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y-axis
x = -1 x =1
-1 ≤ x +y ≤ 1
y =1
x-axis
y = -1
1
2) Entire space except origin 0,
x y2 z2
2
( x, y, z ) (0, 0, 0)
Example 4: f(x, y) = ln xy
For the real values of logarithmic function‚ xy 0 which is possible: When x 0‚ y 0
(3rd quadrant) and when x 0 ‚ y 0 ( 1st quadrant ) Domain of f consists of region
lying in first and third quadrants in xy-plane as shown below.
x = -2 x=2
y
x 3 2 x 2 y xy 2 y 2
Example 8: f(x, y) =
x 2y
f( 0, 0 ) is not defined but we see that limit exits.
Approaching to (0,0) Approaching to (0,0)
through f(x, y) through f(x, y)
x-axis y-axis
Approaching to (0,0) through
yx f(x, y)
(0.5,0.5) -0.25
(0.1,0.1) -0.09
(0.01,0.01) -0.0099
(-0.5,-0.5) 0.75
(-0.1,-0.1) 0.11
(-0.01,-0.01) 0.0101
Example 9:
f (x,y) = 2xy 2
x +y
f( 0, 0 ) is not defined and we see that limit also does not exist.
Approaching to Approaching to
(0,0) through f (x,y) (0,0) through f (x,y)
x-axis (y = 0) y = x
xy
lim = 0 (a lo ng y = 0)
(x,y) (0,0)
x + y2 2
xy
lim = 0.5 (alo ng y = x)
x + y22
(x,y ) (0,0)
xy
lim does no t e xist.
(x,y ) (0,0)
x + y2 2
xy
lim
x y2
( x , y )( 0, 0 ) 2
We can approach a point in space through infinite paths some of them are shown in the
figure below:
Rule for Non-Existence of a Limit
If in lim f ( x , y ), we get two or more different values, as ( x, y ) approaches (a, b)
( x , y ) ( a ,b )
The paths along which (a, b) is approached may be straight lines or plane curves through
(a, b)
Example 10
x3 2 x 2 y x 2 y 2 lim x3 2 x 2 y x 2 y 2
( x , y ) (2,1)
lim
( x , y ) (2,1) x 2y lim x 2 y
( x , y ) (2,1)
2 2 2 1 2 2 1 8 8 2 2 3
3 2 2
2 2 1 4
Example 11
xy
lim
x y2
( x , y )( 0 , 0 ) 2
r 2
cos sin
r cos sin
r cos 2 sin 2 1
r cos sin , r 0
Since r x 2 y 2 , so r 0 as ( x, y ) (0, 0)
xy
lim lim r cos sin 0 cos sin 0
( x , y ) (0,0)
x y2
2 r 0
(b) lim { f ( x, y ) g ( x, y )} L1 L2
( x , y ) ( x0 , y0 )
(c) lim { f ( x, y ) g ( x, y )} L1 L2
( x , y ) ( x0 , y0 )
(d) lim { f ( x, y ) g ( x, y )} L1 L2
( x , y ) ( x0 , y0 )
f ( x, y ) L1
(e) lim (if L2 = 0)
( x , y ) ( x0 , y0 ) g ( x, y ) L2
lim c c (c is a constant), lim x0 x0 , lim y 0 y0
( x , y ) ( x0 , y0 ) ( x , y ) ( x0 , y0 ) ( x , y ) ( x0 , y0 )
Overview of lecture# 5
In this lecture we recall you all the limit concept which are prerequisite for this course
and you can find all these concepts in the chapter # 16 (topic # 16.2)of your Calculus By
Howard Anton.
LECTURE No. 6
A function is continuous if we draw its graph by a pen such that the pen is not raised so that there
is no gap in the graph of the function.
The graph of a continuous function of two variables to be constructed from a thin sheet of
clay that has been hollowed and pinched into peaks and valleys without creating tears or
pinholes.
3. lim f ( x, y ) f x0 , y0
( x , y ) ( x0 , y0 )
The requirement that f x0 , y0 must be defined at the point x0 , y0 eliminates the possibility of
a hole in the surface z f x0 , y0 above the point x0 , y0 .
Justification of three points involving in the definition of continuity
(1) Consider the function of two variables x 2 y 2 ln( x 2 y 2 ). Now as we know that the Log
function is not defined at 0, it means that when x 0 and y 0 , our function
x 2 y 2 ln( x 2 y 2 ) is not defined. Consequently the surface z x 2 y 2 ln( x 2 y 2 ) will have a
hole just above the point (0,0) as shown in the graph of x 2 y 2 ln( x 2 y 2 )
(2) The requirement that lim f ( x, y ) exists ensures us that the surface z f ( x, y ) of the
( x , y ) ( x0 , y0 )
figure above.
z f ( x, y ) of the function f ( x, y ) doesn’t have a vertical jump or step above the point
x0 , y0 .
Consider the function of two variables
0 if x 0and y 0
f ( x, y )
1 otherwise
Now as we know that the Natural domain of the function is whole the plane. But you should note
that the function has one value “0” for all the points in the plane for which both x and y have
nonnegative values. And value “1” for all other points in the plane. Consequently the surface
0 if x 0and y 0
z f ( x, y ) It has a jump as shown in the figure.
1 otherwise
Example 1: Check whether the limit at 0, 0 exists or not for the function
x2
lim f ( x, y )
( x , y ) (0,0) x2 y 2
Solution:First we will calculate the Limit of the function along x-axis and we get
x2
lim f ( x, 0) lim lim 1 1 (Along x-axis, y = 0)
( x , y ) (0,0) ( x , y ) (0,0) x 2 0 ( x , y ) (0,0)
Now we will find out the limit of the function along y-axis and we note that the limit is
02 0
lim f (0, y ) lim lim lim 0 0 (Along y-axis, x = 0)
( x , y ) (0,0) ( x , y ) (0,0) 0 2 y 2 ( x , y ) (0,0) y 2 ( x , y ) (0,0)
Now we will find out the limit of the function along the line y = x and we note that
x2 x2 1 1
lim f ( x, x) lim lim lim (Along y = x)
( x , y ) (0,0) ( x , y ) (0,0) x x
2 2 ( x , y ) (0,0) 2 x 2 ( x , y ) (0,0) 2 2
It means that limit of the function f ( x, y ) at 0, 0 doesn’t exist because it has different values
along different paths. Thus the function cannot be continuous at 0, 0 . And also note that the
function is not defined at 0, 0 and hence it doesn’t satisfy two conditions of the continuity.
Solution: First of all, note that the given function is not defined on the cylinder x 2 y 2 1 = 0.
Thus the function is not continuous on the cylinder x 2 y 2 1 0
However, f ( x, y, z ) is continuous at all other points of its domain.
CONTINUOUS EVERYWHERE
A function f that is continuous at each point of a region R in 2-dimensional plane or 3-
dimensional space is said to be continuous on R. A function that is continuous at every point
in 2-dimensional plane or 3-dimensional space is called continuous everywhere or simply
continuous.