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17 October 2020 1442 ‫ صفر‬30

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Introduction to Electronics

Lecture 02
Review on Circuits Basics

Dr. Hesham A. Omran

Integrated Circuits Lab (ICL)
Electronics and Communications Eng. Dept.
Faculty of Engineering
Ain Shams University
 Ohm’s Law

+ V –
V

I R I R

𝑉 = 𝐼𝑅

𝑉
𝐼=
𝑅
𝑉
𝑅=
𝐼
02: Circuits Basics 2
 Kirchhoff’s Current Law (KCL)
❑ The sum of all currents flowing into a node is zero.

Σ𝐼 = 0

𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + 𝐼3 − 𝐼4 = 0

I2
I1 I3

I4

02: Circuits Basics 3

 Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law (KVL)
❑ The sum of all voltage drops around any closed loop is zero
Σ𝑉 = 0
−𝑉𝐷𝐷 + 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝐷 + 𝑉𝐷𝑆 + 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 = 0
𝑉𝐷𝐷 = 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝐷 + 𝑉𝐷𝑆 + 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝑆 = 𝐼𝐷 𝑅𝐷 + 𝑅𝑆 + 𝑉𝐷𝑆
VDD
ID ID
RD RD
vout vout
I=0 VDD I=0
vin VDS vin VDS

RS RS

02: Circuits Basics 4

 Resistor Combinations
❑ Resistors in series: Largest resistor dominates

R1 R2 R3

𝑅𝑒𝑞 = 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3

❑ Resistors in parallel: Smallest resistor dominates

R1 R2 R3

1 1 1 1
= + +
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
02: Circuits Basics 5
 Voltage and Current Dividers
❑ Voltage divider → the largest resistor takes most of the voltage
❑ Current divider → the smallest resistor (largest conductance) takes most of the current
▪ Remember that current flows in the least resistance path

𝑅3 𝐺3
𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝐷𝐷 ⋅ 𝐼𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝐼𝑖𝑛 ⋅
𝑅1 + 𝑅2 + 𝑅3 𝐺1 + 𝐺2 + 𝐺3
VDD
Iout
R1
Iin R1 R2 R3
R2
Vout
R3

02: Circuits Basics 6

 Thevenin Equivalent Circuit
❑ Any one port circuit can be replaced by a voltage source and a series impedance
𝑉𝑇𝐻 = 𝑉𝑜.𝑐.
𝑍𝑇𝐻 = 𝑍𝑒𝑞 (turn OFF all independent sources)

Any circuit
Any circuit VTH=Vo.c. Deactivate
ind. sources ZTH=Zeq

ZTH

VTH

02: Circuits Basics 7

 Norton Equivalent Circuit
❑ Any one port circuit can be replaced by a current source and a parallel impedance
𝐼𝑁 = 𝐼𝑠.𝑐.
𝑍𝑁 = 𝑍𝑒𝑞 (turn OFF all independent sources)
𝒁𝑵 = 𝒁𝑻𝑯
𝑽𝑻𝑯 = 𝑽𝒐.𝒄. = 𝑰𝑵 × 𝒁𝑵

Any circuit
Any circuit IN=Is.c. Deactivate
ind. sources ZN=Zeq

IN ZN

02: Circuits Basics 8

 Superposition Theorem
❑ Deactivate all independent sources except one
▪ Independent voltage source → short circuit (s.c.)
▪ Independent current source → open circuit (o.c.)
▪ Do NOT deactivate dependent sources
❑ Solve the circuit
❑ Repeat the previous two steps for every source
❑ Algebraically add all the results

We use this frequently to separate AC and DC solutions

02: Circuits Basics 9

 Superposition Theorem

DC + AC = DC + AC

VDD VDD

RD RD RD
vout vout vout

vin vin vin

RS RS RS
VGG VGG

02: Circuits Basics 10

 Capacitance
𝑑𝑄 𝑑𝑉
𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉 ⇒ 𝑖= = 𝐶
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 cos 𝜔𝑡 + 𝜃 = 𝑉𝑜 ⋅ 𝑅𝑒 𝑒 𝑗 𝜔𝑡+𝜃

𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜 𝑒 𝑗 𝜔𝑡+𝜃 = 𝑉𝑜 ∠𝜃

𝑑𝑉
𝑖=𝐶 = 𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝑉𝑜 𝑒 𝑗𝜔𝑡 = 𝑗𝜔𝐶 ⋅ 𝑉
𝑑𝑡

𝑉 1 1 1
𝑍𝐶 = = = ⇒ 𝑋𝐶 = 𝑍𝐶 =
𝑖 𝑗𝜔𝐶 𝑠𝐶 𝜔𝐶
𝜔 ↑↑ ⇒ 𝑋𝐶 → 0 ⇒ 𝑠. 𝑐.
𝜔 ↓↓ ⇒ 𝑋𝐶 → ∞ ⇒ 𝑜. 𝑐.
02: Circuits Basics 11
 Capacitance Combinations
❑ Capacitors in series: Smallest capacitor dominates

C1 C2 C3

1 1 1 1
= + +
𝐶𝑒𝑞 𝐶1 𝐶2 𝐶3

❑ Capacitors in parallel: Largest capacitor dominates

C1 C2 C3

𝐶𝑒𝑞 = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 + 𝐶3
02: Circuits Basics 12
 Thank you!

02: Circuits Basics 13