ce a Ayer ad) Vee era) ease Ua) Melba ha Ma as 4 il Os iy PY) 4P NATIONAL 42 ‘The Primacy of Federal Criminal Law in National Security ‘The mor specialized, consttutional and leg term of crminal law’ serves the national security ‘peter due tothe dynamic nature ofthe security ‘heats that express themselves in nom ‘radiona and es territorial terms by Kamran Ai withthe Geneva meeting between the NSA od ‘Patisan andthe United states, bth courtris ‘nave st the stage fr afresh impetus oftheir ‘Dateral ies with pegs of ereter Tones r INTERNATIONAL a Precipice Afghanistan on the Edge of 15 ‘the exert opinion points tit thatthe Taliban's takeover of Afghanistan appe mere formality now, a5 the group continues fo fight its way back into the power bby Amanat Ali Chaudhry 12 Global Humanity Paralyzed by Covid-19 ‘ross the globe, the Covid19 pandemic has paralyned human society ito a world of greater unknowns and socioeconomic ‘and politcal instability by Dr Mahboob A, Khawaja 30 Carbis Bay G7 Summit Mote disturbing isthe increasing tens between China and the G7 ‘the summit leaders agreed China’ non-mark ‘and call out Beling for rights abu 19 | Israel Lost This Round 22 | China's 7th Population Census 24 | Putin's Russian Roulette 26 | The Myth of a Rules-Based World 33 | Modi's Icarus Moment 37|AProposal to End the Pandemic 4 9} ~ Facebook.com/CSSPMSCE2 INT 77 Promoting Tourism in Pakistan 28 | The New Atlantic Charter 40 | Say Hello to A Brand-new Ocean 408 | World in Focus There are many opportunities which need tobe cexploted to promote tourism i Pakistan. These ‘opportunities include places of seenic beauty, historia sites and national monuments ‘by Muhammad Asi dasa 64 Sse | 99 The Changing Face of Quetta 5 | From the Editor's Desk uopl hom ah ve Pakistan wou eome CSS Exam 8 | Letters to the Editor ere eee eople interested in joining Foreign Service : a of Pokstan or with akeen intrest in 9 | Ebrahim Raisi 10 | Climate Change 60 | Amazon Comes to Pakistan 65 | Zhang Yirning 76 | Lina Khan International politics must opt for IR keeping In mind its tough competition | | | ee ‘by Muhammad Atif Sheikh oan 81 | Falling Behind and Falling Apart 62 8 | Parerersary and prea ean Yuan 89 | Climate Change Longping 92 | Rashakai Special Economic Zone Known as “the Father of Hybrid Rice,” Yuan 94 | Moral Philosophy ae 96 | Vaccine Poverty by Zafrliah Saroya 97 | John Austin's Command Theory of Law 104 | The ‘Clash of Civilizations’ Thesis y Ra Uae eae eng www. jworidtimes.com www. facebook. com/JWorldTimes Facebook.com/CSSPMSCEFor feedback and suggestions, please write to us at: relies Muelle Url Ree iF Pakistan's Covid-19 Campaign T= Pakistan goverment deserves praise for the manner in which it has been procuring and distributing vaccines to inoculate citizens against Covid-19, including the simple text message-based registration and prompt appointment messages, leading to opening up walk-in vaccinations forall age groups. However, there are two areas the federal and provincial govemiments need to improve their performance to achieve the stated target of herd immunity against Covid-19 by Eid-ul-Azha: the communication campaign to ‘encourage vaccinations, and the privacy protocols related to vaccination data, The state should take an approach of encouraging informed consent for Covid- 18 vaccination amongst the people instead of forcing people to get vaccinated against their willby imposing penalties and other measures. ‘Muzaffar Hussain Astore PTI's Economic Scorecard T: PTI government has been able to accelerate the economic growth rate to 3.94% in the outgoing fiscal year. This has prompted a respanse by the opposition politcal parties who downplay amelioration in the economy This nearly 4% rise in economic growth is due to the low-base effec, but the fact that it comes along with 2 positive current account balance, a relatively market- based rupee, and a rise in foreign exchange reserves is worth appreciating Exports remain at $20 S billion from July to April and may endup close to mid-$25 bilion.Itis important to mention that a continuously high remittance (above $2 billion each month) significantly helped the cause of the PTI government. Hen, PTI now has a choice to either buld on the hard work previously undertaken orto instead drive growth in the same manner previous governments di to post a compromised yet high grow rate. Based on what we hear from Shaukat Tarn, they are likely to opt forthe latter, Politically, the target for the incumbents is to ‘surpass the 5% growth mark presumed to be the only reliable indicator to judge ‘economic prosperity. But, wll they be able do so without triggering a sel-inficted boom-bust cycle remains the most pertinent question. Uzair Salman But Gujrat Pakistan Super League he sich edition ofthe Pakistan Super League has com final between Peshawar Zaimi and Multan Sultans, wth te ater emerging asthe champions, This years tournament dd tun out to be qute a challenge because the Jeague was suspended backin March after seven players were tested positive for Cov 19. took n incredible effort to rlocate the league tothe UAE, The PSL has undeniably come along way. Notonlyisitimmensely popuarathome, but te league's viewershiphas Increased significant allover the word. The PSLhashelped the PCB unearthsome really exceptional young players over the years who are now playing forthe national team in lp formats. As the toumament continues to grow and prosper, would be nice to see ‘more teams being added. Tis will nt only provide space to alts who currently stuggle {orplaying ime because ofthe competition, but aso aid payer development programs in ‘otherwise neglected pars ofthe country where the ame has immense potental to grow. Muhammad Shahbaz ‘Larkana a close wit a thing Bai ra EDITOR Raised PSDP ne of the highlights of the new federal budget isthe massive hike in the federal Public Sector Development Program (PSDP). According to the budget, the federal PSDP budget has been raised to R's900 billion, ajump of about 40 percent compared to what was originally budgeted in FY21. Clearly the .growth-seeking government is banking on PSDP to prime the economic pump, However, itis one thing to allocate large sums and quite another to actualy spend it. Keeping things in a historical context the Rs900 bilion federal PSDP is the second-highest for Pakistan. The highest so far was budgeted under the last government, when the PML-N was going into an election year and accordingly allocated Rs trilion under federal PSDP in FY18. But if wishes were horses, beggars would ride. Since the PSDP development model has limited absorption capacity the previous government could only spend 68 percent of that lofty spending target. The current government also faces similar limitations on development spending, perhaps even more, considering it is under an IMF program that imposes fiscal constraints So, the government has some c to do, The PSOP utilization in t government has averaged about 70 percent so far in its term, lower than the PML-N government's average of 8 percent (range: 66% to 96%) during its term. The current government also lags when it comes to development spending's share in overall expenditures. The last government's PSDP spending had averaged 14 percent of its overall spending (FY14-FY18). PTl’s PSDP spending has averaged just 8 percent is first two years. Muhammad Sadiq Khan Karachi Facebook.com/CSSPMSCE018. an hl te preset ection cos succes fas Raat wo wee fee n Aue ate sonra enn {ems allwed under he consitvton Inthe pols, anion asetrys bead anon Ebrahim Rats. wo enjoys wide backing tam the conser ate orev te o ang Rarinerevotitony camp ants \ base. enetedas te winery ganeragetSSprenethna Race a ee hetsiesowttomPresdetRauho oh nerestomapintonaarmeeter tee ee as close tote Bt-year-d supreme leader Ayatolah Ak Khamenn, who has timate pola lan Rasisevenseenas abhelysuccessorioe 82 year-ofKhamene when pases any 8th President Ebrahim Raelsi 1960 | Ebrahim Raeisi was born in Mashhad | province of Iran on Dec. 14 1981 | Following the revolution in 1979, he | began his career as the prosecutor of | Karaj in 1981 | 1988 | He took part in the committee which | gave the order of execution of the imprisoned regime opponent with instructions from Ayatollah Khomeini 1989-1994 | He served as the Attorney-General in | Tehran | 1994 He was appointed as the head of the State Supervisory Council and remained in the post for ten years 2004 | He was appointed as the Chief Deputy to Head of Judiciary Power 2014-2016 He was appointed as Attorney-General of Iran. In 2016, he was chosen to be the Chairperson of Imam Reza Holy 7] Shrine Foundation by Ayatollah Brief Profile ent poset, Dr Ebrahim Raisi was bor cube Fur year In 1960 into a strictly raligious family in the ‘country's second largest city, Mashhad, which is also a religious centre for Shia Muslims as it houses the shrine of Imam Reza, the eighth Imam. The custodian of the shrine is an Influential foundation that was headed by Rais! from 2016 to 2019. Raisi received 2 religious education and began attending the ‘seminary in Qom when he was 15. There, he power " studied under several Khamanei prominent schelars, Including Khamenei. He 2017 underwent extensive Running in the elections, Raeisi theological training and lost the elections against the holds the tile of current President Hassan Rouhani Hojatolestam, which 2019 Iterally means Appointed as the Head of “authority on islam." In Judiciary Power tra’sreigious Launching an investigation against hierarchy, the position is high-level judiciary officials for esctee oot Ayatolah corruption in justice, Raeisi emphasized tackling corruption, one of the greatest problems in doctorate degree in law the country, throughout his time in and jurisprudence from office Mottahari University in Tehran. Raisi's career began afer the Islamic Later, he received a He was included in the list of sanctions by the US in November due to his role in the execution of politcal prisoners as well as Revolution in 1979, quelling the socal upheavals in when he was appointed 2009 prosecutor general of Kara) a subd of foes Tehran, at the age of 20. He has become the ath President \ alaabiteinb of his country, receiving 62% of the positions he would hold votes, according to the first results Inthe judiciary. He Ister of the presidential elections in tran became a judge, and has headed, since 2019, the ‘country’s judiciary, Facebook.com/CSSPMSCEfrom 18h Amendment has posed significant and Bangladesh, Pakistan's vera from its geographic, demographic and diverse cimatc conditions. Mis projected hat both tbeintenity and frequency receding ac cexteme waters, f00 in + losses, ecosystems degrataton, coast ‘sing sealevels, decreased ‘As consequence of 18h Amendment the C 2010, 47 fed re devolvedtote provinces change aso. The Fe of international agreements and ns whereas the implementa provincial level, This has created 4 ihotomy between intent and implementa Sorc en setup for ciate change in Pakistan, therelore requiring higher degree of coherence ard clay It suggests ms could be Ihe establishment of @ provincial comissin, (b) the creaton ofan enabing legal envzonment the nclsionof imate change criteria inthe NF sal ranser formula ‘Based on recent assessments heavy economic lsses due fo Cima Facebook.com/CSSPMSCE ate change cena nis economic gronth approach hat caters for growth, pover reduction andwet-teng ofthe popu, Despite the ‘oninuing and ineeasng pressure on esonany due to Cov sinoe early 2020, Pakistan has stuggled to make substantal progress in regaining spreadtotrose who were never ployment has risen andthe wages have gone dawnover tne, Once od suicent, Pakistan now imports food. Asa reaul mere than 35% ofthe population is confonted wih tte menace of ood insecuty despite Pakistan having achieved se sufcencyn main staple crops. CCimate change ad tha accompanying increase in temperature and varying ranflipatern has adversely mpactd agua productonn Pakistan which, istof being extremely fected by climate change and due to secutty chalenges are both increasing and compounding. A 7 between elmate change proites an ‘more nutrient variants while selecting foodies frimpot The wnteris a momberof staf viding cheaper ye healthier andQUARTERLY POLITIKON AJOURNAL OF POLITICAL SCIENCE & INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS ane Waal The world around us is constantly changing and global scholarship on major global issues is growing ‘exponentially. The knowledge of the past and present, theoretical and empirical, about global systems and communities in tiny states, about matters of wars and peace, of democracy and tyranny, about philosophy and strategy has enriched the global understanding and knowledge. However, this expanded knowledge has also created a predicament for students and practitioners about the need to read high quality and relevant articles. For this purpose, quality articles, interviews and book reviews related to subject of International Relations and Political Science have been collected from multiple sources and compiled in Quarterly Politikon: A Journal of Political Science and International Relations. This journal snot only useful for CSS/PMS aspirants but also equally valuable for academics (Researchers) engaged in Colleges /Universities and National Security Institutions. A Project of WORLD TIMES INSTITUTE Facebook.com/CSSPMSCEGude Parauvzep By Covin-19 The Politics of Conflicts Looks for Change and Unity : 1 connected canjust" ‘The Covid-19 Pandemic Demands Critical Thinking and Human Unity living in a connected world of virt of the globe reality ~ people in one pai not be separated by the Covid-19 pandemic and continued insanity of violent political conflicts, Men fighting, each other due to a perpetuation of fgnorance, greed, economic and intellectual explottation and political domination - an unending irresistible impulse of ill-informed mindset led by the ‘many. The political leaders, professing, 1o be wise, act like anarchists of political indoctrination without knowledgs and human integrity. Across the globe, the Covid-19 pandemic has paralyzed human society into a world of greater unknowns and socioeconomic and political instability. Vaccinations have been hurriedly developed and are being used on an experimental basis as if an effective remedial approach is beyond scientific and 12 ‘The Covid-19 pandemic has unequivocally demonstrated that we are not just one world, buta very tightly-knit one, We areal ‘a milion different ways. We share a world, the only habitable one in the neighborhood, and we treat it ike we 1ove up" when we outgrow (or destroy) this one. Well, we cant, and conflict elsewhere willimpact us all ultimately. The crucler we see the world, the more afraid people get. The more afraid people get, the more likely they will support “strong (a.k.a authoritarian) leaders. The more authoritarian the leaders, the more damageis done all around, and theless freedom people have, And it all spreads lke wildfire - from person to person — When youthink aboutit, the world rally has become a small place so let's treatit ike our neighborhood. ' Just like our current Covid-19 pandemic. Mahboob Khawaja, PhO reasoned human understanding, Evilis real, not imaginary = be it the Covid pandemic or manmade political contticts tury ‘going on throughout the world and we, the 2Lst-c human societies and civilizations, are unable to cope with these all, The global community appears tortuented by socioeconomic disparities and moral and political cruelty and want and injustice echo their own voices of reason under extremely unfavourable circumstances, One cannot separate evil and (ruth as we face a turbulent emerging future of uncertainty, We appear to be haunted by persistent forces of distortion and destruction. The Covid-19 crisis is a strand that can be found in the we Ast ja interwoven people's thought and polities of th century's knowledge-based, informed governance th echoes concerns and priorities that humanitarian tives are sacrificed for politcal expediency: The sentiment of human solidarity # inereast ew tie impei commo against the inept nationalistic politics of the fe wwwjworldtimes.com July 2021 Facebook.com/CSSPMSCEeM former US Presielent Trump's “America Firs." Politicians Cannot resolve an exceptionally complex. medical “roblem. When a global paradigm of this: nature and Unpredictable scope hits mankind, one cannot think to focus on national interest and political campaigns to recelected. We are witnessing the severe impacts of this pandemic across the globe and how millions and millions feject the politically maneuvered ideological divisions, patred and fear and opt for understanding, collaboration and human solidarity’ to fight the virus with ingenuity, Compassion and global unity. It is possible for the thinking people of the globe to rise up to the challenge and demonstrate how best We the People are connected together as One Humanity to counter this invisible enemy ‘without borders or nationalities. For several decades, the political elite of the global systematic governance remained preoccupied with warfare and the insanity of victimizing good parts of humanity in the Middle East, Asia, South America and many’ parts of Africa, We the People deserve change for global unity to tackle the unknown impacts of infectious disease. This is a call for slobal unity - from America, Europe, Russia, China, Asia, n peace and conflict dynamics Polley respanes adopted to combat tie pandemic have already hal ice and conflict, Excessive use ‘of force against civilians wwwjwortdtimes.com July 2021 Covid-19 and conflict dynamics ‘Tuecounties portrayed here are med groups take ‘lanples of eomests where some of Shekd effets ae manifest advantage ofthe ‘lobal distra ‘created by the pandemic Africa and other parts of the world - we must rise to the challenge, Given the scientific knowledge and medical cures, we are capable of overcoming the multiple layers of socioeconomic and political problems affecting human Societies and address the pandemicas well. Political Conflicts Continue to Dehumanize and Undermine Rational Thinking We are witnessing, continuous killing. and bombardment of civilian habitats in Palestine, Israel, Syria, traq and Kashmir. We watch helplessly as the Rohingya from Myanmar, and people from Yemen and elsewhere are forcibly displaced. Tyranny has no other name and is a planned calamity imposed on powerless and innocent human beings with nowhere to hide for survival. Palestin-~ ians are bombed and displaced from their natural homeland by forces of political ideology of Israel; Kashmiris are locked up for years by the Indian security forces for demanding their basic human rights of freedom and justice; Yemeni people are bombed by Saudis and UAE for political control and Syrians continue to be killed and displaced by authoritarianism. This was the moment that the UN Security Council should have developed a work- able mechanism of safety and protection of civilians in all major centres of political and ethnic conflicts. What sparked riots in East Jerusalem cannot be separated from the broader conflict between Israel and Palestine. The forcible eviction of Palestinians from their ancestral homes in East Jerusalem is a global issue, itis not the domestic affairs of Israel, and the UN, and America should treat its urgency Civil unrest sparked Temporary and by deteriorating mostly unilateral socioeconomic conditions ceasefires 13 Facebook.com/CSSPMSCETERNATIONAL for a peaceful resolution, A ceasefire is not the solution but a prelude to more factional conflicts. The core issue is the occupation and Israel should be made to understand that only a Two-State solution is the reasoned approach between the two rivals and to satisfy the norms of peace and expectations of the global community. We need a constant force of reason, ingenuity and commitment to stop the killings and unwarranted bombardments of civilians ~be it in Gaza, East Jerusalem, Yemen, and Syria or other parts of human cultures, If Isracli_and Palestinian leaders could sit and have a dialogue, would it not be preferred rather than the inhuman shelling of civilian populations and cruelty of, Killing innocent children, and displacement of civilians with no ties to any political group. President Biden's administration must rethink to evolve a reasoned approach for peacemaking and stop support of one against another in the Middle East conflict. Killing is madness, losing the sense of normalcy and reasoned discourse - has this not been happening for over 70 years in the Middle East? America and West Europe hold the key to stopping this insanity and to take initiatives for the restoration of human consciousness for change towards peacemaking and conflict resolution. The voices of Feason are echoed across the globe but constant warfare undermines human concerns and optimism against many ‘odds. We the People and Concerned Humanity must think out of the box as proactive scholars and thinkers to offer new visions and prospects of peaceful interaction and persua~ sion to resolve our differences and conflicts. Otherwise, we tend to be on the wrong side of thoughts, time and history to destroy our own existence and future. Can We the People of Globe See in the Mirror for our Future-making? If time and history are a reference point, humankind stands at a critical juncture of our own complacency to have allowed ignorance, hatred, fear and animosity to destroy our life, culture and existence. The few obsessed with invincible armies and political powers - the warriors as dreamers to control and dominate us - have driven humanity to a terrible sense of helplessness and void about our future. We are witnessing a growing culture of domination as was experienced in history ~ the self= centred maniacs claiming to be leaders of peace and all ‘mankind, the most hated and feared are turning the world into more man-made tragedies, animosities continued drone attacks and bogus wars. All of this cruel chaos is causing massive death and destruction, endangering life, human habitats and the sanctity of the planet Earth, The 14 iced is urgent to understand how to change the egoistc and embittered insanity of the few hate-mongers ong warlords into an equilibrium of balanced relationship between Man, Life, and the God-given living Universe we all reside in. Ina time of humanitarian crisis of the pandemic, we must allow the truth of One Humanity to support our existence and future, We must rethink that we are not alone; how we care about others; the neglected and tormented humanity striving for its existence and sustainable lifelines. Often, politically aligned thinking in Europe and America has ignored the humanitarian vitality of China and Russia for convenient political expediency. There appears to be a lot of conjecture to be cleaned out and clarified for change and a new world order of collaboration and help for itis most needed beyond national flags and borders. We desperately need to re-organize our thoughts and genius towards unity and coordination to pool the human resources to fill the political gaps of egoism and anarchy between inept patriotism and d global outreach to restructure our policies and practices. We need fo extend humanitarian help to all those who need it most, not Investing in weapons of mass destruction. We must shut our ears to claims of individual greatness. and open our hearts for a revitalized sense of One Humanity ready to protect the present and future of human civilizations. Can we see the collective conscience . as a mirror? Why have we been Pushed to resort to inhumane characteristics and behaviours with those who appear to be well-educated and morally and intellectually intact but act like agents of the Draconian age as if there were no people of REASON and accountability. populating the planet Earth? Bom- bardment of civilian habitats and displacement of the lian population will not create a better world with hope and optimism for the future. We must use the force of reason, truth and adaptability to change and under stand the contemporary crises and protect our rights te freedom and human dignity, and be One Humanity. Lait tw learn more from your inner conscience, your sense of humanity, your deep insight to human emancipation for Change and adaptability to the challenges of our common future as ONE Humanity as once one of the classi scholars Alexis Carrel entitled his book: Man, The Unknown. gy Dr Mahboob A. Khawaja is the author of several publications including the latest: Global Peace, Secu" and Conflict Resolution: Approaches to Understand th Current Issues and Future-Makin ‘www. jworldtimes.com July 2021 Facebook.com/CSSPMSCE‘he United States is iL alse to wind up the withdrawal of its 5) forces by mid-July, around two months ahead of the withdrawal plan announced by President Joe Biden. The accelerated drawdown curently underway has provided a fresh impetus to the anxiety surrounding the fate of the regionin general and Afghanistan in particular. Itis nowa mathematical certainty and all the | expert opinion points to it that the Taliban's, + takeover of Afghanistan appears to bea mere formality now, as the group continues to fight its way back into the power corridors. If the Doha peace talks under the Trump administration conferred legitimacy on the Taliban as a stakeholder in the future of Afghanistan, the withdrawal announcement by the Biden Administration has filled the sr0up with reservoirs of confidence to shape the reality of the post-withdrawal Afghanistan in line with their political ideology. Contrary to what President Ashraf Ghani may say in terms of warding off the Taliban's march towards Kabul, the fact, remains that the Afghan National Defence and Security Forces (ANDSF) are ill-prepared in terms of motivation and fighting ideology to face a confident Taliban without the crucial support that the NATO and US forces have Provided to them. With questions raised on the continuity of foreign economic and military assistance to the Afghan government, the experts have expressed an apprehension that the possibility of the disintegration of ANDSF remains very much real. By all accounts, the situation is ripe for new and more dangerous bouts of violence and hostilities breaking out after the US and NATO pullout. While the transnational terror outfits such as al-Qaeda may have been humbled and their capacity to fight downgraded, they have yet to be climinated. As the battle for power intensifies in the comin ‘Weeks and months, these groups are likely to make serious efforts to stage a comeback by exploiting the chaotic situation to their advantage. This means more bloodshed. Already the signs of impending implosion have begun to www,jworldtimes.com July 2021 Amanat Ali Chaudhry emerge. The levels of violence have gone up in recent months as Afghanistan has suffered deadly terrorist attacks including the one on a girls’ school in Kabul, which revived the agonizing memory of the APS tragedy. ‘The fears of terrorist groups getting a new lease of life hhave sent shivers down the spine of the regional countries, as well as the US. It explains why the US wants to retain, some kind of presence in and around Afghanistan to carry out counterterrorism operations should such terrorism capable of threatening American interests. The New York Times story titled “CIA Scrambles for New Approach in Afghanistan” detailed the efforts that the Biden Administration is making to acquire bases for such, operations. As the US National Security Advisor Jack Sullivan stated in a press conference in Washington, the senior Biden administration officials are in talks with several countries including Pakistan. Though he refused to mention the specifics of the negotiations, he expressed the hope that things were moving ina positive direction, Ever since the Doha peace deal was struck in February 2020, the political commentators long held that it would not be able to survive the change of leader White House following the November elections. opinion was driven more by the prevailing dynamics that inform America’s forever’ war in Afghanistan and less by any fundamental difference on the deals design. Right from the time when the proposal of a ‘surge’ of, 40,000 troops was mooted by the American military leadership to defeat the Taliban, Joe Biden, then the Vice President under the Obama administration, publicly opposed the suggestion and urged that the size of the troop surge should be determined by the objective of ‘degrading the Taliban’. This was clearly a resounding disapproval of such strategic concepts as nation-building, 5 Facebook.com/CSSPMSCETe President Biden's announcement of the complete troop exit from Afghanistan may have caught some stakeholders unaware including America's Nato allles, it at least, provided a strategic clarity 10 & mission, whose fate has been in the balance due to several factors—the chief being the inability of the Taliban and the Kabul government to produce a unanimous power-sharing formula. Tthas been stated that the Taliban's refusal to attend the Istanbul peace huddle forced the Biden administration to announce its ‘alternative’ withdrawal plan that was in the ‘works as part of the review process of the Doha deal. The fact remains that banking on the deal to produce an outcome that suits all parties to the Afghan conflict flew {in the face of peculiar realities in Afghanistan The Doha deal, no doubt, represented the Trump administration's effort to bring some kind of order to a country that is historically known for never-ending strife and feuds over power, The specifics of the deal required that all stakeholders privilege the interests of the Afghan People over their own and work in unison to achieve a modicum of political stability for the war-torn country As the subsequent developments following the conclusion of the Doha peace agreement in February 2020 indicated, the Taliban and the Ashraf Ghani-led government, two principal actors, worked at cross purposes. Kabul objected to Washington's approach to directly deal with the Taliban, an approach that the government said undermined its authority and gave the ‘Taliban a semblance of legitimacy. On the other hand, the Taliban took the peace process as an opportunity to increase the stakes as the likely inheritor of power once the coalition forces left Afghanistan. The conditions on the ground whereby the Taliban hold the initiative supported such an assertion. Today, the Taliban have established their ascendancy in almost 26 of 34 provinces of Afghanistan, thus getting a Vital military edgein the process. However, the conditionalities prescribed as part of the Doha agreement were meant to temper the Taliban's wild power ambitions inan effort to make the transition alittle orderly and give the whole political exercise an appearance of a negotiated settlement, Biden's announcement revived the prospect of intens violence breaking out in the event of the US military Withdrawal. It freed the Taliban and other factions of any commitment to the Doha peace deal, thus leaving the field wide open for the powerful to take on the basis of their fighting prowess. The White House decision has pushed all the actors with stakes in Afghanistan back to their drawing rooms. Before them is the onerous task to review the emergent situation and come up with the ‘best workable’ options. In addition to sparking a fresh round of anxiety, the development has also renewed the possibility of Afghanistan becoming a 16 new theatre of a cold war between the rival countries that will surely be on the lookout to locate new partners and. proxi It means the injection of even greater uncertainty powered by rivalry to the mix of factors whose consequences and implications are likely to envelop the eographical confines of whole region, beyond the Afghanistan. ‘Some political analysts state that Bide ‘and run is aligned with his administration's principal priorities shaped by domestic considerations, particularly the formidable challenge of fighting Covid-19 and repairing the US from inside. They point to the fact that any extended American military presence in Afghanistan is unlikely to achieve anything substantial. The threat of terrorism has been considerably downgraded and a combination of factors such as bad governance and corruption that are said to be endemic in Kabul serves to disincentivize any long-term commitment. The Taliban continue to remain resilient and strong with even greater stakes than before. ‘More than anything, the Biden administration's new policy ‘ends the practice of looking at overseas military ventures in isolation from the pressing issues of domestic nature and recognizes the new and more formidable threats such as China, Russia, Iran and the Middle East. Responding to the charge of the withdrawal plan being abrupt and sudden, the analysts hold that various US administrations have seriously considered the idea of drawing down at different times. As late as 2014, President Obama mulled an option of reducing the military presence from active combat missions to training the Afghan National Security Force. No matter how ‘convincing’ the arguments justifying the \'s decision to cut US couldn't win the y USTED ETE CO aetem Wc nG SOTTO H ir from inside iNtenny www.jworidtimes.com July 2021 Facebook.com/CSSPMSCENET abrupt withdrawal look like, the fact remains that “America’s longest-running war in history is coming. to an. end with ignominy for the sole superpower of the world, ‘The winding-up of the war effort with ambiguous victory claims and without putting in place the post-withdrawal political arrangement is an admission of the failure on so many counts. It also betrays the constraint of a policy rooted in the military power, howsoever brute and techy, to shape the political reality ina foreign land. From the grandiose ‘nation-building’ missions of establishing democracy, liberating women, and building ‘representative’ institutions, the American goal posts have been changing in Afghanistan, After an experience of two decades of the deadly war that saw about 2500 US troops lulled, over $2 trillion lost, and the hundreds of thousands of innocent Afghans and Pakistanis killed, the US is confronted with the irony that itis easy to start a war but difficult to end it despite presiding over the best war machine, President Biden's reiteration to keep working with the Afghan government and involve regional players such as Pakistan, China and Russie notwithstand- ing, his administration's pullout plan seems to take a leaf from its book of the 1990s when it hastened to leave the war-torn country with horrible consequences. It was left for the countries like Pakistan and the people of Afghanistan to bear the brunt of the hasty withdrawal. History appears to be repeating itself this time as well. The consequences that flowed from the events of the ill-thought-out éeparture do not seem to have weighed in on the present decision, Nothing suits the forces of terror and anarchy ‘more than an environment of continuing strife, chaos and bloody competition among the warring factions. While the ability of al-Qaeda to launch a terrorist act of a reasonable magnitude may have been downgraded, the bresence of dreaded 1S in various forms and shap Gifferent parts of the world means that the countries {ignore the threats of potential violence at their own peril The possibility of transnational terror outfits such as 1S becoming more powerful remains real. Afghanistan Provides a fertile ground for such terrorist groups. continuing ‘civil war in Afghanistan after the ‘American withdrawal will multiply security and economic challenges for Pakistan. An influx of refugees will Pakistan's ability to cater for their material 1 specially during the current economic slowdown du Covid-19, AU the same time, there are valid concerns that the st ds, wo ~~ www jworldtimes.com July 2021 remnants of the ‘TTP that are holed up in safe havens in 1 will use the conditions to stage a comeback cn Pakistan's security, The post-withdrawal Afghanistan is tinder box ready to explode, the flames of which will envelop not just Afghanistan but also the reytion,a prospect that the U5 will re Pakistan has legitimate. stakes. in Is economy and security are closely linked to what goes on in the nei country. Islamabad has already paid a ms of human and economic losses with £83,000 people martyred and $126 billion lost, according, toaconservative estimate. Therefore, itis in the vital interest of Pakistan that some kind of power-sharing arrangement is put in place that ‘ensures the smooth transition of power with an objective to stop Afghanistan from descending into chaos. The Doha peace deal owed itself largely to the Pakistani efforts to bring the Taliban to the table. Its still deeply involved in behind-the-scene efforts for a breakthrough so far as the imption of the intra-Afghan dialogue is concerned. However, the Afghan government of President Ashraf Ghani has not helped these endeavours. His Interview with the foreign media outlets vitiated the goodwill created in the wake of the visit of the Pakistani military leadership to Kabul. The tendency to externalize blame for failures and desperation of its own has been a marked feature of how the Ghani government has engaged with Pakistan. As the complete drawdown of the US forces nears, and violence emerges as the only possibility in the absence of political peace and reconciliation efforts being successful, the only option left for Pakistan could be hurried efforts to get the regional countries such as Turkey, China and Russia to bring their collective influence to bear upon the Talibs nd the Ghani goverment to give peace achance ‘These regional countries have the diplomatic an! economic clout to make the warring, pat wwalland bud and st real es real the writing on the from their stated postions in the unterest of peace bility. The stakes for the US to ensure a peaceful transition just appear to be on the decline ay its ast military personnel pack up to fly back home, BL The writer, a Chevening scholar, studied International Journalism at te University of Sussex arr ts also a regular contributor to The News. Tmail: amanatchpksigmail.com Twitter: i Amanat222 1” Facebook.com/CSSPMSCEhe China-Russia comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination for a new era is stable and assured, and sees no restricted area or upper limit. The relationship between China and Russia is not only at its best, but has also reached the highest level of equal strategic cooperation between major countries in the world. China and Russia have become strategically closer because of the US and its main allies’ suppression of the two countries. However, the China-Russia comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination for a new era is way much stronger than such temporary geopolitical dynamics, It has transformed into the cornerstone of both countries’ national strategies after 20 years of continuous accumula tion and consolidation. The back-to-back strategic reliance of China and Russia, as well as their intertwined interests, are becoming so increasingly valuable that no equivalent in the world can be exchanged fort. As a country that pursues hegemony, the US sees China and Russia as its biggest obstacles, For strategic considerations, its process of easing relations with the two countries is slow, ineffective and unsustainable. It is what, Beijing and Moscow have learned about so many times. The US will not allow China to grow stronger, while it will continue to suppress Russia in regions where the latter traditionally has influence. It still will see Russia's military power as a major concern. But no kind of improvement of relations will make Beijing and Moscow drop their guard against Washington's attempts to drive a wedge between China and Russia. China and Russia will not forge an alliance, but their mutual support will be strong, The strategic coordination between the two countries has penetrated into all aspects of international politics. The approach of the two countries is not for the purpose of challenging any other country. But if the US and its allies pile more pressure than normal on either China or Russia, they will definitely witness that the other country is standing with the oppressed country. And the heavier the pressure, the more steadfast the support from the other country will be. Don't speculate as to what extent the firm relationship between China and Russia will deepen and how long it will last. And don't waste effort to mull a “tool with special effects” that can drive a wedge between China and Russia China and Russia have negotiated to resolve all territorial issues. The economies of the two countries are highly complementary. The potential for their official and non- governmental collaboration is limitless. Furthermore, the bilateral strategic cooperation has proved to be very 18 PEL Rts) Strategic Balanc Ayeza Fatima helpful in strengthening each other's status in dealing with the USand the West. The alliance between the US and the West is maintained by the US with its power. Once the US" strength wanes, their alliance may be loosened. In the era when globalization makes state-to-state relations go far beyond mere geopolitics, in the long run, it will be difficult for the US dnd the West to maintain their solid alliance. The greatest Value of China-Russia relations is equality and mutual benefit. Being partners but not pursuing alignment will create not only flexibility, but also resilience. Such values and principles will prove to be more vital than the hegemonic alliance system, When China and Russia’ stand with each other, any hegemony will immediately show a certain guilty conscience. Yes, the China-Russia ties are the reliable guarantee of the global strategic balance. All countries in the world, including the US allies, have, directly or indirectly, benefited from the balance achieved by China and Russia. As the “tyrant,” the US will have more scruples and be forced to "be nice” to some small countries. ‘The comprehensive strategic partnership of coordination between China and Russia fora new era not only belongs to the two countries, but also to all human beings. The US aggressive alliances with its main allies are out of step with the 2ist-contury zeitgeist. And they need to reflect on themselves. 6) The writer is currently studying at UMT, LahoreBU eeu eae Nt Rud State of Israel on the one side and the Palestine Administration of Mahmud Abbas and Hamas on the Cina ORS oe Mu: ACRURE MU es Nd ceasefire, with the Palestinians emerging as deeply wounded but victorious in this round, The responsi- bility for losing this round of hostilities short of afull- Pe AC Ce Mech Re uta gue Cd and its staunch support by the Biden Administration, rests solely with Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu, PO een eR Caer ay fi CeO SU cea Jewish settlements replacing indigenous Palestinian: homes in the disputed Al Quds area. His govern- Cee aU ms ec Ce mut ee LE world as well, All humanitarian organizations and OUR PR ema RIDE eC ce Cat UU cL) Sur) www jworldtimes.com July 2021 Or Muzaffar Shaheen PP 2cl-Palestine conflict is there for ‘more than seven decades, mired in series of hostilities escalating every year and subsequent bombardment by Tel Aviv of Gaza Strip. Slaughtering of men, women and children is not new to the world. The hyper civilized world has been a mute spectator. Incredibly new is that the Hamas military wing, has struck back out of the blue with full response to Tel Aviv's military action against Palestinians, bewildering and_ giving, sleepless nights to Israelis, All assessments and daresay of Tel Aviv have proved wrong which the State blames on her intelligence failures. The renewed clashes as_ initiated by Tel Aviv at a time when Benjamin Netanyahu was about to be charged with fraud, maladroit, corruption and breach of nation’s trust by a high placed investigation committee that had gathered all necessary witnesses and evidences against him and his wife, Last year, the Israeli premier had to quit many other portfolios on the charges of corruption over the past several continuous terms of his government. The Prime Minister's personal reasons seemultimately to have brought the entire region on the verge of a devastating war. Hamas has astonished the world for having alarmingly gamered latest rocket and guided short missile capability that has been rendering Israel with a population of 8 million souls horror-struck. Israel is facing deadliest attacks for the first time since its inception. As the reports pour in, arain of some three thousand rockets and advanced version of short missiles have befallen Isracl causing destruction and loss of dozens of lives which has not been known from any reliable source owing to ablanketban on world media in place in Israel. The people are forced to hide in bomb shelter centres. Gaza has lost hundreds of human lives to unabated diabolical israeli bombardments. GAZA ee 19TERNATIONAL ‘The most sophisticated and robust Iron dome anti-missile system of Israel has been working day and night to shield Israelites from Hamas missile attacks, only with a huge cost of millions of dollars so far although many of these landed Israel reported to be devastating by the Israeli print media. Assuming an entirely new dimension in the decades-old imbroglio the world today seems 10 be manifestly divided into two blocks on this conflict for the first time since post, 1967 Arab, Israel war: China and Russia obviously and overtly commiserating Palestinian cause ostensibly on moral and diplomatic grounds but observers believe that probability of some level of logistic support to Hamas and tran-backed Lebanese Hezbollah groups under cover from these countries cannot be easily brushed under the carpet. Both China and Russia urged proactively the United Nations Security Council to hold a meeting that US got cancelled earlier but lately convened in virtual mode without any’climacteric decision. Understandably, Ankara, Tehran and Islamabad are awfully busy in their diplomatic efforts in garnering Chinese and Russian support against renewed Israeli attacks on Gaza. Not only this, OIC foreign ministers conference was convened under the influence of Turkey and Pakistan in Saudi Arabia, Saudi Arabia has felt the heat that it preferred to speak up in favour of Palestine cause though in Jow tune than to adopt silence this time. Albeit from the OIC forum yet again the schismatic narrative from other Arabs yet again was unfortunate. The new Muslim alignment of Istanbul, Tehran and Islamabad is at work to persuade KSA to join it, particularly under the influence of Beijing which is working hard to gain control of the Arabian Peninsula from the United States, Saudis too have reciprocated over the recent past. KSA has alrcady invested 200 million dollars in CPEC oil refinery at Gwadar and China has ‘undertaken a contract to buy Saud oll for 50 years from now, Perhaps, bridging the gap between Riyadh and Islamabad, Anka and also Tehran, the Chinese and Pakistani efforts have not been ‘seen yielding the results by now since US has recently stationed its F18 fighter aircraft in Saudi Arabia to safeguard Israel; even though the kingdom has reiterated not to recognize Israel. Tehran 20 Gaza Ceasefire Calm before a new storm? “The cease-fire between Israel and Hamas is giving people on both sides te to breathe. But itis not a real step toward peace in the Middle East. The full significance of a cease-fre can possibly be compre- ended only by those who have experienced whatitis, like while the fring is going on. It seems banal to say that the prevailing truce between israel and Hamas in the Gaza Strips agood piece of news. Of course, it really is — forall civilians, especialy for children. But, it could just be the calm before a renewed storm, as the issues behind this latest military confrontation have, by no means, been resolved. This is particularly the case in Jerusalem, with the looming eviction of Palestinians from their homes in favour of Israeli settlers in the East Jerusalem district of Sheikh Jarrah and the clashes betwoen Palestinians and Israeli secur forces at the Temple Mount/Noble Sanctuary holy site. And that istoname|usttwo sources of tension. ‘The problems go further stil, however. This time, the conflict occurred not only between Gaza and Israel: There were also clashes and violence between Jews and Arabs within Israel itself. Wil tis stop again now that a ceasefire agreement has been signed? Or was it simply a manifestation of al the tensions between ‘Arabs and Jews that have long simmered in Israel and are natlikely to vanish any time soon? Cities like Acre (known locally as Akko) were up to now seen as a positive example of what peaceful coexistence between Israelis and Palestinians could look tke on a large scale. Now, however, there Was rioting even inthis city. For example, a restaurantwas burnt down whose owners have been working for years tohelp people live together peacefully ‘The partis tothe confict must fak to one another at last. That could sound lke a platitude, But the last substantial peace negotiations between Israel and the Palestinian leadership took place in 2008! Many analysts believe that a two-state solution sno longer possible because so many Jewish settlements have ‘nowbeen builtin the West Bank. For allthese reasons, people are still woried despite the relief provided by the ceasefire. What is there to look forward to when even one of the leading ‘commanders of the Israeli army says he would ‘consider ita success if there were to be calm for the next five years? |twould seem that any hopes for peace are curently met only with derision. At present, the best thing children in the Middle East can get is a ceasefre. It ccan only be hoped that it continues — at least for while. ww. jworldtimes.com July 2021 Facebook.com/CSSPMSCEjs covertly providing military arsenal to Hamas through Hezbollah in Lebanon. Secret-meetings have been unfolding between Persian foreign minister and Hamas top brass in Syria, Russian foreign minister too had a meeting with Hezbollah chief Hassan Nasrullah in Moscow. The Syrian stronghold of opposition groups backed by Ankara is also believed to have developed counections with Hamas secretly. These groups are equpped with sophisticated armour supplied by Turkey. Turkey and Iran have been vociferously \ocal in pursuing Moscow to install air defence missile system at Gaza bordering Israel so that Tel Aviv does nothave a free hand to bomb Gaza. But Moscow may not consider it for it is akin o direct intervention that may rattle pro-Israeli bloc. US in the current scenario tially appeared to out of fray. en's Israel policy was supposed to be cold as. somewhat compared to that of ‘Trump's hot pursuit in supporting her nefarious designs. Several congressmen had urged Biden to stop financial support to Tel Aviv. Succumbing 10 tremendous pressure from deep state wwrwjworldtimes.com July 2021 Jewish lobby, Washington is not any more neutral and has Justified Israeli offensive. This was pleaded by former President Donald Trump, blaming Biden for deliberate neglect of Tel Aviv: Mike Pompeo, Trump's foreign secretary, had warned Biden that Israel might disappear if not supported. It finally concluded in a weapons deal between US and Israel worth 735 million dollars, which is thought to be a warning to China and Russia to keep off the bay. US this time is well aware of the changing multipolar world spectrum and realizes her neutrality would encourage opposite response of China and Russia. This has yet another facet that shows how US is, hell bent on destroying world peace which she claims New World Order. Cataclysms brought about by Washing- ton from Iraq to Syria and Yemen to Afghanistan were meant only to secure apartheid Israel. Although both China and Russia seem to have little material stakes in joining this conflict directly, they are strongly believed to be at the back of their front line allies to counter US-Israel intrigues. In coming days, Israel may plan a ground onslaught on Gaza but aghast for he be that a ground invasion on Gaza might invite Jikadists from Turkey, Lebanon, Syria and Yemen duly backed by the anti US Israel bloc. ‘This wil probably push Biden~ Netanyahu due se-fire in coming days, Notwithstanding the eall of the hour, Lack of world intervention to de-escalate the situation might end ina ly of monstrous proportions, and the region may turn into another Afghanistan and Syria with perilous races for the whole region. By would lo considering a ce, conseat The writer is a Professor at SKUAST-K.at not only China's population ts declining in the fur demographic structure is also deteriorating with a rowing iso show how the world’s most populous nation is going, to have to face graphic challenges sooner than expected. China's demographic situation f short time, moved to the forefront of Beijing's economic concerns. The 1 “These figures reveal thi fewer young people to replace a growing number of retirees has been clear for years tut deat, swith it has largely been kicked down the road as leaders have focused on mounting deb, ar ‘war with the US and reining in a once freewheeling private sector. Now, Beijing c ignore the demographic shadow over long-term growth. Pension shortfalls in the c northeastern Rust Belt have forced the central government to ask state-owned ent ‘well as wealthier and younger provinces in the south to help out with the pension poo! Experts have warned for years that such a scenario will reduce China's productiv health-care costs and exacerbate social tensions. But there's also 2 more hopeful po: Faced witha potential demographic death spiral, the government might finally embark on n humane policies to support struggling families — and help make China a more liveable equitable place inthe process. In China, more than most places, demographic decline has been engineered by gos policy. Efforts to control fertility date to Mao Zedong’s fears that a soaring population a a steady decline in the fertility rate. Although the rate more than halved during the 1970s, 2 natalist forces in the government still argued that a rising population was along-term thr constrain resources. Mao started China’s first family-planning programs, which c the economy and to living standards. In the late 1970s and earl initiatives known as the “one-child policy” went into force. The name was a bit of a mi over the decades, fewer than half of Chinese parents were actually subject to a strict one quota. But even those under looser restrictions had reason to fear running afoul o: policy. Heavy fines could ruin a family. More brutal methods, including forced sterilizations and abortions, could traumatize entire communities. Did it work? The government has long claimed with macabre satisfac~ tion that its policies prevented 400 million births, and “relieved the stress on national finances.” That's a debatable point in its own right, but China's leaders seemed to believe it for many years. By the early 2010s, however, a pronounced demographic decline — with plummeting birth rates anda fast-ageing population — became impossible to ignore. The government reacted by enacting a ‘universal two-child policy, but Chinese couples didn't respond with the hoped-for baby boom. UO aL Ie pe:| | Td Mey CD a) Reing population y 1980s, this view carried the day. A set of population-c’EN Chinese maintand's population Beta ‘hese days, even the most patriotic news sites concede that China's population will soon go into decline, if it hasnt already. And, unlike a decade. ago, high-level support now exists to radically rethink the government's approach to the issue. In May, even as the census results languished, researchers at the People’s Bank of China published data showing an alarming workforce decline in, the near future, and advocated for abolishing population, controlsaltogether. Such a reversal would've seemed far-fetched even five years ago. Today, it's all but inevitable. If demographic decline is an existential threat — as the government now seems to think — there's no remaining rationale for discouraging big families. The problem is that such a reform is decades too late. Even if enacted tomorrow, it would be unlikely to significantly impede China's Population decline, let alone reverse it. Sowhat else could be done? China's Three-child Policy One option is for officials to continue their recent quest to erect a kind of coercive pro-natalism, in which couples are strongly discouraged from divorcing and women are shamed into staying home, Another possibility is that China could address the range of additional factors: that inhibit families from having children, including the rising cost of raising them in cities and the pervasive discrimination that pregnant women ‘and mothers face in the workplace. ‘A practical government that's serious about reversing demographic decline should strongly favour the latter option. A good first step would be to invest in building a universal child-care system to support working parents, and to offer tuition subsidies to those struggling to send their children to good urban schools. (Singapore offers one useful model.) Getting serious about workplace discrimination laws that could assure working women that their careers won't be wrecked by pregnancy would also help. Neither change ‘would be easy, but both would be more effective than the status quo. For policymakers, the goal should be making Chinaa more family-friendly country, and enhancing overall welfare in the process. For China's citizens, that would offer a hint of, abetter future evenin the midst of alooming decline. w) The writer is a member of staff. 1 Sayears ahr abandoning the “one-chid polio’ of1979, China's CommunistParty has now ntroduceda “tree cildpoly”. The moveisto“improve Chinas population structure, actively respond to the ageing population, and preserve the county's human resource advantages,” the party's r0ssidon May 31. The once-in-adecade population census, released on May 11, may have prompted the latest change, recording 12millon Sin 2020, the lowest since 1961. The census said there were 264 milion in the 60 and over age group, up 5.44% since 2010 and accounting for { 1870% othe population Atr the one-child poli, Chine’ ety rat fel rom 2.75 197910169 in 208. Recent announcementis as much an igement as may ever come of te uninlended consequences of deeply intrusive family planning measures, goingback even before 1973, 0 Tale, longer, fewer campaign, whch ts, ironical, folowed his exhortations tohave more chirentobudthe worsorce. The party ofcialy { 5ldetends the one-chid poiey—thalireverted an addtional 300 milion births Ye, the urgency of recent measures suggests oberwise, as China ‘F2ppes wihboth an ageing and deeply gender-imbalanced population, and demographers'worsl fears of county's getting cd betore they getrich [213 China alowed couples have a second chi ier parent was an only hi, wih te to chile poiyinroduedin 2016, Expaing hy "measures dd not boost bith rales, economists Jin Zhangfeng, Pan Shiyuan, and Zheng Zhije wrote last year that the two-chid polity runt increase) the numberof second-childbiths" among those ‘Tess sensitive to chi eating ‘costs’ but “substantially decreasefd] the | mers chid births trouing it ising costs “Oher developing counts, even witout hn strge chit Anvtaton ples Rane Ae { ptleced decins hey argued, suggesting “plates shoud gv pot to reducing he chilean cst bre by prospacive poets tre 89 lng or even bashing bith quotas”. Th est announcement acknowledge ase broad suc perieTs pledsing 4 way 2 amiles spending on education. tis, however, by no means an abandoning of China’ arly planing policies. The entrenched — and | pee caved — family planning bureaucracy remains in lace, nd tis satement underined thal the "curent revaré and asians system and {og Doles" for those folowing rues continue. Even leaving aside the song maral argument against itusive family planning — thas meantforced abortions sterisations, and other abuses, some of which are sil being reported in pats suchas the Muslm-majonty gion — China's experience isa reminder ofthe unintended socal and economic consequences of stte-ed demographic inerventons 23 ~ www jwortdtimes.com July 2021 Facebook.com/CSSPMSCE