formation and reacts with that antibody
Codominant; in genetics, a gene that is expressed in the heterozygous state, that is, in the
presence of a different allelic gene
Forward grouping; the use of known antisera (antibodies) to detect unknown antigens on a
patient’s cells; forward typing; direct grouping
Genes; segments of DNA that code for specific proteins and that are the structural units of
heredity
Histocompatibility testing; assays to determine if donor and recipient tissue are compatible
Human leukocyte antigen; one of several antigens present on leukocytes and other body cells
that are important in transplant rejection
Major histocompatibility complex; the group of genes responsible for producing antigens such
as HLA that are important in organ and tissue transplants
Reverse grouping; the use of known cells (antigens) to identify unknown antibodies in the
patient’s serum or plasma
Serological centrifuge; a centrifuge that spins small tubes such as those used in blood banking;
serofuge