1st Meeting

Introduction of Sampling Technique

Danar Wicaksono, S.P., M.Sc.
 Terminology

Purpose

Component of Monitoring

Sample Unit Sample Size Sampling Technique

Random Sampling Non Random Sampling

1. Simple Random Sampling 1. Purposive Sampling

2. Systematic Random Sampling 2. Accidental Sampling
3. Stratified Random Sampling 3. Quota Sampling
4. Cluster Sampling
5. Multi Stage Sampling
Terminology

✓ Survey
✓ Surveillance
✓ Monitoring
✓ Pest & Disease Monitoring
✓ Population
✓ Sample
✓ Sampling Technique
Terminology

Survey
▪ Making a single observation to measure and record something.

Surveillance
▪ Making repeated standardized surveys in order that change can be
detected.
▪ Surveillance lacks the ‘formulated standards’ that are so important in
monitoring.
Terminology

Monitoring
Surveillance undertaken to ensure that formulated standards
are being maintained (JNCC 1998).
▪ Monitoring should be an essential and integral component of
management planning.
▪ A decision must be made about how accurate a monitoring project
needs to be.
▪ The development of any monitoring strategy should be based on the
availability of resources and on a risk assessment.
Terminology

Pest & Disease Monitoring

An activity for observe exixtance of disease (symptom), Pest
population, pest demage, location, large of infected vegetation and
disease intensity.
Objective:
▪ Analyze factor that invluence disease development
▪ Decide the quantity and quality of yield loss because of disease
▪ Decide threshold point for disease control
▪ Evaluate plant resistance
Terminology

Population
a whole, it’s every member of a group.

Sample population
a fraction or percentage of a group.
sample
 1. Limitiation on time, energy, and cost
2. Faster and cheaper
Why we need sample?
3. Give more information and deepper
4. Can be handled carefully (more accurate)
 Terminology

Purpose

Component of Monitoring

Sample Unit Sample Size Sampling Technique

Random Sampling Non Random Sampling

1. Simple Random Sampling 1. Purposive Sampling

2. Systematic Random Sampling 2. Accidental Sampling
3. Stratified Random Sampling 3. Quota Sampling
4. Cluster Sampling
5. Multi Stage Sampling
Component of Monitoring

1. Sample unit
An unit for be observed:
▪ Plant : for systemic disease like Peanut mottle virus &
Huanglongbin on citrus)
▪ Branch / Twig : Rust disease on peanut
▪ Foliage: Brown spot on rice

2. Sample size (N)

How many sample unit are observed?
Component of Monitoring

2. Sample size (N)

How many sample unit are observed?
Component of Monitoring

2. Sample size (N)

How many sample unit are observed?
➢ The answer is not easy
➢ In standard survey sampling, a fixed number (N) is used,
determined before the sampling commences.
➢ Sometimes N can be determined during a sampling bout, based on
the observations already made.
➢ Sequential sampling methods have been found to be very useful
for situations in entomology and other areas in which observations
are made successively
Perry, 1994 in Madden and Hughes, 1999
Component of Monitoring

3. Sampling Technique
Get sample that can be representative (describe) of the population.

Sampling procedures should be:

1. Simple infected

2. Representative
3. Reliable health
(Waller et al., 1998. Plant Clinic Handbook)
sample
Sampling Technique

1. Probability Sampling (random sampling)

▪ Simple Random Sampling
▪ Systematic Random Sampling
▪ Stratified Random Sampling
▪ Cluster Sampling
▪ Multi Stage Sampling

2. Non Probability Sampling (non random sampling)

Sampling Technique

1. Probability Sampling (random sampling)

▪ Simple Random Sampling
➢ Every unit (individuals) inside population have equal probability to be
▪ Systematic Random Sampling
taken as sample.
▪ Stratified Random Sampling
➢ Sampling base on the reseacher’s consideration is avoided.
▪ Cluster Sampling
➢ Decrease bias and increase probability to get highly representative sample
▪ Multi Stage Sampling
Sampling Technique : Probability Sampling (random sampling)

▪ Simple Random Sampling

Every unit (individuals) inside population have equal probability to be
taken as sample.
• Small population Raffle"Cointoss".
• Big population use "Random Numbers"
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

1 4 2 5 4 0 4 1 0 1 3 3 0 0 4 4 4 4 3 1 3
2 0 3 1 2 5 5 4 1 1 1 1 0 3 0 0 1 0 5 0 2
3 3 2 4 0 3 4 0 0 0 0 4 3 1 3 3 4 0 5 5 0
4 3 1 4 5 3 3 4 1 1 1 0 3 5 4 2 3 3 2 0 0
5 2 2 2 1 0 2 0 2 4 5 1 2 4 0 3 4 2 3 0 0
6 5 0 4 0 3 5 2 2 0 0 0 5 0 4 4 1 0 2 1 3
7 4 2 4 1 0 0 3 3 0 1 2 3 3 2 3 5 4 4 2 3
8 1 4 3 5 3 2 3 3 1 0 0 0 0 0 2 5 4 0 3 0
9 5 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 4 2 0 3 1 5 0 4 1 0 2 1
10 5 2 2 5 0 1 2 0 0 0 3 1 5 2 3 0 3 1 5 3
11 0 4 0 0 0 3 0 4 4 1 3 2 0 2 1 3 5 0 0 0
12 2 0 0 1 0 0 4 2 0 5 0 1 0 0 2 2 0 5 2 2
13 5 1 5 4 1 2 3 2 2 2 1 2 2 0 0 2 0 3 2 0
14 4 4 2 4 4 0 0 0 0 5 1 0 1 3 3 1 5 2 3 5
15 4 1 0 3 2 2 1 2 0 3 1 0 0 2 4 3 4 0 0 4
16 0 1 2 0 3 5 0 4 3 0 5 1 0 4 0 1 5 0 2 3
17 2 1 3 4 0 0 4 1 1 0 1 3 3 3 2 3 0 2 0 0
18 5 0 0 3 2 4 4 0 4 4 1 0 0 3 2 2 1 1 4 1
19 5 1 0 4 4 2 2 4 0 3 0 3 2 0 5 0 1 1 0 4
20 3 2 0 3 0 0 1 0 2 3 0 4 1 4 1 5 3 0 2 1

sample
Sampling Technique : Probability Sampling (random sampling)

▪ Systematic Random Sampling

Sample was indiviuals number K, (Kx2), (Kx3), ....
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100
Sampling Technique : Probability Sampling (random sampling)

▪ Stratified Random Sampling

Individuals inside the population are grouped, samples are taken from
every each of group by using Simple Random Sampling or Systematic
Random Sampling.
Insidence of Fusarium wilt on tomato in Serang Village

Population of tomato field

in Serang village Grouped base on the variety Variety B was sampling by
Random Sampling
Sampling Technique : Probability Sampling (random sampling)

▪ Cluster Sampling
Sampling unit is a cluster (group) of individu and every individu in the
cluster is taken as sample.

Non Cluster Sampling Cluster Sampling

Sampling Technique : Probability Sampling (random sampling)

▪ Multi Stage Sampling

Sample is taken on stage, single step or multi stage.

Indonesia (27 province) → D.I. Yogyakarta → Sleman → Pakem → 5 Famers

Sampling Technique

1. Probability Sampling (random sampling)

▪ Simple Random Sampling
▪ Systematic Random Sampling
▪ Stratified Random Sampling
▪ Cluster Sampling
▪ Multi Stage Sampling

2. Non Probability Sampling (Non Random Sample)

Sampling Technique

1. Probability Sampling (random sampling)

▪ Simple Random Sampling
▪ Systematic Random Sampling
▪ Stratified Random Sampling
▪ Cluster Sampling
▪ Multi Stage Sampling

2. Non Probability Sampling (non random sampling)

Sampling Technique

1. Probability Sampling (random sampling)

2. Non Probability Sampling (non random sampling)
➢ Every unit (individuals) inside population don’t have equal probability
to be taken as sample.
➢ Result just a rough picture of the population
➢ Used in case : low budget monitoring, in a hurry, don’t need high
accuracy, just in general situation
Sampling Technique : Non Random Sampling

▪ Purposive Sampling
➢ Samples are selected base on the reseacher consideration.
➢ Samples are selected from member of population that have spesific
characteristic related to the purpose.
➢ Example:
How is the effect of Leaf Curl Disease againts chili growth in dry seson?
Researcher select :
Leaf Curl Virus Infected Plant √ To observed the effect

Healthy Plant √ As comparison

Other disease infected plant - Also give effect againts plant growth

Pest attacked plant - Also give effect againts plant growth

Sampling Technique : Non Random Sampling

▪ Quota Sampling
➢ Researcher have to know condition of the population.
➢ Samples are selected base on the reseacher consideration
➢ Example :
Farmer knowladge on the management of banana disease in Bantul
Population condition Sample

Age of Farmer : Sample Size = 1000 bantul banana farmers

1). > 50 = 35%
2). 35 – 50 = 30 %
3). 25 – 35 = 25%
4). 17 – 25 = 10%
Type of land use :
1). Banan Farm = 10%
2). Garden / Back Yard = 90%
35% from 1000 is > 50 years old farmers
30% from 1000 is 35-50 years old farmers
25% from 1000 is 25-35 years old farmers
10% from 1000 is 17-25 years old farmers
with
10% is farmers who plant banana on farm &
90% is farmers who plant banana on back
yard
Sampling Technique : Non Random Sampling

▪ Accidental Sampling
➢ Without planning
➢ Sample size (N) was not based on accountable considerations
➢ The conclusions obtained are only crude and temporary.