Statistical

Inference
BBA-VB
Chapter 6
Analysis of Variance (ANOVA)
Dr Imtiaz Husain
Test Statistic for ANOVA

The F statistic is computed by taking the ratio of what is called the "between
treatment" variability to the "residual or error" variability.

Reject H0 if Fc > Tt.

The ANOVA Procedure:
Example # 1:
A clinical trial is run to compare weight loss programs and participants are
randomly assigned to one of the comparison programs and are counseled
on the details of the assigned program. Participants follow the assigned
program for 8 weeks. The outcome of interest is weight loss, defined as the
difference in weight measured at the start of the study (baseline) and
weight measured at the end of the study (8 weeks), measured in pounds.

Is there a statistically significant difference in the mean weight loss among the four diets?
We will run the ANOVA using the five-step approach.
Solution:

The appropriate critical value can be found in a table of probabilities for the F distribution. In order to
determine the critical value of F we need degrees of freedom, df1=k-1 and df2=N-k.
In this example, df1=k-1=4-1=3 and df2=N-k=20-4=16.
The critical value is 3.24 and the decision rule is as follows:

Reject H0 if F > 3.24.

 Sum of the Square Error (SSE) of (Low Calorie)
Now compute,
Sum of the Square Error (SSE) of (Low Fat)
Now compute, For the participants in the low-fat diet:
Sum of the Square Error (SSE) of (low
carbohydrate)
• For the participants in the low carbohydrate diet:
Sum of the Square Error (SSE) of (control
group)
• For the participants in the control group:
Therefore, sum of the square errors of all four
groups:
We can now construct the ANOVA table.
Step 5. Conclusion.
• We reject H0 because 8.43 > 3.24. We have statistically significant
evidence at α=0.05 to show that there is a difference in mean weight
loss among the four diets.
Example # 2:
Calcium is an essential mineral that regulates the heart, is important for blood clotting and for
building healthy bones. The National Osteoporosis Foundation recommends a daily calcium intake of
1000-1200 mg/day for adult men and women. While calcium is contained in some foods, most adults
do not get enough calcium in their diets and take supplements. Unfortunately, some of the
supplements have side effects such as gastric distress, making them difficult for some patients to
take on a regular basis. A study is designed to test whether there is a difference in mean daily
calcium intake in adults with normal bone density, adults with osteopenia (a low bone density which
may lead to osteoporosis) and adults with osteoporosis.

Is there a statistically significant difference in mean calcium intake in patients with normal bone density as
compared to patients with osteopenia and osteoporosis?
We will run the ANOVA using the five-
step approach.
• Step 1. Set up hypotheses and determine level of significance
H0: μ1 = μ2 = μ3
H1: Means are not all equal
α=0.05
• Step 2. Select the appropriate test statistic.
The test statistic is the F statistic for ANOVA, F=MSB/MSE.
• Step 3. Set up decision rule.
In order to determine the critical value of F we need degrees of freedom,
df1=k-1 and df2=N-k.
In this example, df1=k-1=3-1=2 and df2=N-k=18-3=15.
The critical value is 3.68 and the decision rule is as follows:
Reject H0 if F > 3.68.
Step 4. Compute the test statistic.
• To organize our computations we will complete the ANOVA table. In
order to compute the sums of squares we must first compute the
sample means for each group and the overall mean.

If we pool all N=18 observations, the overall mean is 817.8.

We can now compute: (SSE):

Substituting:
 Next, we calculate each SSE:
SSE requires computing the squared differences between each observation and its group mean. We will compute
SSE in parts. For the participants with normal bone density:

Thus,
For participants with osteopenia:

Thus,
For participants with osteoporosis:

Thus,
Therefore, sum of square error:
 We can now construct the ANOVA table.

•Step 5. Conclusion.

We do not reject H0 because 1.395 < 3.68. We do not have statistically significant evidence at a =0.05 to show that
there is a difference in mean calcium intake in patients with normal bone density as compared to osteopenia and
osterporosis
Example # 3:Using the following data, perform a
oneway analysis of variance using α=0.05
 Assignment [05 marks] due on December 20,2021
The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) wants to examine the safety of
compact cars, midsize cars, and full-size cars. It collects a sample of three for
each of the treatments (cars types). Using the hypothetical data provided
below, test whether the mean pressure applied to the driver’s head during a
crash test is equal for each types of car. Use α =5%.

After performing analysis, draw your conclusion

Thank You