WORKED EXAMPLE – PRECAST M-BEAM

Try M5 beam
Span = 21m Precast Concrete = 50 N/mm2
Overall depth = 960mm E = 30 N/mm2
ZT = 59.39 x 106 mm3 Insitu Concrete = 40 N/mm2
ZB = 100.33 x 106 mm3 E = 28 N/mm2
A = 3.55 x 105 mm2 15.2mm strand
w = 8.38 kN/m Es = 195 kN/mm2
IXX = 3.582 x 1010 mm4 fbu = 1820 N/mm2
Area of strand = 165 mm2
Pu of strand = 225 kN

880

960

160
110
60

1
LOADING
Loaded Length = span 21m
HA Lane Loading = 43.7 kN/m + 120kN KEL

Equivalent Lane Loading under HB conditions

= 50.3 kN/m + 138kN KEL

The carriageway width = 9.0m

Number of notional lanes = 3
Width of notional lane = 3.0m

If beams are to be placed at 1000mm c/c, then characteristic load per beam is
UDL KEL
a. HA Load 14.6 kN/m 40 kN
b. HA/HB Load 16.8 kN/m 46 kN

Maximum imposed bending moment = 14.6 x 212/8 + 40x21/4 = 1015 kNm

Beam self weight = 8.38 x 212/8 = 462 kNm
Self weight of deck slab = 0.16 x 1 x 1 x 24 = 3.84 kN/m
Self weight of surfacing = 0.05 x 1 x 1 x 23 = 1.2 kN/m
Moment due to slab = 3.84 x 212/8 = 212 kNm
Moment due to surfacing = 1.2 x 212/8 = 66 kNm

At transfer beam self weight moment = 462 kNm

Additional moment on beam alone = 212 kNm
Total moment on beam alone = 674 kNm

Moment on composite beam - surfacing = 66 kNm

Imposed = 1015 kNm
Total = 1081 kNm

2
COMPOSITE SECTION

Xs Xs 160

fcu = 50 N/mm2
960

Xc Xc

160 y'
Xpc Xpc

357

3
Effective width of flange = 0.16 + 21/5 = 4.41 > 1.0
Hence effective width = 1.0m
Position of centroid of composite section,
(3.55x105 + 1.60x105)y’ = 3.55 x 105 x 357 + 1.60 x 105 x 1040
y’ = 569.2mm
IXXC = 3.582 x 1010 + 3.55 x 105 (569.2 – 357)2 + (1/12) x 1000 x 1603
+ 1.60 x 105 (1040 – 569.2)2
= 8.761 x 1010 mm4
ZBC = 8.761 x 1010 = 153.9 x 106 mm4
569.2
ZTS = 8.761 x 1010 = 159.06 x 106 mm4
(1120 - 569.2)
ZTPC = 8.761 x 1010 = 224.18 x 106 mm4
(960 - 569.2)
LOADING CONDITIONS
FOR FLEXURE MIDSPAN
1. HA + DEAD LOAD
Serviceability
Precast beam 1.0 x 1.0 x 462 + 1.0 x 1.0 x 212 = 674 kNm
Composite Section 1.0 x 1.2 x 66 + 1.0 x 1.2 x 1015 = 1297 kNm
Ultimate
Precast beam 1.1 x 1.15 x 462 + 1.1 x 1.15 x 212 = 853 kNm
Composite Section 1.1 x 1.75 x 66 + 1.1 x 1. 5 x 1015 = 1802 kNm

2. HA / HB + DEAD LOAD
Serviceability
Precast beam 1.0 x 1.0 x 462 + 1.0 x 1.0 x 212 = 674 kNm
Composite Section 1.0 x 1.2 x 66 + 1.0 x 1.1 x 1167 = 1363 kNm
Ultimate
Precast beam 1.1 x 1.15 x 462 + 1.1 x 1.15 x 212 = 853 kNm
Composite Section 1.1 x 1.75 x 66 + 1.1 x 1. 3 x 1015 = 1796 kNm

4
fcu = 50 N/mm2
fmaxwk = 16.5 N/mm2
fminwk = 0
fci = 40 N/mm2
fmaxtr = 20 N/mm2
fmintr = -1 N/mm2
Assume, βtr = 0.9 and βwk = 0.75

AT MIDSPAN
TRANSFER
BOTTOM OF BEAM 0.9 fPB - 462 x 106 ≤ 20.0
100.33 x 106
Therefore, fPB ≤ 27.3 N/mm2

TOP OF BEAM 0.9 fPT + 462 x 106 ≥0

59.39 x 106
Therefore, fPT ≥ - 8.67 N/mm2

WORKING
BOTTOM OF BEAM 0.75 fPB - 674 x 106 - 1363 x 106 ≥0
100 .33 x 106 153.9 x 106
Therefore, fPB ≥ 20.77 N/mm2

TOP OF BEAM 0.75 fPT + 674 x 106 - 1363 x 106 ≤ 16.5 N/mm2
59.39 x 106 224.18 x 106
Therefore, fPT ≤ - 1.24 N/mm2

5
 fPT

4
20.77 27.3

0 fPB
10 20 30
-1.24
-2

-4 Permissible
Zone at
Midspan

-6

-8
-8.67

-10

AT SUPPORT
TRANSFER
BOTTOM OF BEAM 0.9 fPB ≤ 20.0
TOP OF BEAM 0.9 fPT ≥ -1

6
WORKING
BOTTOM OF BEAM 0.75 fPB ≥ 0
TOP OF BEAM 0.75 fPT ≤ 16.5 N/mm2
Therefore, fPT ≤ 20 N/mm2

fPT
20.0
20
20.0
Permissible
Zone at
Support
4
20.77 27.3

0 fPB
10 20 30

-2

-4

-6

-8

-10

7
 fPT
20.0
20
20.0
Permissible
Zone at
Support
4
20.77 27.3

0 fPB
10 20 30
-1.24
-2

-4 Permissible
Zone at
Midspan

-6

-8
-8.67

-10

From the diagram, there is no overlap of permissible zones at midspan and the support.
This means that the same arrangement of strands cannot apply throughout the beam.

8
AT ¼ SPAN
MOMENT AT SERVICEABILITY
Self weight of precast beam = 0.75 x 462 x 1.0 x 1.0 = 347 kNm
Total load on precast beam = 0.75 x 674 x 1.0 x 1.0 = 506 kNm
Composite section = 0.75 x 1.0 x 1.2 x 66
+ 1.0 x 1.1 ( 16.8 x 212 x 0.75 + 46 x 5.25 x 5.25 x 13.75)
8 21
= 59.4 + 963.3
= 1023 kNm
TRANSFER
BOTTOM OF BEAM 0.9 fPB - 347 x 106 ≤ 20.0
100.33 x 106
Therefore, fPB ≤ 26.07 N/mm2

TOP OF BEAM 0.9 fPT + 347 x 106 ≥0

59.39 x 106
Therefore, fPT ≥ - 6.49 N/mm2

WORKING
BOTTOM OF BEAM
0.75 fPB - 506 x 106 - 1023 x 106 ≥ 0 or < 16.5 N/mm2
100 .33 x 106 153.9 x 106
Therefore, fPB ≥ 15.59 N/mm2
fPB < 37.59 N/mm2
TOP OF BEAM
0.75 fPT + 674 x 106 - 1363 x 106 ≤ 16.5 N/mm2 > 0
59.39 x 106 224.18 x 106
Therefore, fPT ≤ 4.56 N/mm2
fPT > -17.44 N/mm2

9
 Therefore, 15.59 N/mm2 ≤ fPB ≤ 26.07 N/mm2
- 6.49 N/mm2 ≤ fPT ≤ 4.56 N/mm2

fPT

6
26.07
15.59

4.56
4

Permissible
2 Zone at ¼
span

0 fPB
10 2020 30

-2

-4

-6
-6.49

-8

-10

10
fPT 15.59 26.07
20.0
20
20.0

4.56

4
Permissible
Zone at ¼
Span

0 fPB
10 20 30
-1.24
-2

Permissible
-4 Zone at Permissible
Support Zone at
Midspan

-6
-6.49

-8
- 8.67

20.77 27.3
-10

11
Equation to P is given by

ZT fPT = ZT P - Pe ZT
A ZT
ZB fPB = ZB P + Pe ZB
A ZB
ZT fPT + ZB fPB = ZT + ZB . P = ( ZT + ZB ). n x 225 x 103
A A
fPT = ( ZT + ZB ). n x 225 x 103 - P fPB
A ZT ZT
fPT = 1.70 n - 1.689 fPB

For n = 20; fPT = 34.0 - 1.689 fPB

For n = 18; fPT = 30.6 - 1.689 fPB
For n = 16; fPT = 27.2 - 1.689 fPB
For n = 14; fPT = 23.8 - 1.689 fPB

For n = 20; fPT = 34.0 - 1.689 fPB

fPB = 15.59 ; fPT = 6.67
fPB = 20.00 ; fPT = 0.22
fPB = 26.07 ; fPT = -10.03
For n = 14; fPT = 23.8 - 1.689 fPB
fPB = 15.59 ; fPT = -2.53
fPB = 20.00 ; fPT = -9.98
fPB = 26.07 ; fPT = -20.23

12
 fPT n = 18
n = 14 n = 20

6
26.07
n = 16 15.59

4.56
4

Permissible
2 Zone at ¼
span

0 fPB
10 20 30

-2

-4

-6
-6.49

-8

-10

MIDSPAN AND ¼ SPAN

Try n = 20
Therefore Pi = 20 x 225 = 4500 ,
with fPB = 21
fPB = P ( 1 + e ) ……………………………..(1a)
A ZB

13
 21 = 4500 x 103 ( 1 + e )
3.33 x 105 100.33 x 106
Therefore,
e = 185.6mm
y’ = 357 – 185.6 = 171.4mm

SUPPORT
e ≤ ZT / A
Therefore,
e = 167.3mm
y’ = 357 – 167.3= 189.7mm

WHY NOT 18 NO. OF STRANDS?

with fPB = 21
21 = 18 x 225 x 103 ( 1 + e )
3.33 x 105 100.33 x 106
Therefore,
e = 237.6mm
y’ = 357 – 237.6 = 119.4mm

This is impossible to achieve with two strands at top

y Support Midspan
No.
880 2 1760 2 1760 2 1760 2 1760 2 1760 2 1760

160 2 320 2 320 2 320 2 320 4 640 4 640

110 0 0 2 220 2 220 4 440 4 440 4 440

60 4 240 4 240 6 360 6 360 6 360 8 4800

8 2320 10 2540 12 2660 14 2780 16 3200 18 3320
y' 290 254 221.7 198.6 200 184.4

MIDSPAN AND ¼ SPAN

14
 880

X X

357
160
110
60

y’ = (8 x 60) + (4 x 110) + (4 x 160) + (2 x 880)

18
= 184.4mm
e = 357 – 184.4 = 172.6mm

15
 880

X X

357
160
110
60

y’ = (10 x 60) + (4 x 110) + (4 x 160) + (2 x 880)

20
= 172mm
e = 357 – 172 = 185mm

16
SUPPORT

880

X X

357
160
110
60

y’ = (6 x 60) + (4 x 110) + (4 x 160) + (2 x 880)

16
= 200mm
e = 357 – 200 = 157mm < 167.3

17
ULTIMATE MOMENT OF RESISTANCE

1. HA + DEAD LOAD
Ultimate
Precast beam 1.1 x 1.15 x 462 + 1.1 x 1.15 x 212 = 853 kNm
Composite Section 1.1 x 1.75 x 66 + 1.1 x 1. 5 x 1015 = 1802 kNm

2. HA / HB + DEAD LOAD
Ultimate
Precast beam 1.1 x 1.15 x 462 + 1.1 x 1.15 x 212 = 853 kNm
Composite Section 1.1 x 1.75 x 66 + 1.1 x 1. 3 x 1015 = 1796 kNm
Maximum applied moment = 853 + 1802 = 2655 kNm

Height of centroidal axis of strands = 184.4mm

Height of centroidal axis of composite section = 569.2mm
Top to centroidal centroidal axis of strands = 960 + 160 – 184.4 = 935.6 mm

fpu Aps = 1820 x 20 x 165

fcu bd 40 x 1000 x 935.6
= 0.16
BS 5400 Part 4. Table 27
x/d = 0.33
Therefore,
X = 0.33 x 935.6
= 308.7 mm
Since Neutral Axis does not lie within the flange, therefore Equation 27 of BS5400 Pt.4
does not apply and a trial and error strain compatability solution will be attempted.

Assume Neutral axis to be 235mm mm from the top

Jacking stress in tendons is 0.75 and transfer loss factor is 0.9
and long term loss factor is 0.8

18
Therefore,
Prestrain,pe ,
fpe = 0.75 x 0.9 x 0.8 x 1820
Es 195 x 103
= .00504

0.0035

880 ε1
C = 3600 kN

160 ε2
110 ε3
ε4
60

19
Try x = 377mm
Area = 165 mm2

Strand Height Nos. xi εi Final ε σi Force

(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) N/mm2 kN

#1 880 2 -137 0 0.00504 982.8 0

#2 160 4 583 0.00541 0.01045 1421.02 937.9

#3 110 4 633 0.00588 0.01092 1439.13 949.8

#4 60 10 683 0.00634 0.01138 1457.23 2404.4

4292.1

0.87fpu

0.8(0.87)fpu)

Es 1 2

εmax = 0.8 x 0.87 x 1820 = 1266.72 = 0.0065

195 x 103 195 x 103
0.87fpu = 0.87 x 1820 = 1583.4 kN

20
 Corresponding ε = 0.01462
Slope = 1583.4 – 1266.72 = 39,000
0.01462 – 0.0065
Therefore,
Force in steel = 4292.1 kN

Force in concrete,
0.4 x 40 x 160 x 1000 x 10-3 = 2560 kN
0.4 x 50 x 217 x 400 x 10-3 = 1736 kN
4296 kN
Therefore take moments of individual forces about the Neutral Axis, Mu,

2404.43 x 0.683 = 1642.2 kNm

949.8 x 0.633 = 601.2 kNm
937.9 x 0.583 = 546.8 kNm
2560 x ( 377 – 80 ) x 10-3 = 760.3
1736 x ( 377 – 160 – 108.5) x 10-3 = 188.4 kNm
Mu = 3738.9 kN
Therefore, Ultimate Moment of Resistance = 3738.9 kN
Applied Moment = 2655 kNm < 3738.9 kN O.K
BS 5400 Pt.4 Cl.6.3.3.1
1.15 x 2655 = 3053.25 kNm
Since , the ultimate moment of resistance calculated > 1.15 times the required moment
of resistance, calculation of strain is not required.

21