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792 views20 pagesDesign 100kva
design of 100kva transformer
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firaol temesgenCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
- Introduction
- Transformer Overview
- Transformer Design Procedure
- Fasteners
- Design Considerations
- Procedure of Optimization
- The Design Variables
- Calculation Procedure of Transformer
- MatLab Implementation
- Guarantee For The Transformer
- Insulation Material
- Brushing Terminals
- Cleaning and Surface Preparation
- Temperature Rises
- Quality Assurance Scope and Purpose
- Conclusion
- References
Sylhet Engineering Coll
DESIGN OF THREE PHASE 11000/4:
100 KVA TRANSFORMER L.Introduction
‘there ore four different sppronches for solving a deagn problem {1 . Analytical design,
syutlitie design, optimal deaign aud ftaudard desiin, There is no loop or feedback from the
risulls obiained in the aualytie procedure, Hence thet is ro provision fr aly coustraint
satisfaction in this sethod. The synthitic design is better than the sualytie design aa it
Lbrovides fos constrannt sotisfaction. Howover, this method gives anly a feasible salution not
the best possible one. Technical persons aim it optimal design. it gives the best possible ous
of diffowore feaseble soluteons, satisfygng given constraints. Standard design methods are
followed by the bulk: mamfacturers whieh are pased on stantned stampings, staldard core
ssaze ete. Anl these methods are applied to transfonmer design
‘Tonsformer design is a complec tabi wich requires the knowledge of magnetic ciscuits,
dlectromagnetisi, elecérie citeuit analysis, lass calculations and heat transfer The mai aim
is the design engineer isto optimize a particular objective tunetion depending upon the user
requirement. In ransfornce design optimization studies, umch of tteeffort bas been devoted
to minimize the transfomuer maowlactnring cost2-4 oo active part cosht.6. ‘Ttansformee de-
sigh using multiple design lethod’ iteratively assigns diffrent vaNes to trandformer design
Variables, st as Co generate sarge aumuser of alternative designs. Fiualy the design which
satisfies nll thl constraints with fhe opzimum value of objective funenion is selected, howewsi
this tecitique may fail to find the global optiinan2. Tronsformer design optimization using
Geometric Progananing wds in which GP outrinizer was used to design the transformer
operating at 100 klla atd at 60 Ha. However as suguplted in 9, it has two drawbneks (a) It
requires lege of number of eooffcimts in polynomial appresdistfows and (bh) Mathematineal
iodel is required to be developed for each specise transformer type in advanee. ‘Transformer
design consists of lighly interrelated and heterogeneous dhsign parameters10.11. A design
is developad after exrtain tris and ewoes and by experienced judgment. Many design aids
in the form of charts, curves, empirical constants and formulas have heen encated by ex-
permewoed designers to minimias difficult ealeulations and to develop thort outs bgsel on
experience, However, the transformer design procedure basically depends on engincering’s
jndgpent12,13. Whatever the chosen disign optimization mothodis, the crux of the preblem
is to ineluee how mach detail in the probiem descxipticu. Although, nhe main aim rf design
‘optimizatioa is to ind the losest cast, the solution shoued
tte suck that the acatal design can be produced with little additional wore, Fuather, ou
should als conesntvate minimization of cantuol losses, pereastage impedance and trans-
forme tank dimensions as they ate very ctitreal to overall oficcney, veltage iegulation tnd
available space respectivdy. The studies catried out in 2-4 and 6-9 deal with
epeimizatidn of shell type transformer, and very less attention lias cen devoted to opti=
nial design of core type transformers. Design optimization using proposed gn 5 does not
sive auy’ idea rtgarding typi of selection operakor or type of erossoier mechanism adapted
{or optimization risess. The main motive behind using for transformer design optimization
problem is oue to the faet that have proved their mtttla in solveng various optimization problems such as unit commiteent4, zeacoive power planning studies15, optimal DG ptace-
teu: iu distributpon nmtwor 16 ete, Thes piper proposes bused dia methodblogy capable
of minimizvng (I) active part cost (1) total losses (II) percentage impedance anc! (IV) tank
volume, using three diffewnt selection operaters for core type transfomnes. A MATLAB
program bas becy devecoped which allows the usce to achieve ane one of the objectives
Yentioned above Further, if tee designer solects the option of minimizing the active part
‘ost, another abtfnative is aialalle to the user where a second MATLAB prograo usiug
‘constrained bas been developed which minimizes the active part cost. while smultancoushy
satisfying the BEE (Bureau of Energy Eeficiency) standards and constraints. The major
highlights of this paper axe
«For tho first tims comparative analysis of various selection operriors (ie Roulette wheel
selection, Stechastic Hmainnea roulette wheel eeeection and Tournatent seleemiod) has been
presented for translormer design optimizitaon problem,
‘© ollusta operator bas been implemented, whieh ensures that optimization value of an
objective function once found in any generation uever worsens with successive Generations
‘+ Stotistioal analysis for optimization problem has been carried out any the results ob-
tained are compared with those obtained from MDM method to ascertain the superiority of
‘over coaventinenal method for Transformer Design Optinizntion problem,
2. Transformer Overview
‘The input winding to a transformer is called the primary winding. The output winding
is callod the secondary winding. If ther are more turns of wire on the primary than on
the secondary, the output voltage will be lower than the input voltage. For a stepdown and
fa step-up transformer. Notive that the winding with the greater mumber of turns bas the
higher voliage. one winding bas twice as many turns as the other. In one ease the voltage is
Sceppel dawn to half, while in the other the voltage & stepped up to double. Ic is important
to kuow the ratio of the nanuber of turns of wite ou the prituaty winding as compared to the
secondary winding. This is called the turns ratio of the transformer. Tranaforiners can be
roddled as either idoaltransfomiers or actual transformers, In the case of ideal transformer,
any assumptions have to be considered.
Some of thes astmptions are the magnotie material is infinitely permeable and doos not
saturate, negligible core less, all flux is confined within the magnetic core and endh winding
‘bas no resistance, While in the ease of actual transformer, these assumptions are no longer
applicable
3.Transformer Design Procedure
‘This section describes a brief outline of the design methedobgy of a thive phase core type distribution transformer Some of the important assumptions made for the design are
nnentioued below: Transformer LV and HY coll are wound with aluminum conductors, 2
aluuinun is found to be more eveuomieal than copper for transformers beaving rating of
less thon 100 KVA. The care material is assumed to be of MA grode, with a stacking factor
£0.97, and lamination thicknces of 027 mm, Operating frequency 5) Ha
‘This specification core design, engineering, manufetire. asenbly, stage testing, inspee-
tion and test line before supply and delivery at transfonner of cil immersed. naturally cooled
3 plase 11000/483 V distribution transformers for outdoor use It is not the intent to spe-
cially completely herein all the details of the design and construction bf equipment.
However the equipment the all conform in all respects to high standurds of engineering,
‘design and worknauship and shall be capable of performing in coutinious commercial oper
ation, in a manner acceptable to the purchaser, who will interpret the meauings of deavings
‘and specitication and shall have the power to reject aay work or material which, in his
Jyidgment is not in accordance therewith. The offered equlpment shell be complete with all
‘compouents uecessity for tbeir efeetive and ouble lee operation, Such com poueuts shall
‘be dete to be within the soope of bidder's supply intespextive of whether those are speciti-
cally bought out in this specification and / or the commercial order on not. Toe transformer
‘nd various shall be designed to foeilitats operation, inspection , maintenance and repairs
‘The design shall incorporate every precaution and provision for the safety of equipment as
‘well ax staff engaged in oporation and maintenance of equipment,
4. Fasteners
All bolts, studs, setew threads, pipe threads, bolt heads and nuts shall comply with the
‘appropriate Banglateshi Standards for neti threads, or the technical equivalent}
Bolts cr studs shall not be less than mm in diameter except when wsed for small wiring
terminals
‘All uuts ad pins Shall be adequately Tock
Wherever possible bolts shall be fitted ia such a manner that in the eveut of faluee of
locking reultingin the nuts worldng loose aud falling of, the bolt will remain in postion{1
All fonous belts nuts and washers placed in outdoor positions shell be treated to prevent
comosion, by hot dip galvanizing, except high tersile stoel bolts and spring, washers which
shall be elsctro-galvanizel/ plated. Appropriate precautions shall be taken to prevent elee-
trolytic action between dissimilar metals'15)
Each Lolt or stud shall project at least one thread but not more than throe threads
‘through the uut, except when ctherwise approved for terminal board studs et relay stems.
I bolts nuts are placed so that they ace inaecessible by means of ordinary spanners, special spannes shall be provided,
‘The length of the serewed portion of the bolts sball be sucl that no screw thread may
form part of « shoar plane between members,
‘Taper washow shall be provided where necosiary. Protective washers of suitable material
shall he provided front nnd baek or the securing serews,
5. Design Considerations
‘Transformer has been dined by ANSI/IEBE [3 as a static electric device consisting
of a winding. or two or more coupled windings, with or without a magnetic core, far ine
troducing mutual coupling botween electric cieuits [2]. Transformers operation depends on
leetromagnetie induction between two stationary eails [the electric eineuit)and a magnet
ffus of changng magnitute and polarity (the magnetic cixeuit). In practice, transformers
transform clectricalenergy tnto magnetic energy, and then back inco electrical energy. Given
its importance, ausformme design isa big business in the eletrie power industry
‘The load factor of distribution transformers is much less than thot of a power trans
former. So it ie designed for maximum afficioney at its probable load factor (04 - 0.6),
neping iton loss relatively les, So d lower flux-demsity is wed compared ta that for the
ower transformer. CRS-type cores ate invariable used for all applications. Aknuninium ix
used as conductor in distibution tearsformers up to a size of about 10) KVA. for economic
reasons. But copper isa far better material for larger mating, particularly if there be con
straint on the bulk of the transfonner as is usual in density populated urban places. As
the voltage regulation has to be kept at a low value for a distribution transformer, the gap
between L:T. and HP. cals is kept at its minimum allowable value and the window height:
‘width ratio iskept at a relatively Large value compute to thepawer transformer to reduce the
leakage reactance [3, |. Admisible values of design variables ere obtained from data-book
61,
Material conforming w ccher internationally accepted standards, which ensure equal or
higher quility than the standards mentioned abore, would also be acceptable. In ease the
Bidders who wish to offer material conforming to the other standards, salisnt points of dif-
ference beeween the standards adopted and the specific standards shall be ckarly brought
‘ut in relevant schedule, Four copie of such standards with authentic English trandations
shall be furnished slong; with tho offr(10)
6. Procedure of Optimization
For reaching an ojtimal solation, one bas to formulate the problem at first, those the
design variables, x up the constraints and frame the objective fmetion (6. Masimam and
ruinimum bounds are imposed on the design vaiisbles Wy the experienced designer and the
‘optimal scution is sought in the world igp of the variables either bi classival techniques or bay recently developed intelligent techniques. ‘There ate several techniques to reach tn opti=
tual solution, for a constrained or an uncouscrained design problem by the classical method
‘Theme are badly classifed into methods basel oa: i) exhuustive loach, i) random search,
il) pattern search, in) gredient search [7,8]
‘The exhaustive sencch is simple but i is tineconsuming, particularly if there be a lange
number of valuables and chosen step lengths are small. The random search gives only
‘quasi-optimal solution. mot the optima, Gradient or pattem seareh techniques are better
mathematical tools which ean be used eidently to find oat the global optima in d auch
ess no. of steps[1 2}
‘The constraints ean beacrounted fer and the steplength ean be variety as the problem
‘converges to its final solution, There are a variety of technique based on patteen or gradient
search, Hooke and Jecves method is one amongst them [6-8]. It is a dizect methods based
(on pattern sear, applicable to multivariables problems,
6.1 Function Analysis
1. It can be wise to haven solution that is joined on the wrong side and the shott side
of the transformer to achieve more stability.
2. Tris prefomed to hare a continued weld rather than spot welds for hetter attachment
48. One purpese of stiffeners connecting the tank-top part together with the tank-bottom
part isto stabilise the transformer tank structure vertically. (9)
7.Algorithm And Flowchart
The algorithm [10] has been framed with slight modification over the original Hook and
Jeeves mechad, in order th ensure convergence. it the base polit be 3.0), where x is rn
\wetor; w 1s the number of design vasables. This bas to be judietously chesen fer faster
comergence. Let the varlible Ls (lor each Keration) be perturbed to x1(L+s1) , where 50
is the step length, The steps to be followed are as given bow:
Stop 1: road n— number of design vatialles; E— convergence factor for the ob jective fune-
tion: k-maxe ~ maseimum number of iterations + cma = maximum aumber of iterations for
Changing step lenggh
Step 2: for i=1ton
Stop $ read 2, . 4,4, ‘x= design variable, s= step length; a= acctleracion factor
Stop 5: set Ok = ‘exploratory move ‘Step 6: Bud ji
fest ‘obtainod for transformer design subroutine
Step 7: Ii=0 then go to step 16
Stop 8: IE figs >0., then stop 15
Step % ior f= ton
Step I: if s)=ats, ‘reduction of step length,
Step 11: ead for Step
1B: Le=eH1 Step
18: fe > car then go to step 24
Step Hs K=KHI: go to step 6
Step If: if furs — fe then gotostep 22
Stop 16: Bor i=1 ton
Step 17: Find f= flrs +54)
Step 18: Find G=x, ~f,
Step 19: end for
Step 2 sa, ‘pattern move
Step 21: K=KHLIE > kyacr then go to step 23 ee to step 6
print “Success the solution has converged.” print out results: go to step 24
print “Failure, the solution is not obtained within kyax no. of iterations.”
stop
Step 25: end
Step 26: print ‘Change in step length does not make any improvement. Initialize once
again”: go tostep 24
‘The overall Perforaauce of the propese system can be explain by using Bow design, This
‘ean be explain bow the system perform.
6 Flowchart
mut data: KVA,1V,LV volte, Max permitted NLL,L,Zotal lose)
User navi- [Total design loops 4 loopsle are a loops
sates back to
‘the activity
Another activity comes
in front of the activity
The activity
comes to the
foreground
Process is killed
higher priority -> more memory @ obtained transformer paranetars
The activity
The activity is no longer vieible ‘comes to the
The activity is shut down by user er system
Store design data
parameters of transformer
8. The Design Variables
by identification of «
‘The solution of an optimization problem start wa vatiables (11
12}. The objective function may be highly sencitive To certain variables, these are the
ley vatiables, For some other vatiables, the sensitivity muy be los. They are given lees
importance. The ley wuiahles to he chosen to optimize a design problem depend on the
ebjective funetion- whether it is tho cost of production or a webghted combiration of ti ‘ost of production and the loss eneegy units during its operating life or something else. ‘The
variables may be decision variables or coutineous varlabs. For a tausfortuer, tbe variables
Ihave been identified:
8.1 Design variables:
(1) Tho choice of eore mat RCial- costlier CRGOS may be more economic than cheaper
NOS conniderisg the owr-all cost incluting that oe copper.
(2) The choiee of conductor matelials costlier egpper may have to be ugen eonsiderins
‘over-alr performance and cos 1, particularly if thete be space constraints.
8.2 Contmuous variables:
(1) The emf constant k=[in equation
ys, Bem por tum, s=kva tating )
(2) The rato of windaw height to width whith: R=H/W.
(8) The massinuan Bus-density mB.
(4) Tho macnn camont- density
‘The ratio of iran bss to copper bas: p/P
9. The Objective Function
‘The nest sep isto frame the objective function (7, 10] in tomas of the design variables and
‘other parameterv. If the cost of production of the transformer i taken as the objecteve fune-
tion, the iron lose and copper loss are kept at their maximam possible valees. Accordingly,
the fs density and mhe curcent density are kept at their maximum possible values ditiout
Violating the designeTustraints, Only the emf corstant K and window beight: width ratio w
T ave considered to be key variables. But if we take into eonsilerateon the over-all eeanoty
of thi customer anal the nanufastucer thun thb runaiag cost towards last exergy’ units aise
‘also be included in the objective function. therefore, the fax density and the exrrent density
‘are also to ce chosen as design sotinbles to Gud the minimality conditions for tne chosen
ebjective fanetion. In this paper, wo have talon both types of objective fanetions and made
two causestulics to get a clear picture
10.Calculation Procedure of Transformer
10.1 The Snecification of Transformer:
Rating = 100KV.A No~ Load = 1100/4330
Noof Phase = Sph/ S01
Connection = DV NU (Delta — star — neutral)
WindingsMaterwel
Alimininm
TappingowHV 59% + 50%for HV variation
Impedence = 4.5%
MarFturDensity = 1.67
MarCurrem Density = 15am?
Temperature Rises —40/50%
10.2 Calculation oT Number of furns for La Vad HV
Ina trausiormer, voltase per tum i calenlaned using the equation Et=k YQ. dhete Et
is vwlt per turn atd the value of K is constant,
A= K=032- 035
Assume,k
Q=WAVA
Kv
— ov
= 3.30 (eneun turns 3¥)
turn = 93
Ney = SS 7s,
= ature
9 Now
Naw
Viv Nw
— Nw x Vay
Vay
ote
stuns
where LV id considered as secondary ans HV as primary
10.3 Core Area and Diameter
rurront domity J = 1.54/aqmm
A =2.08 sq min
‘Tho gress cor area is enlculated using the equation
6037 ma
So near round figure 1.7 ma
Soatea of proposer conductor
HY winding conduetor size
27 sq a,
104 Working Current Deasity
Ie issimply an clinic heating issue. Ifthe wire isin a tmnsforiier, the pool value is less
still: if che wire is in the epen ait as an overhead cable, it might be more. Idoubt if there is
‘ny good formula to cakulate it as it would depend too much on what surrounds the wire
‘and its temperature and thonnal consiuetivity
‘The working current density
10.5 Calculation of Line Ctrrent and Phase Current
2854 /sqon
In Primuaty we round conductor
Vy = Primary Voltage
Vi= Line voltage
1, =Line Current
1, =Phase Current
0 A =Area
Here
= Vz, =11000
T=5.2480
Also,
L=Vale
1p.3.08 A
10. Tapping Voltage
% tapping voltage =LO87
‘Total uuuuber of primary tums = $344 + 168 = 3512
Nyy=3512 T Nuy =76 7
10.7 Axial height and Radial Height.
AV Winding Axial Hight Radi Hight
‘are Tanita T7 nar TT mn
Caring 40.2 mn +02 mm
Caered conlustows 19 mn 1 um
Gap Between 7 canscmntive
en : a
—— 16 i
=n T 3 iz
10.8 Losaes of Tisusformer
FR Lass
PR loss at Tie = SP 2M) =3 20.757" x64
‘Tokeing say load loss 15% ef above
‘Total PR loss including stay load loss P=1.15 xt
Core Loss
n faking the density of lamination as 7.6 % 10PIg/m?
Welght of $ labs =3 x 03 x 0.010135 » 7.6 x WS= 6931,
"The le dermity inthe lsh ie 1 Wh/inl anid comesponting to thin density , xpociic core lowe it
12 W/ks
98 x12
‘Core ln in Limbs 2w
Weight of two yokes
2 HOO x02 x76 x 10= 1153 bg
Corresponding to a fu dewsity of 0.833 Wb/m2 she yoke The speciic core loss = 0.85 W
Core los in yoko = 1153 x 085 = 93 W
‘Total core loss P= 832 4980 = 181 W
10.9 Tank Design
Moight over soko H=528 mn Allowing 50mm a the base ad about 150 fe gh. Hage
toll kel = 528-4 50-4 15) ~ 728 nim Allow snether 200mm height for tos ote
Iaght of the tank oy = 728+ 200 ~ 028 mn I]
“Thebeiht ofthe tank in taken 0.95 mm os H,=0.95
Assuoe a dearauce of 40 me awos ; the lidth um mach sde
Width of the tank
W.=2D+ D421
26 255+ 23042 x 40
= £29010
So the widte of thh tank is Wy is taken as (84m.
‘The clearance asoug length of the transforhor as greater than that along tho width “This
ik mecauise additional spacl is needed along the length to nccomxedate tappings ete .the
learance used is appromimitely 50 mn ion eadh side
Length of the tank .
2 D+%
= 28042 50
360mm,
So the length of tank i taken as is taken as 0.35 a
‘Total loss dissipating surface of the tanke
= 084+ 0.35) x 0.65
= 294250
‘Totse splefic lops disssation due to radiation and cmvocation is 12.5 W/m? e
‘Tomparature rise
= 901 / (2.26% 12.5)
= 3196
a 6 eh apa ala nook an Hue,
11. MatLab Impeletion
QHinpt('enter the wal ef VA rating: nr oman SLVA,
Feingnt(ontor nominal frequency?) Sitmay be ase to design pase transformer VIS primary
voltage in RV k=0.48
‘ifr 3 phase core type districutooa tstnsformbr Et=K'sqra(Q)
hine=Et /. 1)
input enter the value of saagnetic dx density")
4e6thim/Bu%enep iran area in m2 d=sqrtt Ai/ 0.0):
‘idiametr sf circunscribong cisele{ Ai=064°2\far 3 tipped) a0.9"¢
‘width mf lagept siaosing kw =10 /(804V1);
Sjywinden space factor for rating 5020) kVA ed-input(‘enter the vwie af earrent density (A/mm2}’)
aseteDu
Aw=Q*tet /(3.39°P Bmstkw ed" te wed Aw*AL*0.001 Aw=wlucaw
ve un
Mdinpat( enter the rato of window leigh! La window lth ie, Hw Ww)
Dis Wire| dSidistance b/w adjacent Hue
1-60.01); %Q Ay=12" Aitoarea of yolo{ taken Laeger than lima so that fh is reduce in yoke}
Aay=Ay /aaYietasing factor=0.9
Dy=ofitakiug you ay wekungular
Hy=Agy/Dy leigh of yole
Heatly +24Hy veralo height
We2?Disj aMoverall wide
V2=100 Yseeonslary line voltage
V2ph=V2 /srat(3) Ssocondary per phase veltaze
‘Ts=V2ph/Et Yorum per plaase [=C*1000/(3"e2ph) secondary phase cust Vat
22=D/ed Sparea sf oscondary conuetor in m2
‘istandard area=70.lunm2 size of wire ame 20“imr and 25+32um and the thiaesskf insulation
fs taven as nm,
SAE wh tabe Ht/Wwr=3, when % If we ase 20"dnuan strip it doesa't effocttvely iin the window
using two % laeyr helical winding, that’s wey we use 25°3.2mm stip aud three layer
Sh wining
‘61F we take Hw /Ww=4, then
4% we get eaearance on cach side
i vesquled us Gunn, a's why we ate uot using Ube Hw /Ww:
el=12/79.1 9 sew current density see. Lotaulard size
2mm but the sininnam clestinee
wlth 2ayee wig
NaaV2/(LTS1*E:) Sino. of turns per pice of secondary aiding:
Nil-round|(Ne/3)-11) Sine, of turn per pliwe per layer an soconynrd winding
thex=Nol"25.1 Vitotal height of conducte ix one liver of sosndarycors(Hthes)/2
‘ielearance on eeah side of the Laver
‘ielearance is iwthin standard limits
‘iprossboad of (.51am is used betreon three Layers and of 1.5mm betwen core
aa fest Layer tts tot wile of the wining is
IDs=d 4(2"1.5)
rs=(3*8.3)4+240.5)% radial depth
(ODs=24((3"33) +2°0.5)41.5}hd % outer diameter of secondary winding in window
‘Segsgn of high voltsee winding
‘p=V1" 1000/E % pripary turns per meso
‘Tpd=1.05°Tp: hipe +-% capoings
% We ae anploytug woul of 8 cols of primary wladlag and evel ell has 24 layers
‘Tpearound(Tp5/8) Mtumae per coil
‘TpleTpe/24 % turns per layce marian ol tage bw layer
Svmausdtauia aaltage-btw-lavens i below she vllowable lait
T=Q*1000/(S000°V1) Sprimary curren por phase
lp =2.5 Seenrrent density on primary side is larger die to better cooling
al=Il /edip % De=sept(1*al /3.14) % diameter of bare eenductor
‘ive are using paper rgwece conehctors for hiel voltage winding
90 fir given deaiter the standard value of diameter of Ilan woth fine % covering is 1.57%mm
aln=3.11*(L.4°2)/4 % modified area
eipnIl/aln % ayw iurrat densite % 10mm space ie emplored belweven adjacent % cods 50
‘thep=epl*3*1 57E-+8410 Miotal hoight of condaTtor in ene % layer of primary
Tp EL
u érp=(Uiveshicp)/2 % clearaice, ‘This s wsed by insulation ad bracing
% Radia insulatmon is dane Lith % paper of.$maithide thl= 10% thicknesso insationbemeeon ITV
IDp=rounl(Osn-424thl) p21. 57 +250.3ede a oFevil ODp=roundl 9(ODa¢-2"1h +2 (2141.57
130.8)
RESISTANCE MEABURESENT
map=(ODp +1Dp\/2 % medn diametor
Iintp=3.14" mp/1000 % lengni of man tust of yuimaary winding in acters
Rp=Tp"0.024"lntp /aln Yoresistance at
tacs=(ODe+ IDs} 2 hts=3.14" nds/1000 Re=Pst 021"Trats'a2
ReRp4Rs"(Tp/ts) 2 % toFal R referred to primary
Rpu=11*R/(V1"1000)
SSLEAKAGE REAATCNCE,
mndv-=(0Dp+1Ds)/2.% mean diameter of winding
Intw=3 "mw 1000 ‘hlength of mean tum of winding bw=(thest thep|/2
Spluight IF winding X=2"S.LA°E4°S.14° 1e-7 (Tp 2) t/ha) *(Ibo + (rdp Hes) /3)" BOS
9% referted to primary Npui=11"X/(VE"L000) Zpue=sqrt(ipRa’2)+Xpu2)
‘REGULATION
uRe=Riu Soper un sagelabpoa at ailly pf
uRI-Tpu'0.8 jopa'0.6.% per ust sogulation at Kpsing pl
Losses
lls 30(11°2)*R Sitaking stray Laos to he 19% of lee sos
‘TOL=1.15'olunless % titwo olmaie loss
Sidonsity of laninations=76 le e/a
Wi=3*Ai*Wr'lo0"7 6°16 5% weight of limba % Bu is
limbs=1.8Wb)m2 so specific core lass=2 W kg,
corellss=2°WtL % core loss ia labs
Wiy=2/W Ay*1e-0'7 64168 9 Bm in
yslo=1.1Wb/12 so opedific cow less=1.2 W/mg eorelssy
‘TCL=carebosl+cordossy total core loss
SSEFFICIENYC
TLA=TOL+aCo% torTl less at fll La
«=|Q*1000)/(Q"1000-FTLA) %eiceney a: uulty pf and fullload hfor macefficieney max efLoceus aL this,
ay
londlmeret(TCL/TOL)*100
12. Gurantee For The Transformer
Guarantee period shall be (0 months from the date of installation or 66 months from
the date af reesipt by purchasee whichever is earlier. If the goods, stores aud equipments
found defective due to bad design or workmanship the same shotld be repaited or replaced
Ly you free of charge if reported within 66 months of their receipe at site or 60 months
from the date of commissioning of equipments whichever i earlios You will be resporsible for the proper performance of the equipments /materials for the respective guarantee period
‘The supplier shall eoturn guarantee failed transformers duly wepaised and tested as per
apptoved GTP ane teader specification within 30 days from the date of receipt at repair
shop without any cost, failing which bank guarantee shall be encased without any notice
and all business will be stopped with the said supplior at loast for a period of 3 years. This
‘clause itself shall be the notice to the sipplier about encashment of Bank Gurantes inene
of bis failure to adhere to timelines B, no separate notice will be survved.
13.3-shase Oil-immersed Transformer Cooling System
‘The 3limbed esne constrictuon is employed for S-phase distribution transformers as it is
‘ore esounmie compared to shell uype (1, 2. These are invailably of ehe oil-immersed type
‘vith natural ir norced cooling depending on the siae. The toreis made by stacking varrshed
laminatious of higt gradesilicon sta, Either copper or aluminiumis wsed as conductor mao-
ferial. The core-coll stimeture is plaved on a soft bed inthe oll-flled tant having a protruding
comervator along with a breather, The couservator takes eate of the expalsien ef oil under
loading and the breather is Std to otop the irgreso of moisture inte the oil tank. Cooling
tebes oF radiators are to be added to ke«p the temperature rise of tl within alehtutory line
ite. For large nating, forced air or forced oil cooling Ine to be augmented. Other auilmries
for protuction like Buchasltz relay, indieatons ote are added. The construction, principle
and design ccnsederatoons for diltribution md power transhormers have hoon elucidated in
soveral text-books on elecericas machine desigt (2-4)
i4.insulation Material
Electrical grade insulation eposy dotted Kraft Paper/Namex and pressboard of standatd
rake o¢ aay other superior material subject to approval of the purchaser shall be used,
All spacers, axial wedges / runners used in windings shall he made of precompressed
Pressboard-solid, conforming to type B 3.1 of IBC G41-3-2. In case of cross-over coll wind-
ing of HV all spacers shall be properly sheared 10 and dovetail punched to ensure proper
locking. All axial wedges / mmaers shall be properly mulled to dovetail slape so that they
‘pase through the desigied spacers freely. Inaulation shearing, cutting, milling and punching
‘operations shall be catriod out in auch a way, that thete should not he any bier and dimen
sional vatiations(12|
15.Brushing Terminals
HV terminal shall be designed to directly receive ACSR conductor upto 7/2.59 mua (with
‘cut requiting the we of lug) and the LV terminals shall be suitable for directly receiving
LT cables (aluninum) ranging from 19 $q um to 25 Sq ma both in vertical and boeizontal
position and the arangemeuts should be such as to avoid bimetallic corrosion, Teruinal
‘comiectors mst be type tested)
16 16:Temperature Rises
‘The temperature rise over ambient shall not exceed the limits given below
‘Top oil temporature rise micasured by thermometer : 3500
Winding temperature rise mensured hy tesistance method : 4000
17. Quality Assurance Scope and Purpose
‘This document indicates the reyuicenext expectel by the Purchaser from the mannfie-
turer of Tansformers. Manufacturer shall submit for parchasers approval a quality assur
‘ance plan in line with this document incorporating speciic document numbers for format of
‘records, acceptance norms and reference documents for purchasers approval (14
Quulity assueance plan is the document setting out the spesiie quality practices, re-
sourees, and sequence of activities relevant to a partleular product. Quality plan helps
otk the purchaser and supplier ws it defines cach and every tacerial use, every stage of
manufacturing process, characteristics to be chucked, extent of cleck, reference documents,
acceptonce norm. aid fonnat of record specifically
18. Cleaning and Surface Preparation
ee
shall be thoroughly cleaned of rst seal, welding slg oF spatter and other contamination
porto any pointing 5)
122 Steel surfares shall be prepared by Shot blast cleaning or Chemical ceaning by
Seven Tank process including Phosphating to the appropriate qualiy{1
12.5 The presstwe and volume of the compressed air supply for blast cleaning sball meet
the work equitaments and shall be suffceutly free from all water coutaminacion to exsture
UUaat the cleaning proces is wot impaled)
124 Chipping, ccroping and oteol wire brushing using manual or power driven took ean
not remove firmly adherent mill seale shell enly be used whore blast cleaning i impractical.
Manufscturer to explain such aroas in his technical offer clearly[
19. Conclusion
‘Thit ppper has deal: with desegn optimization based on modifich Hook bnd Jeeves method,
this metsyd is mased on aatter search applies to.a properly chosen objective function. It
's, in esence, a combinatifn of an cxploranow move and a pattern mive to quicgly reach the
‘optiality (in this ease minimalioy) criterion The dedign variables are chesen according to
‘ile objective funetion and bounds are impeses! an it to define the search space. Aw initial joins is chosen in the search space. In the exploratory mote, u local search is made around
tis point Lo find out te best peint arouud the eurteat polut{14]. Two such points are used
in thh pattem owe in the orikinal work of Hook ani Jeeves, but we hare used ealy oue
‘ased cn gradient aloug with an decderation factor fon faster connergence. Provision has
boeu lept for redacing step length for exactey eaching the Tisimel point, In this work, two
cose studies have been mide on the same tranioormer dtsign, The machone is an oil Aled
‘istribution teansfoemer of rtting 11000/433 V, 50 He.. 1000 KV. with 5% additional tums
for tapping’s on the HLV. siae, In tee frst case, the objective function ms tho colt of pro-
