Define the meaning of Globalization

Globalization – integration of national markets to a wider global market.

Globalize – develop or be developed so as to make international influence or

operations possible.

Global – affecting or including the whole world.

Contemporary – living or occurring at the same time.

Contemporary World – the circumstances and ideas of the present age; modern
times/world, present times.

GLOBALIZATION

− Integration of the national markets to a wider global market.

− Increasing interaction of people, states, or countries through the growth
of the international flow of money, ideas, and culture. Thus,
globalization is primarily focused on economic process of integration
that has social and cultural aspects.
− Interconnectedness of people and business across the world that
eventually lead to global, cultural, political, and economic integration.
− Ability to move and communicate easily with others all over the world in
order to conduct business internationally.
− Free movement of goods, services, and people across the world in
seamless and integrated manner.
− Liberalization of countries of their impact protocols and welcome foreign
investments into sectors that are the mainstays of economy.
− Countries acting like magnets - attracting globally by opening up their
economies to multinational operations.

Manfred Steger

⎯ The process as the expansion and intensification of social relations and

consciousness across world time and across world space.
⎯ Globalization processes do not occur merely of an objective, material
level but they also involve the subjective plane of human
consciousness.

Expansion – both creation of new social networks and multiplications of existing

connections that cut across traditional political, economic, cultural, and
geographic boundaries.

Intensification – expansion, stretching, and acceleration of these networks.

Globalism – widespread belied among powerful people that the global
integration of economic markets is beneficial for everyone.

Nowadays, people becoming increasingly conscious of the growing

manifestations of social interdependence and the enormous acceleration of
social interactions.

HISTORICAL FOUNDATION

• European Age of Discovery and voyaged to the New World – third

millennium BC.
• 1820s – large scale globalization began.
• Late 19th century and early 20th century – connectivity of the world’s
economies and cultures grew very quickly.
• 1897 – Charles Taze Russel (Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society)
created the term corporate giants, which means largely national trusts
and other large enterprises of the time.
• 1930 – the word globalize as a noun appeared in a publication entitled
“Towards New Education”, where it is denoted a holistic view of human
experience in education.
• Late 1970s – the world globalization was coined.
• Early part of 1981 – the term globalization had been used in its
economic sense.
• Late half od 1980s – Theodore Levitt popularized globalization by
bringing it into the mainstream business audience.
• 2000 – International Monetary Fund (IMF) identified 4 Basic Aspects of
Globalization:
1. Trade and Transactions
2. Capital and Investment
3. Migration of Knowledge
4. Dissemination
▪ 2013 – globalization was used to mean “borderless society”, referring
to international migration.
▪ 2017 – globalization was often used in teachings, discussion, meetings,
conferences, lectures, and same.
▪ 2018 – globalization is now on full swing in all academic disciplines.
 INDICATORS OF GLOBALIZATION

These indicators generated further interdependence in economic and cultural

activities among nations.

▪ Inventions of Science and Technology

▪ Development in Infrastructure System
▪ Environmental Challenges

Globalizing are affected by business and work organization, economics, socio-

cultural resources, and the natural into 3 major areas:

1. Economic Globalization
2. Cultural Globalization
3. Political Globalization

According to Arjun Appadurai (Anthropologist), different kinds of globalization

occur in multiple and intersecting dimensions of integration that he calls
“scapes”:

✓ Ethnoscapes – global movement of the people.

✓ Mediascape – flow of culture
✓ Technoscape – circulation of goods
✓ Financescape – circulation of money
✓ Ideascape – circulation of ideas

NATURE OF GLOBALIZATION

Globalization is a conglomerate (unification) of various multiple units located all

around the globe which are linked by common ownership. Multiple units draw
on common pool of resources such as money, credit, information, patents, trade
names, and control systems. Which results:

▪ The markets are markets of the world.

▪ Human Resources are highly diverse.
▪ Transactions involving intellectual properties such as copyrights,
patents, trademarks, and process technologies are across the globe.

DIMENSIONS OF GLOBALIZATION

a. Planning to expand the business on a worldwide scope.

b. Giving up the distinction between domestic and foreign market, instead
developing a global outlook of such business.
c. Locating the production and the physical facilities of the business by
considering global business dynamics irrespective of national
consideration.
 d. Creating product development and production planning on a global
market.
e. Global sourcing of the factors of production such as raw materials
components, machinery, technology, finance, and others that are
obtained from the best source anywhere in the world
f. Global orientation organization structure and management culture.

REASONS OF GLOBALIZATION

a. Rapid Shrinking of Time and Distance across the Globe – can easily
cross the bridge going to the other side of the market place due to
advance tools of technology than before.
b. Domestic Markets are no longer rich as a consequence of many
interlocking factors.
c. Companies and Institutions go global to find political and economic
stability which is relatively good in other Countries than the country of
origin.
d. To get technological and managerial know-how of other countries due
to their advancement in science, technology, education, health, and
other fields of discipline.
e. To reduce high transportation costs if one goes globally using the
advance tools of communication and information.
f. To be close to raw materials and to markets for their finished products
which are not available in the country of origin.
g. The creation of World Trade Organization (WTO) had made it possible
in stimulating increased cross border trade. There are other world
bodies like the UN and several arbitration bodies where countries
agree.

STAGES OF GLOBALIZATION
Stage 1 The arm’s length service activity of an essentially domestic
company/institution which moves into new market overseas by linking
up with local dealers and distributors.
Stage 2 The company/institution takes over these activities on its own.
Stage 3 The domestic-based company institution begins to carry out its own
manufacturing marketing and sales in key foreign markets.
Stage 4 The company/institution moves to a full insider position in these markets
supported by a complete business system including Research and
Development (R&D) and engineering. However, the headquarters
mentality continues to dominate.
Stage 5 The company/institution moves towards a genuinely global mode of
operation. Global localization (serves local customers in markets
around the globe responding to their needs) happens. It requires an
organizational transition – the company must denationalize its
operations and create a system of values shared by global managers.
 MERITS OF GLOBALIZATION DEMIRITS OF GLOBALIZATION
Global Competition and imports keep ▪a Several people lose their jobs when
lid on prices such that inflation is less companies import cheap labor or
likely to derail economic growth. materials or shift production abroad.
▪
An open economy spur fast innovation ▪ Workers face pay cut demands from
with fresh ideas from abroad. employees who often threatens to export
jobs.
▪
Export jobs often pay more than other
jobs. ▪ Unregulated globalization can cause
serious problems to poor and developing
Unfettered capital flow keeps interest countries in terms of labor, wages,
rates low. benefits, job, termination, and others.
▪
Living standards go up faster. ▪ High foreign stake on industries here it is
not necessarily needed could affect the
Productivity grows more quickly when economic growth of domestic enterprise.
countries produce goods and services ▪in
which they are of comparative ▪ Sovereignty of a country and
advantage. company/institution may be at stake.

Countries liberalize their visa rules and

procedures so as to permit the full flow of
people from country to country.

It results in freeing up the unproductive

sector to investment and the productive
sector to export related activities resulting
in a win-win situation for the world
economy.

IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING GLOBALIZATION

▪ Greater demand in business and industry, health, engineering, and

technology to have people who can work from other nations and
cultures.
▪ Greater demand of promoting the local business and industry to other
countries and if need be, owners travel independently and
internationally for a better promotion.
▪ The contemporary world face global challenges that will take
interdisciplinary groups to solve these challenges like – how to provide
access to clean water, clean environment, clean renewable energy that
is affordable to everyone, how to deal with unpredictable climate
change. These global challenges need to be solve as soon as possible
 through the gathering and sharing of information across disciplines,
institutions, and other entities of a global scale.
▪ Creating meaningful, harmonious, and workable relationship that link is
linked globally is an important aspect as advantages of globalization.
▪ Knowledge of the merits, demerits, and reasons for globalization will
enable the students to work as model of collaborative international team
in the future in the areas of business, education, health, science, arts,
engineering, hotel industries, etc. and discuss best products in these
areas.

IMPORTANCE OF GLOBALIZATION FOR EVERYONE

According to Neil Kokemuller (writer), globalization is the expansion of local

economies and business into a broader international marketplace. Even small
business have gone in global environment due to internet and mobile
technology that enabled communication across continents and countries.

The internet revolutionized the business arena, as it created a new virtual

marketplace that expands beyond physical and geographical boundaries.
Companies in foreign country can now compete for customers in US by
leveraging their own country’s resources, lower costs, and affordable
distribution processes. In the same way, US companies also have the
opportunity to appeal to customers in the Philippines and other countries by
promoting their goods and services.

Development of business, industry, and income levels in several large

population centers has also contributed to the importance of globalization such
as in the countries of China, India, and Brazil (thriving economies as of 2013).
Nearly 2 billion people reside in these countries.

COMPETITION

The rising number of foreign competitors (in US) limits the number of companies
in some industries that can succeed domestically. If competitors expand
globally, as a business, you have to consider following such suit. Any money
other companies make in foreign markets, they affect the products and services
domestically.

DIVERSE POPULATION

Business trends mirror broader societal trends. The world has become very
diverse as people move to different parts of the world and spread different ideas,
perspectives, and customs.
 THEORY OF COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGES

Globalization is grounded on the Theory of Comparative Advantages.

- Countries that are good of producing particular good are better off
exporting it to countries that are less efficient at producing such good.
In the same way, the latter country can also export the goods it
produces to the former country which might be deficient in the same.
- The underlying assumption – not all countries are good at producing all
sorts of goods, which they benefit by trading with each other. Because
of the wage and resources differential, countries stand to gain by trading
with each other.

PHILOSOPHY UNDERLYING GLOBALIZATION

Globalization is one of the most widely spread recent cultural, social, economic,
and political phenomenon which has strongly marked the discourse of the
humanities and social sciences. This new (not-yet) constituted era poses
multiple challenges, which creates room for novel theoretical paradigm in this
new emerging world.

a. The concept of globalization has only recently been widely accepted

and adapted-words like global, globality, globalization, globalism, global
markets, global ecology, global citizen – truly unknown until the very
end of 20th century.
b. Discussion of world issues used the derivatives of “international” than
“global” relations since of the recent popularized new concept of
“globalization” has resulted in innumerable contradicting definitions of
the same.
c. Association of globalization with progress, prosperity, and peace. While
others consider it to be retrogression, disaster, and decay.
d. Common and indisputable characteristics – Globalization is a process
of economic, social, culture, and political activity, which transcends
nation-state borders and pertains to the world as a whole. – shows the
multidimensionality of globalization.
e. Globalization is a complex and controversial process on the building of
the world due to the creation of global institutional structures and global
cultural forms (free market – economic unification of the world with
uniform patterns of production and consumption, democratic integration
of the world based on common interest of humankind like equality,
human rights protection, rule of law, peace, and security, and moral
integration of the world based on humanistic values – instead of nation
state particularism).
 f. Different ideological movements of resistance to globalization have
been emerging in response to globalization such as violent and
destructive mass denomination staged in various countries are a
manifestation of resistance.

Based on the mentioned philosophical dimensions, GLOBALIZATION;

- Free movement of goods, services, and people across the world in a

seamless and integrated manner,
- Can be thought of to be the result of the opening up of the global
economy and the concomitant increase in trade between nations in this
contemporary world.
- Have positive and negative effects. Thus, deep approach is needed
when discussing such concept.
- It is here to stay. Therefore, it is better for the countries in the global
economy to embrace the concept and live with it in this contemporary
world.
 Globalization of World Economics

GLOBAL ECONOMY

- World Economy; international exchange of goods and services that is

expressed in monetary units of money.
- free Movement of goods, capital, services, technology, and information.
- Economic Globalization; focused on globalization of production,
finance, markets, technology, organizational regimes, institutions,
corporations, and labor.
- Increased due to communication and technological advances under the
framework of General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade & World Trade
Organization – made the countries cut down trade barriers and open up
current and capital accounts.
- Recent development (boom) has been supported by developed
economies integrating with majority world through foreign investment
and lowering costs of doing business (such as the reduction of trade
barriers and cross border migration).

Global/International Economy World Economy

- Distinguished and measured separately - An aggregate of the separate country’s
from national economies. measurements.
- Exclusively limited to human economic
activity (judged in monetary terms).

ECONOMIC SYSTEMS

Market Economy – decision making of private individuals is a determinant of a

pure market economy. This is not planned by single person/group that has an
ability to manipulate (direct/control) the economy solely. There is a close
economic engagement between producers and consumers. Thus, supply in the
market is based on the consumer behavior, price, and resource/s availability in
the economy.

▪ Economic Freedom: to purchase and sell products, services, and

properties – under the will and interest of the individuals.
▪ Economic Activities: production and distribution of goods and
commodities are highly influenced by supply and demand.
Command Economy – central economic body that handles the entire decision-
making of the economy’s operation. Therefore, quantity and quality of goods
and services produced is based on the government’s decision. Production
quality is dictated, consumer behavior is directed, and market operation is
controlled by a single authority. During the height of communism, countries
moves its economy to state planning and government ownership. However,
problems like limited production, faulty decisions, and weak domestic
investment arise.

▪ Objective = mobilize resources for the common good of the public and
for the interest of the nation. Thus, private individuals has no say on
economic operation where it abolishes private economic competition
and innovation.

Mixed Economy – market driven economies (US, Great Britain, and France).
A combination of market and command systems of economic planning and
decision making. Some sectors are held by private individuals while other
aspects are held within the interest and guidance of the government. There are
times when the state has to take over the ownership and operation of a troubled
private firm for the purpose of maintaining the interest of the nation. Just like
how the government took over some collapsing financial corporations when the
American Market was hit bu the 2008 – 2009 financial markets.

INTERNATIONAL TRADE (IT)

It is the process and system when goods and commodities, services cross
national economy, and boundaries in exchange for money/goods of another
country (Balaam and Vesth, 2008).

Global Trade has grown since post old-war era as a result of increasing demand
of goods and services of countries. The ending of World War II started the trade
facilitation around the globe. Economies set rules and guidelines for
international trade, which led to the formation General Agreement on Tariffs and
Trade (GATT) – developed through series of rounds and meetings of member
economies. This global norm reflects the growing practice of internationalizing
and globalizing local products and services.
Exchanges of Goods and Commodities (more accessible) Open and free flow of
Trade Barriers (reduced) goods and services where
Specialization and Product Innovation (increased) exchanges were seen
Competitive Prices (offered in major industries) between developed and
less developed economies.
TRADE THEORIES

1. Descriptive Theory – deals with the natural order and movement of

trade. It describes the pattern of trade under the idea of laissez faire
(French which means “leave alone”) where it refers to the notion that
individuals are the best economic agents to solve the problems through
invisible hand than government policies. It addresses the questions of
which product to trade, how much to offer and producer, and which
country to trade – in the absence of government restrictions.
2. Prescriptive Theory – prescribes whether government (important
economic institution) should interfere and restrict with the movement of
goods and services. It views the government to have participation in
deciding which countries to alter the amount, composition, and direction
of the goods.

PERSPECTIVE ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE

Economic Liberals

David Ricardo and Adam Smith were critics to the abuse of

Mercantilism on the late 18th century. Their liberal ideas contributed to the
understanding of global trade that are still relevant today.

David Ricardo: his Law of Comparative Advantage explained that free

trade efficiency is attainable if 2 countries can produce more goods and
products separately. Advantage of such theory derived from the Principle of
Specialization and Division Labor (Nau, 2009). Countries have different
resources and talents. Therefore, such strengths are their advantage;
performing in such economic activity (that they’re good at) than other economic
activities.

Economic Liberals explained the importance of free trade and role of

individual’s preference in choosing economic activity. It includes making
decisions on comparing costs of products to be produced and traded,
availability, and efficiency of producing and buying so.

Mercantilists

An economic theory emerged from 1500 – 1800 (emerging eras of nations-

states and formation of central governments). This system flourished due to the
following reasons:

▪ Higher Export than Import – governments imposed restrictions and

policies requiring economy and its market to produce higher than
products and services purchased outside the country/import. Countries
 used this mechanism to support their trade and objectives and
strengthen their colonial rule and possessions.
▪ Export less high valued product and import less high valued product –
prevented and monopolized the production and manufacturing
operation of the colonies.
▪ Benefits the Colonial Power – mercantilism was adopted to increase
and sustain the colonial power and its authority to direct/control the
economic activity of the colony.

Alexander Hamilton and Friedrich List are known critics of economic

liberalism. They stressed the need of government and an economic body
controlling and overseeing the operation of economy.

Structuralists

This idea was extended to the practice of modern capitalist-imperialist approach

by countries and economies that have the immense resource through the use
of hard power over developing and less developed countries. This means that
elements of human culture must be understood by way of their relationship to a
broader system.

Modern World System (MWS) – developed by Immanuel Wallerstein, explains

the contract of economies between core, semi-peripheral, and peripheral
countries in the world. This system is a part on the structure of global capitalism
that involves exploitation and transformation in some ways.

• Core – the absolute advantage over the other through unequal

exchange and extraction of raw materials from periphery and semi-
periphery.

The economic globalization and market integration of the 21 st century are

extensions of the same economic motives of imperial powers of the 19 th and
20th centuries (Balaam and Veseth, 2008).

WHY COUNTRIES ENGAGE IN INTERNATIONAL TRADE (IT)?

• Use of Excess Capacity in Demand – inadequate domestic demand

pushes business organizations to expand their market base outside the
national territory. Done by firms and companies have resources and
capital to operate in transnational market (brands such as Nestle, Pepsi,
McDonald’s, Toyota, and Starbucks).
• Cost Reduction and Increase of Profit – when a market leader for a
good or service found someone that offers lower production costs by
increasing its market in global than domestic. Enables the firm to
increase its profit while reducing its operating costs.
 • Cheaper Supplies – a country imports goods from other countries since
it cheap for production. Buying cheaper materials from other countries
lowers the cost in production which might result increase in profit.
• Addition to Product Line – economies usually aim for a variety of
products and services available in the market. It offers the consumers
to choose and buy products that are of competitive prices, degree of
importance, and will offer higher satisfaction.
• Reduction Risk – importing products is an alternative to countries that
are vulnerable to supply shortage. Thus, confront the demand and
supply condition of the local market.
• Foreign Policy Tool – the membership of a country to regional market
integration and economic relationships is part of its foreign policy.
Enhancing economic and political affiliation of a country is very
important in sustaining its international status in a global environment.

BRETTON WOODS SYSTEM

World Leaders aim to create a global economic system that ensures

longer-lasting peace, they set up a network of global financial institutions that
would promote economic interdependence and prosperity. It was inaugurated
in 1944 during the UN Monetary and Financial Conference to prevent the
catastrophes that affects international ties.

It was influenced by John Maynard Keynes (British Economist) who

believed that economic crisis occur a country does not have money, but when
money is not being spent (not moving), it also slows down the economy.
Therefore, government should strengthen markets with infusions of capital. The
active role of government managing spending served as the anchor of System
of Global Keynesianism.

Delegates at Bretton Woods agreed to Create 2 Financial Institutions (key

players in Economic Globalization):

1. International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD) or World

Bank – responsible for funding postwar and reconstruction projects.
2. International Monetary Fund (IMF) – global lender to prevent individual
countries from spiraling into credit crises. They step in when economic
growth in a country slowed down because there’s no enough money.

After Bretton Woods, countries committed themselves to expand global

economic integration through General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
in 1947, where its main purpose was to reduce tariffs and other hindrances to
free trade.
 Discuss the Evolution of International Politics

HISTORY OF GLOBAL POLITICS: CREATING AN INTERNATIONAL ORDER

Other scholars study International Relations – where they study the interactions
between two or more countries. Moreover, when they explore the deepening of
interactions between states, they refer it as Internationalization.

Internationalization – does not equal to globalization but a major part of

globalization. A window to globalization of politics. Therefore, it is important to
study international relations as a facet of globalization, since
states/governments are key drives of global processes.

THE ATTRIBUTES OF TODAY’S GLOBAL SYSTEM

World Politics today has 4 key attributes:

1. There are countries or states that are independent and govern themselves.
2. These countries interact with each other through diplomacy.
3. There are international organizations (UN) that facilitate these interactions.
4. These international organizations also takes on lives on their own.

Nation-state – composed of two non-interchangeable terms where not all states

are nations and not all nations are states.

• State – a country and its government. It has four attributes:

1. Exercises authority over a specific population called citizens.
2. Governs a specific territory.
3. It has a structure of government that crafts rules that people
(society) follows.
4. Has sovereignty over its territory (most crucial). Where
sovereignty means internal authority (no individuals or groups
can operate in a given national territory by ignoring the state)
and external authority (policies and procedures are
independent of the interventions of other states).
• Nation – an imagined community (Benedict Anderson). It is limited since
it goes not go beyond given “official boundary” and rights and
responsibilities are mainly the privilege and concern of the citizens of
such nation. Therefore, it has boundaries. It limits themselves to people
who have imbibed a particular culture, common language, and specific
territory. “Imagined” means that the nation allows one to feel a
connection with a community of people even if he/she will never meet
all of them in their lifetime.
Nation and state are related because it is nationalism that facilitates stae
information. Nationalist movements allowed the creation of nation-states. States
become independent and sovereign because of nationalist sentiment that
clamors for this independence.

INTERSTATE SYSTEM

Present-day concept of Sovereignty can be traced way back to the

Treaty of Westphalia – set of agreements signed in 1648 to end the 30 years
war between major continental powers of Europe. The Holy Roman Empire,
Spain, France, Sweden, and the Dutch Republic designed a system that would
avert wars in the future by recognizing that the treaty signers exercise complete
control over their domestic affairs and swear not to meddle in each other’s
affairs.

Westphalian System provided stability for the new nations of Europe,

until it was major challenged by Napoleon Bonaparte – believed in spreading
the principles of French Revolution (liberty, equality, fraternity) to the rest of
Europe. This Napoleonic War lasted from 1803 – 1815 with Napoleon and his
armies marching all over Europe. With every country they conquered, the
French implemented the Napoleonic Code that forbade birth privileges,
encouraged freedom or religion, and promoted meritocracy in government
service. Therefore, shocked the monarchies and hereditary elites of Europe,
and mustered their armies to push back against the French Emperor.

Anglo and Prussian armies defeated Napoleon in the Battle of Waterloo

(1815), ending the spread of his liberal code across Europe. To prevent another
war and keep their system privilege, the royal created a new system that
restored the Westphalian System. The Concert of Europe was an alliance of
“great powers” – UK, Austria, Russia, and Prussia – that sought to restore the
world of monarchial, hereditary, and religious privileges of the time before
French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. This is an alliance that sought to
restore the sovereignty of states. Under this Metternich System (named after
the Austrian Diplomat, Klemens von Metternich – the system’s main architect),
the power and authority lasted from 1815 – 1914, at the dawn of World War 1.
 INTERNATIONALISM

Internationalism – desire for greater cooperation and unity among states and
peoples. It is divided on two broad categories:

Liberal Internationalism

- Without a form of world government, international system would be

chaotic (Immanuel Kant – German Philosopher, Late 18th Century.
Therefore states, must give up some freedom and establish a
continuously growing state consisting of various nations that includes
all nations in the world – a form of global government.
- Jeremy Bentham (British Philosopher, coined the word “international
law” in 1780) advocated the creation of “International Law” that would
govern the inter-state relations in the late 18th Century. He believed that
global legislators should aim propose legislation that would create
“greatest happiness of all nations taken”.
- Giuseppe Mazzini (first thinker to reconcile nationalism with liberal
internationalism and major critic of Metternich System) believed in
Republican Government and proposed a system of free nations that
cooperate with each other to create an international system – free,
independent system. Unified nation-states should be the basis of global
cooperation.
- Mazzini was able to influence the US President Woodrow Wilson (1913
– 1921, prominent internationalist). He believed that world’s nations had
a right to be free and have a sovereign government where democracy
is promoted – only then we can make a free system of international
relations based on international law and cooperation. Woodson became
the notable advocate for the creation of the League of Nations. After
WW1 (1918), he transformed the league into a venue for reconciliation
and arbitration to prevent another war. With that, he was awarded the
Nobel Peace Prize in 1919.
➢ Ironically, Us was not able to join the organization due to the
strong opposition of the Senate. The league was unable to
prevent another was to breakout as well (WW2 – 1939) – it was
helpless.

On World War 2, there was Axis Powers (Hitler’s Germany, Mussolini’s Italy,
Hirohito’s Japan) – who despise internationalism and prefers to violently impose
their dominance over other nations – and Allied Powers (US, UK, France,
Holland, and Belgium) that made internationalism eclipsed.

Despite the League’s failure, they initiated more task-specific international

organizations such as World Health Organization (WHO) and International
Labor Organization (ILO) to serve as blueprint for future forms of international
cooperation. With this, the League of Nation’s principle survived WW2.

To simplify Liberal Internationalism (resulted to the birth of Leagues of Nations):

• Kant – emphasized the need to form common international principles.

• Mazzini – enshrined the principles of cooperation and respect among
nation-states.
• Wilson – called for democracy and self-determination.

These ideas re-assert themselves in the creation of UN 1946.

Socialist Internationalism

- Karl Marx (German Socialist Philosopher, Mazzini’s greatest critic)

placed a premium on economic equality; did not divide the world in
countries but into classes.
▪ Capitalist Class – owners of factories, companies, and other
means of production.
▪ Proletariat Class – those who did not own the means of
production and works for the capitalists.
- Marx and Friedrich Engles (co-author) seeks to overthrow the state and
alter the economy – proletariat has no nation. Hence with their famous
battle cry, “Workers of the world, unite! You have nothing to lose but
your chains” – as they opposed nationalism – to make workers of
individual countries identify themselves as the capital of their countries.
- Marx died on 1883, but his followers soon sought to make his vision
concrete by establishing their international organization.

Socialist International (SI) – union of European Socialists and labor parties that
was established in Paris (1889). Their achievements includes:

• Declaration of May 1 as Labor Day

• Creation of an International Women’s Day
• Initiated the successful campaign for an 8-hour workday

SI collapsed during World War 1 as the member parties refused or were unable
to join the internationalist efforts to fight for the war. Many of these sister parties
ended up fighting each other. It was a confirmation of Marx’s Warning: when
workers and their organizations take side of their countries instead of each
other, their long-term interest are compromised.
Russian Revolution of 1917, Czar Nicholas was overthrown and replaced by the
Bolshevik Party and its leader, Vladimir Lenin. Which resulted a new stated:

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) – exhort the revolutionary

“vanguard” (frontline) parties to lead the revolutions across the world, using
methods of terror if necessary. Today, parties like this are referred as
Communist Parties.

Lenin established the Communist International (ComIntern) in 1919. It served

as the central body of directing Communist Parties all over the world. It was not
radical than SI, it was less democratic because it followed closely to te top-down
governance of the Bolshevik.

Many feared ComIntern, as they believed it would stir up revolutions on their

countries (which was true). On WW2, the Soviet Union joined the Allied Powers
on 1941. US and UK did not trust the union to fight against Hitler’s Germany. To
appease their allies, Jospeh Stalin (Lenin’s Successor) dissolved the ComIntern
in 1943.

After the war, Stalin re-established the ComIntern as the Communist

International Bureau (Cominform). The Soviet Union took over the countries in
Eastern Europe when them (with US and Great Britain) divided the war-tron
Europe into their respective spheres of influence. It helped direct the communist
parties that had taken power in Eastern Europe.

In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed. The SI managed to re-establish itself in

1951, but its influence remained primarily confined to Europe, and has never
been considered as a major player in International relations up to this day.

For postwar period, Liberal Internationalism would once again be ascendant –

as its best evidence is the rise and existence of UN as the center of global
governance.

Internationalism is one window into the broader phenomenon of globalization.

But still, played a very important aspect since global interactions are heightened
by the increased interdependence of states – facilitated by international
organizations that promote global norms and policies. Example, UN.