CURRENT WHAT IS BEING WHAT HAS SOURCE

PROBLEMS DONE IN THE BEEN DONE

PAST? NOW?

Climate Change The Paris COP26 A climate Anna Åberg Research Analyst.
Agreement has a change conference (2021, September 29).
‘bottom-up’ on how we should What is COP26 and why
approach where move forward with is it important? Chatham
countries the climate crisis. It House – International
themselves decide is a critical summit Affairs Think Tank.
by how much they for global climate
will reduce their action. To have a
emissions by a chance of limiting
certain year. They warming to 1.5
communicate these degrees, global
targets to the emissions must
UNFCCC in the halve by 2030 and
form of ‘nationally reach ‘net-zero’ by
determined 2050.
contributions’, or
‘NDCs’.
poverty Early on, there was More pro-poor Ravallion, M. (2012), “Why
little reason to policies call for Don’t we See Poverty
think that poor better quality Convergence?”, American
people had the public institutions Economic Review 102(1): 504-
potential to be and services that 523.
anything other than are inclusive of the
poor; poverty needs of poor Ravallion, M. (2016), The
would inevitably people. With the Economics of Poverty: History,
persist. Prominent required political Measurement and Policy, New
thinkers even will there is much York: Oxford University Press.
argued that poverty that can be done to
was necessary for improve health and
economic education services
advancement, since in poor places and
without it, who in making legal
would farm the systems more
land, work the inclusive. These
factories, and staff are high priorities
the armies? for antipoverty
Avoiding hunger policy everywhere. 
was the necessary
incentive for doing
work. This way of
 thinking still left a
role for policy in
providing a degree
of protection from
shocks, which
helped assure social
stability in the
wake of crises. The
protection motive
for antipoverty
policy goes back
well over 2,000
years in both
Western and
Eastern thought.
While the need for
social protection
was well
understood in
principle among the
elites, their support
tended to fade in
normal times, and
often needed to be
re-established in
new crises.
However, mass
poverty was largely
taken for granted.
Beyond short-term
palliatives to
address shocks,
there was little or
no perceived scope
for public effort to
permanently reduce
poverty.
Promotional anti-
poverty policies
made little sense to
those in power.
Air pollution Scientists started Today, History of Air Pollution. (2021,
investigating the policymakers and
link between air air quality July 15). US EPA.
pollution and managers rely on
health. States began cutting-edge https://www.epa.gov/air-
passing legislation science to establish research/history-air-
to reduce air regulations and
pollution. And in make management pollution
1970, a milestone decisions to reduce
year, Congress and control air
passed the Clean pollution with cost-
Air Act effective
Amendments approaches.
which led to the
establishment of EPA's Air and
the nation's air Energy Research
quality standards. conducts a vast
amount of this
research, producing
findings and
developing
technology vital to
our understanding
of air pollution. For
the most common
pollutants, the
research is
compiled and
synthesized every
five years by EPA
scientists to assess
the adequacy of air
regulations.