Overview of The Immune System: With Prof. Peter J. Delves

Overview of the Immune System
With Prof. Peter J. Delves
S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

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Learning Objectives
• Appreciate that pathogens come in many

forms.
• Know the difference between innate and

adaptive responses.
• Understand the role of primary and

secondary lymphoid tissues.
• Be aware that the immune response

develops in a coordinated way utilizing cell
surface interactions and secreted molecules.

Overview of Pathogens
Bacteria Viruses Fungi Parasites

First Line of Defense
• Skin forms a physical barrier
• Mucus prevents colonization
• Commensal microorganisms occupy niche
• Acid pH resists pathogens
• Enzymes attack pathogens

Definition of the Immune System
The immune system is an integrated defense system composed of tissues,

cells and molecules.
There are two types of immune responses: innate and adaptive.

Primary Lymphoid Tissues
The cells of the immune system are

generated in:
• Bone marrow – where virtually all the cells

of the immune response originate from
multipotent hematopoietic stem cells.
• Thymus – where one type of immune

system cell, the T lymphocyte, develops
functionality.

Secondary Lymphoid Tissues
The adaptive responses are induced in: Respiratory tract
Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid
Tissue (MALT)
Pathogens at mucosal surfaces Gastrointestinal tract
Lymph nodes Genitourinary tract

Pathogens in body tissues
Spleen
Pathogens in blood circulation

The adaptive responses are induced in:
Tissue (MALT)
Pathogens at mucosal surfaces
Lymph nodes
Spleen

The adaptive responses are induced in:
Tissue (MALT)
Pathogens at mucosal surfaces
Lymph nodes
Spleen

Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses
Innate immune response Adaptive immune response
Broad specificity for pathogen-associated

High specificity for antigens
molecular patterns (PAMPs)
Same intensity every time Stronger and faster upon re-infection

(primary vs. secondary immune response –
immunological memory)
Rapid response (minutes to hours): cells Initially rather slow response (days): cells
already in body tissues or recruited directly need to proliferate in secondary lymphoid
from blood circulation tissues

Innate and Adaptive Immune Responses
Innate immune response Adaptive immune response

Innate Immune Response
Cell proliferation in secondary

Rapid response lymphoid tissues

Recognizing the Enemy
The immune system attacks harmful It does not attack our own healthy body
pathogens. components (‘self’), commensal microbiota,
food antigens, etc.

Pattern Recognition Receptors
Pattern recognition
receptor
(PRR)
Pathogen
Pathogen-associated
molecular pattern
(PAMP)
Pattern recognition
receptor
(PRR)
Damaged
tissue
Damage-associated
molecular pattern
(DAMP)

Pattern recognition
receptor
(PRR)
Damaged
tissue
Damage-associated
molecular pattern
(DAMP)

Antigen-Specific Receptors

Cells of the Immune System Circulate around the Body
Blood circulation Lymphatic circulation Both

Strategies to Eliminate Pathogens
Phagocytosis Released molecule Cell kills infected cell

kills pathogen

Phagocytic cell engulfs and destroys pathogen.


kills pathogen


kills pathogen

Functional Organization
Discussion Agreement Orders given Troops dispatched

Functional Organization of Cellular Interactions
Cell-cell contact-dependent interactions

Functional Organization of Cellular Interactions
Interaction via secreted molecules

Cessation of the Response
If response is
Antigen stimulates
successful,
the response.
stimulus is
eliminated.
In addition,
regulatory cells
suppress any
residual response.

Learning Outcomes
 Pathogens come in many forms.
 The difference between innate and adaptive

responses.
 What primary and secondary lymphoid

tissues are.
 That the immune response develops in a

coordinated way, utilizing cell surface
interactions and secreted molecules.

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Overview of the Immune System

With Prof. Peter J. Delves

S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

• Appreciate that pathogens come in many

• Know the difference between innate and

• Understand the role of primary and

• Be aware that the immune response

S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

Bacteria Viruses Fungi Parasites

S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

• Skin forms a physical barrier

• Mucus prevents colonization

• Commensal microorganisms occupy niche

• Acid pH resists pathogens

• Enzymes attack pathogens

S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

The immune system is an integrated defense system composed of tissues,

There are two types of immune responses: innate and adaptive.

S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

The cells of the immune system are

• Bone marrow – where virtually all the cells

• Thymus – where one type of immune

S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

The adaptive responses are induced in: Respiratory tract

Lymph nodes Genitourinary tract

S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

The adaptive responses are induced in:

S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

The adaptive responses are induced in:

S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

Innate immune response Adaptive immune response

Broad specificity for pathogen-associated

Same intensity every time Stronger and faster upon re-infection

S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

Innate immune response Adaptive immune response

Cell proliferation in secondary

S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

Blood circulation Lymphatic circulation Both

S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

Phagocytosis Released molecule Cell kills infected cell

S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

Phagocytic cell engulfs and destroys pathogen.

S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

Phagocytosis Released molecule Cell kills infected cell

S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

Phagocytosis Released molecule Cell kills infected cell

S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

Discussion Agreement Orders given Troops dispatched

S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

Cell-cell contact-dependent interactions

Interaction via secreted molecules

S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

 Pathogens come in many forms.

 The difference between innate and adaptive

 What primary and secondary lymphoid

 That the immune response develops in a

S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

S2031231 STUDENT, s2031231@siswa.um.edu.my

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