Institut Sains dan Teknologi Nasional

English for ISTN Students

Syahril Taufik, Ph.D.

Session 6
Scientific Writing

ISTN Jakarta

Academic English for

Pharmacy & Engineering Students
Module 6 English for
Academic Skills in Science
and Technology
Knowledge Point: Structure and Written
Expression, Vocabulary and Reading,
Academic Skills, Sentence structure,
General knowledge of Science, Introduction
of Specialty, Writing scientific manuscript,
Reading Comprehension
Citation styles
This guide includes the styles most commonly
used at ISTN
By citing and referencing the material consulted for a piece of
academic work you not only enable others to verify facts ideas
in your work more easily, but you will also be acting in an
ethical and honest manner.
Acknowledgement may be in the form of in text citations,
footnotes, endnotes and/or a bibliography.
Different citing and referencing styles cater for the specific
requirements of different disciplines.
Placement of citations can be important depending on
the emphasis you wish to apply
•If you wish to quote or paraphrase an author and want
to emphasize the author, then your citation becomes
'author prominent'. The citation will look something like this:
• Jones (2012) has concluded that...
•If you wish to emphasize the information you have
paraphrased or quoted from an author, then your citation
becomes 'information prominent'. The citation will look
something like this:
• ... as evidenced from a recent Australian study (Jones,
2021).
 Examples of in-text citations
One author

Rule Surname of author, no initials or suffixes such as Jr. The

year of publication is also included
Citation ..This was seen in an Australian study (Conger, 2019).
examples or
Conger (2019) has argued that...
or
In 2019, Conger conducted a study which showed that...
Examples of in-text citations
Two authors

Rule Cite both surnames every time the

reference occurs in the text
Citation ...(Davidson & Harrington, 2002)
examples or
Davidson and Harrington (2002)...
Examples of in-text citations
Three to five authors
Rule Cite all surnames and publication year the first
time, thereafter only the first surname followed
by et al. Note: There is a full-stop (.) after al (see
below).
Citation The first time cited: ...(Brown, Soo, & Jones, 2020).
examples Brown, Soo, and Jones (2020)...
thereafter:
...(Brown et al., 2020).
Brown et al. (2020)...
 Multiple works: by same author

Rule When cited together give the author's

surname once followed by the years of
each publication, which are separated
by a comma.
Citation ... (Stairs, 2020, 2021).
examples Stairs (2020, 2021)...
 Multiple works: by same author AND same year

Rule If there is more than one reference by an author in

the same year, suffixes (a, b, c, etc.) are added to
the year. Allocation of the suffixes is determined by
the order of the references in the reference list, not
by the order in which they are cited. Suffixes are
also included in the reference list, and these
references are listed alphabetically by title. If cited
together, list by suffix as shown below.
Citation Stairs (2021b)... later in the text ... (Stairs, 2021a).
examples ...(Stairs, 2021a, 2021b).
 Citation
Harvard Styles

In Cameroon, the Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Animal

Industries reported that rabbit meat is the fourth largest meat
product in the country, ranked just behind beef, pork and poultry
meats. This trend is also observed in many other African countries
(Powell, 2021)

El-Ashram et al. (2020) has argued that the rabbit farming

appears as an attractive proposition for the supply of high-quality
meat globally due to attributes such as its high fertility, prolifcacy,
rapid growth and low cost of production
 Citation

Moreover, rabbit meat is a great functional food, offering

excellent nutritive and dietetic properties. Rabbit meat is rich in
proteins and contains high essential amino-acid levels. The
consumption of 100 g of rabbit meat provides around 1.2–1.3 g of
minerals while providing about 8% of the daily requirement of
vitamin B2, 12% of vitamin B5, 21% of vitamin B6, and 77% of
vitamin B3. Rabbit meat also contains low lipids while providing
moderately high energy values mainly through proteins,
accounting for 80% of the energy value (Hernández and Zotte,
2010; Dalle Zotte and Szendrő, 2011).
 Citation

Indeed, medicinal plants' preventive and therapeutic

applications in the management of animal diseases are
known for many years. Small-scale farmers use single or the
combination of several plants with antimicrobial properties to
control diseases in rabbits because of the accessibility,
availability and efectiveness (Meineri et al., 2010; Kupczyński
et al., 2019; Dzoyem et al., 2020).
About the IEEE Style: In-Text Citations and Reference List
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Citing and Referencing Style is widely used in
electrical, electronic and computing publications. IEEE provides instructions for authors for each type of
publication such as journals, magazines, newsletters, and standards.
IEEE is a numbered style with two components:
1.In-Text Citations: Sources used are numbered in square brackets (e.g. [1]) in their order of appearance,
within the body of work.
2.Reference List: Full references that include detailed information about the sources cited and used are listed
at the end of the work. The reference list is numbered, and follows the same order as they are cited in-text (i.e.
in order of appearance, not alphabetical order).
In-Text Citations:
Sources are numbered in the order in which they are first cited in the text. If the same source is cited later in the
text, the same number is given:
'The theory was first put forward in 1987 [1].'
'Scholtz [2] has argued ... '
'Several recent studies [1], [3], [4], [10], [12] have suggested ... '
In-Text Citations (Author-Prominent, and Information-Prominent):
How you structure your in-text citations depends on whether the sentence you have written is author-prominent,
or information-prominent:
Author-Prominent:
'Hershey and Silio [3] imply this area is critical to functionality.'
Information-Prominent:
'This area is critical to functionality [3].'
Mosissa D, Atinafu H. Applied Ethnobotany: People, Medicinal Plants Use and
Conservation Practices in Benishangul Gumuz Regional State of Ethiopia: The
future cursed natural resource in the Region. International Journal of
Pharmacy Science. 2021;1(1):18‒30. DOI: 10.51626/ijps.2021.01.00003
Dereje Mosissa1* and Hailu Atinafu2 DOI: Digital Object Identifier
1Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute Assosa Biodiversity Center, Forest and Rangland Biodiversity Caseteam, Ethiopia
2Ethiopian Biodiversity Institute Forest and Rangland Biodiversity Directorate, Ethiopia

*Corresponding author
Mosissa D, Atinafu H. Applied Ethnobotany: People, Medicinal Plants Use
(Author) (Title)
and Conservation Practices in Benishangul Gumuz Regional State of Ethiopia:
(Title)
The future cursed natural resource in the Region.
(Title)
International Journal on Pharmacy and Science, 2021;1(1):18‒30
(Journal name) (Year) (Vol) (Page)
Coronaviruses (CoV) belong to the genus Coronavirus in the
Coronaviridae. All CoVs are pleomorphic RNA viruses
characteristically containing crown-shape peplomers with
80-160 nM in size and 27- 32 kb positive polarity.
Recombination rates of CoVs are very high because of
constantly developing transcription errors and RNA
Dependent RNA Polymerase (RdRP) jumps. With its high
mutation rate, Coronaviruses are zoonotic pathogens that
are present in humans and various animals (Fig-2) with a
wide range of clinical features from asymptomatic course
to requirement of hospitalization in the intensive care unit;
causing infections in respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic
and neurologic systems [9-11] .
REFERENCES
1. https://www.scientificanimations.com . retrieved on 14.06.2020
2. Shrikrushna S. U. (2020). A Review on Corona Virus (Covid-19) Journal of WJPLS, 6(4), 109- 115.
3. Zho, P., Yang, X. L., Wang, X. G., Hu, B., Zhang, L., & Zhang, W. (2020). A pneumonia outbreak associated
with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature, 579:270.
4. Chen, N., Zhou, M., Dong, X., Qu, J., Gong, F., & Han, Y. (2020). Epidemiological and clinical characteristics
of 99 cases of 2019 novel coronavirus pneumonia in Wuhan, China: a descriptive study. Lancet, 395:507.
5. Imperial College London. Report 2: estimating the potential total number of novel coronavirus cases in
Wuhan City, China. Jan 2020. https://www.imperial.ac.uk/mrcglobalinfectiousdisease-analysis/news--
wuhancoronavirus
6. Pramath, K., Nagham, K., & Baig, M. N. (2020). A Comprehensive Literature Review on the Clinical
Presentation, and Management of the Pandemic Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19. Cureus, 12(4), 12-21.
7. https://covid19.who.int/region/searo/country/in retrieved on 14.06.2020
8. http://www.epid.gov.lk/web/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=225&Itemid=518&l ang=en
retrieved on 11.05.2020 9. Woo, P. C., Huang, Y., Lau, S. K., & Yuen, K. Y. (2010). Coronavirus genomics and
bioinformatics analysis. Viruses, 2, 1804–20.
EXAMPLE OF REFERENCE LIST – VANCOUVER STYLES
1. Drexler, J. F., Gloza-Rausch, F., Glende, J., Corman, V. M., Muth, D., & Goettsche, M. (2010). Genomic
characterization of severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus in European bats and
classification of coronaviruses based on partial RNA-dependent RNA polymerase gene sequences. J Virol,
84, 11336–49.
2. Yin, Y., & Wunderink, R. G. (2018). MERS, SARS and other coronaviruses as causes of pneumonia.
Respirology, 23,130–7. 12. Xu, B., Gutierrez, B., Mekaru, S., Sewalk, K., Goodwin, L., & Loskill, A. (2020).
Epidemiological data from the covid-19 outbreak, real-time case information. Scientific data, 7, 106.
3. De,ponti G.N, da Silva Naue W, Hervé B.B, Piekala D.M, Glaeser S.S, de Fraga Gomes Martins L Dias
A.S, (20217), Perme Intensive Care Unit Mobility Score: analysis of mobility improvement in critical care
patients admitted to a university hospital in Brazil. J Crit. Care, 42, 399.
4. Rastogi, S. (2020). Viral epidemics and traditional health care systems: it‟s time to act honestly, proactively
and collectively. Annals Ayurvedic Med, 9:9-11.
5. Hamauzu, Y., Yasui, H., Inno, T., Kume, C., & Omanyuda, M. (2005). Phenolic profile, antioxidant property,
and anti-influenza viral activity of Chinese quince (Pseudocydonia sinensis Schneid.), quince (Cydonia
oblonga Mill.), and apple (Malus domestica Mill.) fruits. J Agric Food Chem, 23;53(4):928-34.
6. Parvez, A., Ahmed, Z., Anwar, N., & Ahmed, K. (2016). Razi‟s unique approach to Amraz-eWabaiya
(Infectious Diseases): An overview. International Journal of Herbal Medicine, 4(6), 176-178.
CITATION – HARVARD STYLES (Alphabetical Order)
Examples:
• Biggs and Smith (2020) offer a convincing argument...
• In contrast, Grayson (2020) identified the main determinant as...
• Ramirez (2019), Schneider (2020) and Roberts (2021) discuss the
challenges faced by...
• There seems to be a correlation between students' use of the library and
high degree marks (Stone and Collins, 2021).
• The research of Dalton (2012) has been challenged by...
• A number of studies have shown that ... (Richards, 2017; Graham, 2019;
Elston, 2020; Chan, 2022)
• Socio-economic factors such as class and education, as well as "hereditary
determinants" (Civaner and Arda, 2018, p.267), can have a detrimental
effect on an individual's health.
 EXAMPLE OF REFERENCE LIST – HARVARD STYLES
Hakim, B.S.(2008). Mediterranean urban and building codes: Origins, content, impact, and
lessons. Urban Design International, 13(1), 21–40. https://doi.org/10.1057/udi. 2008.4
Hall, Arthur Crawshay (1996). Design Control: Towards a New Approach. Oxford: Butterworth
Architecture. HT-TTM. (2018a).
Bizim Şehir Gaziantep İli Pilot Bölge Çalışması 1/1000 Uygulama İmar Planı Açıklama Raporu. HT-TTM.
(2018b). Bizim Şehir Gaziantep İli Pilot Bölge Çalışması 1/5000 Ölçekli Nazım Planı Açıklama
Raporu. HT-TTM. (2018c). Bizim Şehir Gaziantep İli Pilot Bölge Çalışması Kentsel Tasarım Rehberi
(S. Özdal Oktay (ed.)). Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment and Urbanisation.
Kenttam. (2016a). Kentsel Tasarım Rehberleri Vol.I Araştırma ve Tanımlama. Republic of Turkey Ministry
of Environment and Urbanisation. https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/mpgm/editordosya/file/Kentsel
Kenttam. (2016b). Kentsel Tasarım Rehberleri Vol.II İçerik. Republic of Turkey Ministry of Environment
and Urbanisation. https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/mpgm/editordosya/file/
Kentsel Kenttam. (2016c). Kentsel Tasarım Rehberleri Vol.III Mevzuat. Republic of Turkey Ministry of
Environment and Urbanisation. https://webdosya.csb.gov.tr/db/mpgm/editordosya/file/Kentsel
Kenttam. (2017). Kentsel Mekansal Standartların Geliştirilmesi (1st ed., Issue 1). Republic of Turkey
Ministry of Environment and Urbanisatio
APA
Styles
 INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP ASSIGNMENT
1. Make review to this course material
2. Make some notes for doing resume of this material
3. Work out with other students in the same group for
browsing another International Journal.
4. Based on the manuscript, make some notes for paper
heading, abstract, introduction and citation
5. Notes must be written in hand writing
6. Make captured images in jpeg file or pdf
7. Send the file to both email and WhatsApp
8. Filename: “K6-ID-name”