MinE424 - 02statistical Applications in Projects

MinE424 - PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN MINING
CHAPTER 2
STATISTICAL APPLICATIONS IN PROJECTS
MinE424 - Project Management in Mining 1

INTRODUCTION
 Aspects when developing and conducting a project may require quantitative

validation. In this sense, probability theory may be used to make an inference on the
success/failure probabilities of the sub-processes. In addition, the depedencies
between the project variables may be evaluated by regression theory. These concepts
help the managers to make more objective and number-based decisions, and to
discuss their risk appetite.

CONTENT
2.1. Probability
• Definition
• The Venn Diagram
• Operational Rules
• Mutually Exclusive Events
• Conditional Probability and Bayes’ Theorem
• Statistical Independence
2.2. Probability Distributions

• Journal of the Data
• Normal Distribution
• Standard Normal Distribution
• Lognormal Distribution
• Binomial Distribution
2.3. Regression and Correlation Analysis

• Simple Linear Regression
• Multiple Linear Regression
• Nonlinear Regression
2.1. Probability
Definition
Probability is a measure that reveals the likelihood of occurrence of an event relative to
the set of all possible events in a sample space.
ℎ
, =
ℎ ℎ
Example 2.1: For a simple example of tossing a coin, find the probability of having at
least one head in a sequential two tosses. (H: Head, T:Tail)
Solution:
HH
H
HT 3
Outcome tree = = 0.75
TH 4
T
TT
Sample space for this example

1st toss 2nd toss

2.1. Probability
The Venn diagram

 The set of all possibilities in a probabilistic problem is called as sample space,
represented by a rectangle.
 For the below diagram, and are the defined events of the sample space,
i.e. subsets of the sample space. They are shown by a closed region within the
rectangle.
 The part of rectangle outside any closed region of a event is called

complementary event, . For instance, complementary event of is and it
is shown by an intensively-shaded area in the given figure.
Sample Space

2.1. Probability
The Venn diagram

 Each of the individual possibilities in a sample space is called as sample point.
 A impossible event, denoted , is the event with no sample point. Therefore, it is an

empty set in a sample space.
Ex: Assume that the sample space is the diesel consumption amounts of a specific
mining truck.
= Possibility of the mining truck not consuming a single drop of diesel when
driving.
 A certain event, denoted , is the event containing all the sample points in a sample
space. Therefore, it is the sample space itself.
Ex: Assume that the sample space is the diesel consumption amounts of a specific
mining truck.
= Possibility of the mining truck consuming a single drop of diesel or more when
driving.
2.1. Probability
The Venn diagram

Example 2.2: A mining contractor company is initiating two new projects – PR1 and
PR2. There is some uncertainties on the completion time for the each project. 1 year
after starting to the projects, each project may have one of the following status i)
completed, ii) completion questionable or iii) definitely incomplete. They are denoted
with the codes of X, Y, and Z, respectively. If the possibilities of each status for both
project are same, what is the probability that at least one job will be completed
definitely in one year.
Solution:
: The event that PR1 is completed in one year
: The event that PR2 is completed in one year
XX YX ZX XX YX ZX
XY YY ZY XY YY ZY
XZ YZ ZZ XZ YZ ZZ
Sample space for the all possibilities

2.1. Probability
The Venn diagram

Solution (cont’d):
⊃ , ,
⊃ , ,
( ∪ )=3 9+3 9−1 9=5 9
The probability that exactly one job will be completed definitely in one year:
: The event that just PR1 is completed in one year

: The event that just PR2 is completed in one year
⊃ ,
⊃ ,
( ∪ )=2 9+2 9=4 9

2.1. Probability
Operational Rules
∪ union means «OR»
Important!
∩ intersection means «AND»
⊃ belongs to, or is contained in
⊂ contains
complement of
 For ∀ cases, 0 ≤ ≤1
 Complementary Event → ( ) = 1 −
 The probability for a certain event, =1
 Union Rule → ∪ = + − ∩
 Intersection Rule → ∩ = | ∗ = | ∗

2.1. Probability
Operational Rules
 Associative Rule → ∪ ∪ = ∪( ∪ )
 Distributive Rule → ( ∪ )∩ = (( ∩ )∪( ∩ ))
 De Morgan’s Rule → ∪ = ∩
∩ = ∪
( ∪ )∩ = ( ∪ ) ∪ = ( ∩ )∪
.
.
.
When playing with operators and converting them into many different forms,
we need to phrase their meanings with words for the each form. In any
confusion, you may draw a small Venn diagram to validate.
2.1. Probability
Operational Rules
Example 2.3: The water supply for a mine comes from two different sources with two
separate pipelines. These pipelines are jointed in a station 30 kms away from the mine
license area and the water is conveyed in a single pipeline thereafter. Explain the
probability of that no water shortage will take place .
Solution: Source 1
3 Mine
Source 2
: failure of pipeline-1 shortage of water : ( ∩ )∪

: failure of pipeline-2
no water shortage: ( ∩ )∪ =( ∪ )∩
: failure of pipeline-3

2.1. Probability
Mutually Exclusive Events
Mutually Inclusive Events Mutually Exclusive Events
If the occurrence of one event make the occurrence of other event impossible, they are
called mutually exclusive events. Therefore, mutually exclusive events cannot take
place at the same time.
Ex:
• Making right turn and left turn at a street intersection
• Flood and drought of a river at a given instant time
• Failure and survival of a building to a strong earthquake.
If there are multiple events that are mutually exclusive, then their intersection will be an
impossible event.
∩ ∩ ⋯∩ = ( ∩ ∩ ⋯∩ )=0
2.1. Probability
Mutually Exclusive Events
 If , , ,… ℎ ℎ , i.e. ( ⋂ ) =
0 ≠ ,
• ∪ ∪ ∪ ⋯∪ = + + + ⋯+
• | =0 | =0
Probability of assuming has occurred. In this case,

probability of an event depends on the occurrence of
another event. It will be discussed in the next slide.

2.1. Probability
Conditional Probability and Bayes’ Theorem
 If a dependency exists between the events, the associated probability is a

conditional probability. Therefore, probability of an event may depend on
the occurrence or non-occurrence of another event.
 From the intersection rule:
∩ = | ∗ = | ∗
∩
Probability of assuming has occurred | =
∩
Probability of assuming has occurred | =
2.1. Probability
 Bayes’ Theorem is a generalized form of conditional probability for the case

that it calculates the conditional probability of an event where its reverse is
already known.
∩ = | ∗ = | ∗
We can generalize the equation for the given event :
| ∗
| =

2.1. Probability

Example 2.4: Air pollution in a mine is assumed to occur by the emission of mining trucks
and mineral processing plant. In the next 3 years, the chance of successfully controlling these
two sources of pollution is 75% and 60% respectively. Assume that if only one of these two
sources is controlled successfully, the probability of bringing the pollution below acceptable
level would be 80% where it is 100% if both sources are controlled successfully.
a) What is the probability of successfully controlling air pollution in the next 3 years?
b) If, in the next 3 years, the pollution level is not sufficiently controlled, what is the
probability that it is entirely caused by the failure to control mineral processing plant?
c) If the pollution is not controlled, what is the probability of mineral processing plant is
not controlled?
Solution: Let’s assume that controlling mining trucks and mineral processing plants are
denoted as A and B, respectively.
= 0.60 ∗ 0.75 = 0.45

̅ = 0.60 ∗ 0.25 = 0.15
All possibilities
= 0.40 ∗ 0.75 = 0.30
̅ = 0.40 ∗ 0.25 = 0.10

2.1. Probability

Solution (cont’d):
Denoting as the event of controlling air pollution.
a) = 1.00 ∗ 0.45 + 0.80 ∗ 0.15 + 0.80 ∗ 0.30 + 0 ∗ 0.1 = 0.81
( | ) . ∗ .
b) = = = 0.32
( ) .
c) = ∪ ̅ )
= + ̅
∗ ( ) ̅ ∗ ( ̅)
= +
( ) ( )
. ∗( . ) . ( . )
= + = 0.84
. .

2.1. Probability

Class Exercise: Aggregates for a highway construction in Ankara are extracted from a
gravel pit. Based on the experience with the material, the probabilities on the material
quality are as follows:
= = 0.70
̅ = = 0.30
A laboratory want to perform an additional test for the quality assurance. The test is
not perfectly reliability and good-quality aggregate will pass the test with a probability
of %80 whereas it is %10 for the poor-quality aggregate.
a) What is probability of a sample passing a single test to be a good-quality aggregate?

b) Suppose that the laboratory technician is not satisfied with just a single test. He/she
wants to test another sample by using the information coming from the first test. If
the sample passes the second test, what is the probability of this sample to be a
good-quality aggregate?

2.1. Probability
Statistical Independence
If occurrence of one event doesn’t affect the occurrence probability of other event, the
two events are statistically independent.
These events should be confused with the mutually exclusive events since statistically
independent events can take place at the same time but they don’t have any mutual
effects on their occurrences. On the other hand, mutually exclusive events cannot
happen at the same time.
∩ =0 Mutually exclusive events
∩ = | Dependent events which require conditional probability
∩ = ( ) ( ) Statistically independent events

Journal of the Data
Data + Expert Opinion Information Uncertainty
Statistics Probability
(Algebra of Uncertainties)
Uncertainty
Aleotory Epistemic
Random Uncertainity Systematic Error
} Cannot be reduced } Due to lack of sufficient knowledge
Inherent Uncertainity Sampling Error
Uncertainty can be quantified by standard deviation, variation or covariance in certain

circumstances (will be discussed later).

Measures of Distributions
Probability distribution function, : A curve which shows relative occurrence

rates of different values where the total area under the curve is exact 1.0,
∫ = 1.0
Probability for the given intervals, ∫ : The area under gives the
probability of event to take place between the values of and .
Mode: Most frequently observed value in a distribution.

Median: It is the value which divides probability distribution curve in to the half for the
given intervals of the distribution.
Mean (Expected Value), : The most expected value for the given intervals of the
distribution. It is called as average for normal distribution (will be discussed later).
Variance, VAR : Measure of how the data spread out from the expected value.
Median: Mean (Expected Value):
= 0.5 =
Example 2.5: Find mean and median of = ⁄ for 0 ≤ ≤ 10.
Solution: ∫ = 0.5 → = 0.5 → = 7.94
3 3 10
= = | = 7.5
1000 1000 0

Normal Distribution
Many real life problems and statistical approaches have normal distribution.
Mean=Mode=Median
( )
 =
( )
 = ∫
 =∫ =∫ ( ) = , ℎ = ∑
 = ∑ ( − )
Important Points!
 Std(x), = Coef. of Variance, = ⁄

Normal Distribution
Example 2.6: The below table gives the compressive strength results for 20 different
limestone core specimens taken from the same mine site. Assuming that the obtained
data fits into normal distribution, find the mean, median and standard deviation
statistics.
30 33 34 31 33
29 30 35 34 30
36 33 35 32 31
29 36 35 32 32
Solution:
1 1
= = = 30 + 33 + ⋯ = 32.5
20 20
1 1
= ( − 32.5) = (30 − 32.5) +(33 − 32.5) + ⋯ = 4.85 ; = 2.20
20 20
Normal Distribution
From Example 2.6:
68.3%, 95.5% and 99.7% in the figure are well-known values which are constant for
any dataset in normal distribution. They also refer to confidence intervals. For the
given example, the compression strength values are between 28.1 and 36.9 for the
confidence interval of 95.5%. In other words, the probability of that the strength values
are between 28.1 and 36.9 is 0.955.
Normal Distribution
From Example 2.6:
a b
It is very challenging to integrate
this equation if the probability is
1 ( )
checked between the values ( , )
≤ ≤ = =
2 other than the well-known values. In
that case, we may use standard
normal distribution for easiness.

Standard Normal Distribution

If the expected value of normal distribution is subtracted from each number in a
population and that subtracted values are divided by the standard deviation, they are
called normalized values.
From the compression test example (Example 2.6):
−
= = (30−32.5)/2.2
Actual Numbers Normalized Numbers
30 33 34 31 33 -1.14 0.23 0.68 -0.68 0.23

29 30 35 34 30 -1.59 -1.14 1.14 0.68 -1.14
36 33 35 32 31 1.59 0.23 1.14 -0.23 -0.68
29 36 35 32 32 -1.59 1.59 1.14 -0.23 -0.23
= 32.5 ; = 2.20


After the normalization (also called z transformation), regardless of how big the
numerical values are in a population, a standard form of normal distribution, i.e.
standard normal distribution, with an expected value of 0 and standard deviation of 1
can be obtained.
Then, the probabilistic values for normalized numbers can be read from the general-
purpose z-score table.
1 ( )
= .
2
=
=
1
= . .
2
The notation z is used instead of x, conventionally.


Example 2.7: Newmont Mining Co. kicks off a water drainage project to reduce the
accumulation of rainfall in the base pit of New Long Canyon Mine. The company
wants to use a specific pump system that can drainage a monthly rainfall of 80 mm.
The heaviest monthly rainfall in the region was detected to be in February. Therefore,
the project team focuses just on the raining statistics of February in a period between
1980 and 2017. The target probability of the success rate for drainage was set 85%.
Determine whether the pump system can satisfy the target drainage or not.
Rainfall stats for February
Data Type= Amount of rainfall (mm) in February

# of Data= 38 (btw 1980-2017)
Best-Fit Distribution= Normal distribution
μx= 60 mm (mean)
σx= 15 mm (standard deviation)


Solution:
1st way (with normal distribution):
1
P ≤ 80 = Difficult to solve the equation
2 15
2nd way (z transformation):
P ≤ = P(z ≤ 1.33) Use Standard Normal Table (z scores)


Solution(cont’d):
P z ≤ 1.33 = 90.82%
. % > 85%
The selected pump system is

appropriate


Example 2.8: In the second step of the drainage project (refers to Example 2.7),
Newmont Mining Co. tries to build up a tailing dam to store the water. When
constructing a storage dam, all water intake and discharge points are considered to
determine the required dam capacity. In this basis, the company wants to estimate the
probability of the rainfall amount to be between 50 mm and 80 mm for February.
Determine the probability with z-score table.
Rainfall stats for February
Data Type= Amount of rainfall (mm) in February

# of Data= 38 (btw 1980-2017)
Best-Fit Distribution= Normal distribution
μx= 60 mm (mean)
σx= 15 mm (standard deviation)


Solution:
1
P 50 ≤ ≤ 80 =
2 15
P ≤ ≤ = P(−0.67 ≤ z ≤ 1.33)


Solution(cont’d):
Shaded Area= 1- 0.7486 = 0.2514 Shaded Area= 0.9066
Pr(−0.67 ≤ z ≤ 1.33) = 0.9066-0.2514 = 0.6552 = 65.52%

Lognormal Distribution
. .
Variable ln
Expected Value
Standard Deviation
( ( ) )
1 = (ln )
| , =
2
= ln(1 + ) = ln(1 + )
Because of its relationship with normal dist., ≤ 0.3 → ≅

standard normal probabilities (z-scores) can also
be used for lognormal distribution:
≤ = ≤ = (ln )
1
= ln − = ln = ln
2 1+

Lognormal Distribution
Example 2.9: Estimate the probability in Example 2.8 by converting the data into
lognormal distribution.
Solution:
= 60
= 15
= = 0.25 ⇢ 0.25 ≤ 0.30 ⇢ =
1
= ln 60 − 0.25 = 4.06
2
60
= ln = 4.06
1 + 0.25
ln 50 − 4.06 ln − ln 80 − 4.06
P ln 50 ≤ ln x ≤ ln 80 = P ≤ ≤
0.25 0.25
= P −0.59 ≤ z ≤ 1.29 = 0.9015 − 0.2776 = 0.6239 = 62.39%

Binomial Distribution
If the probability of occurrence of an event in each trial (probability of nonoccurrence
is 1 − ), then probability of exactly occurrences among trials:
P = = (1 − )
Example 2.10: Alacer Gold Mining Co. uses four graders for the haul road maintenance
of Çöpler Gold Mine. The chief engineer asks the project department to calculate the
probability of at least three graders to be available after 900 hrs. Each grader has the
same operational life with a log-normal distribution with a mean life of 1500 hrs and a
COV, i.e. coefficient of variance , of 30%.
Solution:
= 0.30 ⇢ = = 0.30
1
= ln 1500 − 0.30 = 7.27
2
Binomial Distribution
Solution(cont’d):
 Probability of one grader to be operated after 900 hrs:
ln 900 − 7.27 ln −
P 900 ≤ =P ≤ = P −1.56 ≤ = 0.9406
0.30
 Probability that there will be at least three grader to be operated after 900 hrs:
4 4
P ≥3 =P = 3 + P( = 4) =
0.9406 (0.0594) + 0.9406 (0.0594)
3 4
P ≥ 3 = 0.1977 + 0.7827 = 0.9804

 Regression analysis is a statistical technique for investigating and

modeling the relationship between variables.
 Applications of regression are numerous, and occur in almost
every field, including engineering, the physical and chemical
sciences, economics, management, life and biological sciences,
and the social sciences.
 For instance, fan pressure required for the ventilation of an
underground mine is correlated with the surface roughness levels
of openings, their lengths, internal and external ambient
temperature in the mine, etc.
 In another example, changes in viscosity of a polymer can be
expressed by the changes in reaction temperature and catalyst
feed rate.

Simple Linear Regression
 Simple linear regression expresses the correlation between two

variables where one is dependent and other is independent.
= +
: Dependent variable
: Independent variable or predictor

variable
: Intercept of the line (constant

value)
: Regression coefficient, i.e. slope,

of the line (constant value)

∑( − ̅ )( − ) Correlation Coefficient:
=
∑( − ̅ ) ∑( − ̅ )( − )
=
where ∑( − ̅ ) ∑( − )
∑ ∑
̅= , =
This coefficient defines the
correlation between
= − ̅ dependent and independent
variables mathematically.


Example 2.11: In any underground mine, cost of unit extracted ore ($/ton ore) is
depended on the depth from the surface, i.e. elevation difference (m). Using the
available cost values, the production department of Rio Tinto Efemçukuru Gold Mine
wants to calculate the production cost at the operation depth of 600 meters.
Production Cost ( ) Depth of extraction ( )

($/ton ore) (meters)
23.0 380
26.1 405
27.3 416
28.8 430
30.8 470
32.5 500


Solution:
34
32
Production Cost ($/ton ore)
30
∑
28 ̅= = 433.5
26
24
∑
= = 28.1
22
20
350 370 390 410 430 450 470 490 510
Evelation Difference (meters)


Solution(cont’d):
( − ) ( − ) ( − ) ( − ) ( − )( − )
1 23.0 -5.1 26.0 380 -53.5 2862.3 272.9

2 26.1 -2.0 4.0 405 -28.5 812.3 57.0
3 27.3 -0.7 0.5 416 -17.5 306.3 12.3
4 28.8 +0.7 0.5 430 -3.5 12.3 2.5
5 30.8 +2.7 7.3 470 +36.5 1332.3 98.6
6 32.5 +4.4 19.4 500 +66.5 4422.3 292.6
SUM 168.5 0.0 57.7 2601 0.0 9747.8 735.9
∑( − ̅ )( − ) 735.9
= = = 0.075 = −4.4 + 0.075
∑( − ̅ ) 9747.8
= 600
= − ̅ = −4.4
= 40.6 $/ton ore


Solution(cont’d):
∑( − ̅ )( − ) 735.9
= = = 0.98 ( )
∑( − ̅ ) ∑( − ) 57.7 9747.8
Note: Correlation coefficient varies between -1 and +1. If its value converges to +1, this
means that there is a strong positive correlation between the variables such that any
increase or decrease in the dependent variable can be expressed with almost same
increase or decrease rate of change in the independent variable. If the value converges
to -1, there exists strong negative correlation. In that case, positive change in the
dependent variable can be defined with the almost same rate of negative change in
independent variable or vice versa. A correlation coefficient with a zero value points
that there is not any correlation (dependency) between the variables.

Multiple Linear Regression
 Multiple linear regression expresses the correlation one

dependent and multiple independent variables.
 Multiple regression may require drawing with multiple axes

(three or more dimensional).
 For the computation of regression analysis for multiple

independent variable with a large data set, calculations may
be tedious. Therefore, related computer programs such as
Minitab and SPSS can be utilized for solving such problems.
 Thus, regression analysis including two independent

variable will be concentrated in this section.

= + +
: Dependent variable
:The first independent variable
: The second independent variable
: Intercept of the line (constant value)
: The first regression coefficient (constant

value)
: The second regression coefficient

(constant value)

∑ ∑ ∑
= = =
( − ) + ( − )( − )= ( − )( − )
( − )( − )+ ( − ) = ( − )( − )
= − −


Example 2.12: Assume that some measurements of temperature ( ), airflow ( / )
and pressure (pascal) were taken in an underground coal mine to measure the effects
of changes in temperature and airflow on pressure.
(pressure) (temperature) (airflow)

108 34 45
129 43 44
126 49 56
149 58 57
168 64 65
161 73 63
174 78 55
Solution:
= 399 = 385 = 1,015 = 22,521
= 24,279 = 21,565 = 150,803 = 60,112
= 57 = 55 = 145 = 56,518


Solution(cont’d):
( − ) + ( − )( − )= ( − )( − )
( − )( − )+ ( − ) = ( − )( − )


Solution(cont’d):
∑
= ( − ) = − = 1,536
∑ ∑
= ( − )( − )= − = 576
∑
= ( − ) = − = 390
∑ ∑
= ( − )( − )= − = 2,257
∑ ∑
= ( − )( − )= − = 893


Solution(cont’d):
Equation-1
= − − = 145 − 57 − 55
Equation-2
( − ) + ( − )( − )= ( − )( − ) 1536 − 576 = 2,257
Equation-3
( − )( − )+ ( − ) = ( − )( − ) 576 − 390 = 893
=52.23
=1.37
=0.27

Nonlinear Regression
 Relationship between dependent and independent variables

may be nonlinear.
 Examples: = , = , etc.
 Various statistical software packages such as SPSS and

Minitab can be used to solve nonlinear regression equations.

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MinE424 - PROJECT MANAGEMENT IN MINING

STATISTICAL APPLICATIONS IN PROJECTS

MinE424 - Project Management in Mining 1

 Aspects when developing and conducting a project may require quantitative

MinE424 - Project Management in Mining 2

2.2. Probability Distributions

2.3. Regression and Correlation Analysis

Sample space for this example

MinE424 - Project Management in Mining 4

The Venn diagram

 The part of rectangle outside any closed region of a event is called

MinE424 - Project Management in Mining 5

The Venn diagram

 A impossible event, denoted , is the event with no sample point. Therefore, it is an

The Venn diagram

Sample space for the all possibilities

The Venn diagram

( ∪ )=3 9+3 9−1 9=5 9

: The event that just PR1 is completed in one year

( ∪ )=2 9+2 9=4 9

MinE424 - Project Management in Mining 8

 The probability for a certain event, =1

MinE424 - Project Management in Mining 9

 Distributive Rule → ( ∪ )∩ = (( ∩ )∪( ∩ ))

: failure of pipeline-1 shortage of water : ( ∩ )∪

MinE424 - Project Management in Mining 11

Mutually Exclusive Events

Mutually Inclusive Events Mutually Exclusive Events

Mutually Exclusive Events

Probability of assuming has occurred. In this case,

MinE424 - Project Management in Mining 13

Conditional Probability and Bayes’ Theorem

 If a dependency exists between the events, the associated probability is a

 From the intersection rule:

Conditional Probability and Bayes’ Theorem

 Bayes’ Theorem is a generalized form of conditional probability for the case

We can generalize the equation for the given event :

MinE424 - Project Management in Mining 15

Conditional Probability and Bayes’ Theorem

= 0.60 ∗ 0.75 = 0.45

MinE424 - Project Management in Mining 16

Conditional Probability and Bayes’ Theorem

Denoting as the event of controlling air pollution.

a) = 1.00 ∗ 0.45 + 0.80 ∗ 0.15 + 0.80 ∗ 0.30 + 0 ∗ 0.1 = 0.81

MinE424 - Project Management in Mining 17

Conditional Probability and Bayes’ Theorem

a) What is probability of a sample passing a single test to be a good-quality aggregate?

MinE424 - Project Management in Mining 18

∩ =0 Mutually exclusive events

∩ = | Dependent events which require conditional probability

∩ = ( ) ( ) Statistically independent events

MinE424 - Project Management in Mining 19

Journal of the Data

Data + Expert Opinion Information Uncertainty

Uncertainty can be quantified by standard deviation, variation or covariance in certain

MinE424 - Project Management in Mining 20

Probability distribution function, : A curve which shows relative occurrence

Mode: Most frequently observed value in a distribution.

Example 2.5: Find mean and median of = ⁄ for 0 ≤ ≤ 10.

Solution: ∫ = 0.5 → = 0.5 → = 7.94

MinE424 - Project Management in Mining 23

MinE424 - Project Management in Mining 24

MinE424 - Project Management in Mining 27