Professional Documents
Culture Documents
MODULE 13
Sub Module 13.6
All turbine-engine aero plane of maximum certificated take-off Internal lighting in floor level emergency exit areas or
weight over 5700 Kg shall be equipped with a flight data Passengers Emergency Evacuation Path Lighting System
recorder and a cockpit voice recorder, may alternatively be (PEEPLS).
equipped with two combination recorders (FDR / CVR):
Illuminated emergency exit marking and location signs.
All flight data recorders shall be capable of retaining the
information recorded during at least the last 25 hours of their
operation. Megaphones
A cockpit voice recorder shall be capable of retaining the Portable battery powered megaphones shall be readily accessible for
information recorded during at least the last 30 minutes of its use by crew members during emergency evacuation of passengers.
operation. One megaphone shall be installed at the rearward location in the
passenger cabin for the normal crew seat for aeroplane with seating
capacity of more than 30 and less than 100 passengers.
Emergency locater transmitter (ELT)
Two megaphones, one is installed at the forward location and other is
All aeroplane/ helicopter operated on long range over water installed at the most rearward location of passenger cabin for normal
fights as shall be equipped with at least two ELTs. crew seats for aeroplane with seating capacity of more than 100
passengers.
The following electronic emergency equipment can be found in The flashlights are installed as a movable light source. They are used
the cabin of a commercial passenger aircraft today. if bad light conditions occur during an on-board emergency. The flash
lights operate with batteries which can be easily replaced.
1. Megaphone
2. Flashlight
MEGAPHONE
A strap
Megaphone
Flash Light
A lanyard assembly. The satellite system transmits the 406 MHz distress signal to a Local
User Terminal (LUT), when the LUT is in range. The LUT receiving
A liquid container. range is a radius of approximately 2,500 km (1367.00 NM). When the
LUT is not in receiving range, the satellite system stores the distress
signal until transmission is possible. The LUT automatically processes
the signal to identify and show the position of the aircraft to a radius of
approximately 1.8 km (5900.00 ft.). The processed data is transmitted
to a Mission Control Center (MCC). The MCC sends the data to an
applicable Rescue Coordination Center (RCC), where Search and
Rescue (SAR) operations are started. The 121.5 MHz and 243 MHz
signals are used to find the aircraft in the final stage of SAR operation.
LANYARD ASSEMBLY
WATER-ACTIVATED BATTERY
The lanyard assembly has an 18.3 m (60.0 ft.) braided nylon cord
The battery is kept in the other half of the housing and supplies attached to a flexible stainless-steel yoke cable. The yoke cable is
power to the transmitter. The battery operates when immersed attached with loops to the battery housing and the nylon cord is wound
in water (salt or fresh) or any other water-based fluids (tea, on a holder card. They are wound around the battery housing and held
coffee, soup or urine). Holes in the end cover of the battery in position with water-soluble tape. The free end of the nylon cord is
housing let the water in. The displaced air is dispersed through held in position with a lanyard guide and the folded antenna with
vent holes in the top of the battery housing. External test points approximately 1.4 m (4.0 ft.) to attach to a life raft.
(3) on the battery housing let you check the battery condition
and test the ELT.
LIQUID CONTAINER
SELF-ERECTING ANTENNA
The plastic liquid container is wound around the battery housing and
The antenna is attached to the top of the transmitter housing held in position with the lanyard assembly. The container is used to
with a flexible spring-loaded stainless-steel cable. It is stored in operate the ELT on land.
the folded position along the length of the housing and held in
position with:
Water-soluble tape
The retaining clip lets you erect the antenna to test the ELT
without breaking the water-soluble tape.
INTRODUCTION One major obstacle when creating an IFE system is the systems
safety. A safe system is one that is free from harm or risk and secure
In-flight entertainment is a growing market segment which is from threat and danger. When attempting to create a safe system
incorporating different technologies to offer an increasing there must be little to no possibility of open voltage leak. Another
number of products and services to travelers. In-flight major safety risk when dealing with IFE systems, is the possibility of
entertainment currently combines a number of different the IFE system's computer processor failing. Although this is predicted
technologies. The possibilities for incorporating more to occur, the safety issue lies in the fact that the failure of the IFE
technologies are great. system will not affect the essential operation of the aircraft. This
standard is kept in check by the Federal Aviation Administration and
Two of the main driving forces for in-flight entertainment are their Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). In order for a company's
increasing airline competition and consumer demand. People product to be considered safe and reliable, it must be certified by the
are travelling in record numbers, which has led to cutthroat FAA. Some of the general safety requirements are;
competition among many carriers. Airlines are looking at ways
to differentiate themselves and to gain a competitive edge by The system in question is properly labeled, and that its design
offering a wide range of in-flight entertainment. is appropriate to its intended function.
Major manufacturers of IFE systems include Panasonic The electrical equipment must not alter the safety or
Avionics Corporation, Thales Group, Honeywell, Rockwell functionality of the aircraft upon the result of a failure.
Collins and Live TV. Most of the difficulties these producers
encounter are traditional to those of avionic electronic systems. It must be independent from that of the aircraft's main power
Such issues are system safety, cost efficiency, software source and processor, using separate the power supplies and
reliability, hardware maintenance, and user compatibility. data links from that of the aircraft's performance processor,
such that in the event of a failure the system is self sustained,
and cannot alter the functionality of the aircraft.
COST EFFICIENCY
Audio entertainment is provided in the form of several selected Traditionally, video entertainment is provided via a large video screen
channels a passenger may choose covering various genres of at the front of a cabin section, as well as smaller monitors situated
music, as well as news, information and comedy. Much like every few rows above the aisles. Sound is supplied via the same
radio shows, most music channels are pre-recorded and feature headphones distributed for audio entertainment.
their own DJs to provide chatter, song introductions and
interviews with featured artists. However, in recent times, personal televisions (PTVs) for every
passenger have become more popular, providing passengers with a
In audio-video on demand (AVOD) systems, software such as selection of channels broadcasting new and classic films, as well as
Music Match is used to select music off the music server. comedies, documentaries, children's shows and drama series. Some
Phillips Music Server is one of the most widely used servers airlines also present news and current affairs programming, which are
running under Windows Media Center used to control AVOD often pre-recorded and delivered in the early morning before flights
systems. commence.
This form of in-flight entertainment is experienced through PTVs are operated via an In-flight Management System which stores
headphones that are distributed to the passengers after take- pre-recorded channels on a central server, and streams them to PTV
off. The headphone plugs are usually only compatible with the equipped seats during flight. AVOD systems store individual programs
audio socket on the passenger's armrest (and vice-versa), and separately, allowing a passenger to have a specific program streamed
some airlines may charge a small fee in order to obtain a pair. to them privately, and be able to control the playback.
The headphones provided can also be used for the viewing of
personal televisions, if any. Some airlines also provide video games as part of the video
entertainment system. For example, Singapore Airlines passengers
Recent IFE systems have been made compatible with XM have access to a number of Super Nintendo games as part of its Kris
Satellite Radio, and also with I-Pod, allowing for passengers to World entertainment system. Also, Virgin America's new RED
access their own accounts, or bring their own music, along with Entertainment System offers passengers a wide variety of internet
offering extensive libraries of full audio CD's from an assortment gaming over a Linux-based operating system. RED also provides an
of artists. open source gaming link, so passengers who are experienced in
writing games can upload certain created games to the server.
The first motion picture to be played on an airline was a silent Most major airlines have now installed personal televisions (otherwise
film shown on a Deutsch Lufthansa flight over Germany in 1925. known as PTVs) for every passenger on most long-haul routes. These
Regularly scheduled in flight movies began to premiere in 1961 televisions are usually located in the seat-backs or tucked away in the
on flights from New York to Los Angeles. Today there are armrests for front row seats and first class. Many different systems are
various types of in-flight movies that are offered. There are used and vary from different airlines. There are those that utilize a few
those personal on demand videos which are stored in an channels, or direct broadcast satellite televisions which enables
aircraft’s main IFE computer system. From there they can be passengers to view live TV broadcasts. Some airlines also offer video
viewed on demand by the user as they choose. Along with the games using PTV equipment.
on-demand concept comes the ability for the user to pause,
rewind, fast forward, or jump to any point in the movie. In accordance with increasing amenities being provided on board
flights, audio-video on demand (AVOD) entertainment has also been
introduced. This enables passengers to pause, rewind, and fast-
forward or stop a program that they have been watching. This is in
contrast to older entertainment systems where no interactivity is
provided for AVOD also allows the passengers to choose between
assortments of movies stored in the aircrafts computer system.
With the introduction of new aircraft and the rapid advances in aviation
technology, it is rare to find new long-haul planes being delivered
without PTVs. Lufthansa is the only airline in the world to order new
long haul aircraft like the Boeing 747 without fitting PTVs in Economy
Class.
MOVING-MAP SYSTEMS
DATA COMMUNICATION
Figure 01: Krisworld IFE system
IFE producers have begun to introduce intranet type systems
into their designs. Virgin America's RED Entertainment System
allows for passengers to chat amongst one another, compete
against each other in the provided games, talk to the flight
attendants and request, and pay for in advance, food or drinks,
and have full access to the internet and email.
ICE
ENTERTAINMENT
INFORMATION
Similar to Kris World, the entertainment system from Singapore
Operated by Emirates Airline, ICE is a state of the art in-flight Airlines, ICE allows passengers to choose from a library of movies,
entertainment system. ICE (Information Communication audio CDs, and video games. ICE offers over 130 select award
Entertainment) is currently installed and functioning in close to winning current movies on 15 video-on-demand channels, 60
half of Emirates Airline's Airbus A340-500 aircraft fleet. ICE prerecorded television channels, 350 audio channels, and around 50
provides passengers with a direct data link to BBC news. ICE is completely interactive video games. All of these AVOD components
the first IFE system to be connected directly to automatic news contain the ability to be changed to a different language. I.C.E
updates. This is complimented by ICE's state of the art Air show contains a system of 10 different languages in which audio and video
software from Rockwell Collins displaying the progress of the can be experienced. Some available languages are English, French,
flight, along with standard flight information such as heading, Spanish, Arabic, Korean, and Japanese.
speed, and time remaining. Along with this software comes
ICE's unique system of exterior cameras located on the aircraft.
These cameras can be viewed by any passenger through the
IFE system during times of takeoff or approach to experience
amazing views of the surrounding landscape.
COMMUNICATION
AUDIO, VIDEO, AND GAMING RED contains a fully functional remote control, which doubles as a
video game controller, and a full QWERTY keyboard. This is the first
Set to premiere in summer of 2007, Virgin America airline will IFE to introduce a remote/keyboard combination to control the IFE
be introducing the newest and most interactive IFE system yet. system that can be stowed away inside of the passenger’s armrest.
RED, the IFE system, will be installed in all of Virgin America's Along with keyboard storage, the passenger’s armrest also houses a
Airbus A-320's. RED allows similar functions to Kris World’s IFE 110-volt power outlet for each passenger to plug in their own personal
system. RED allows passengers to watch live TV, including 18 electronic equipment. Another interactive feature of RED is the ability
channels provided by Dish Network. Also, RED provides passengers have to bring along their own keyboard, or mouse and use
passengers with over 25 on demand Hollywood pay per view the provided USB port to plug and play their own devices along with
movies, over 2000 mp3 audio tracks, and more than 20 radio the IFE system. This is all on a LCD screen that has a 1024 x 600-
stations. All of these are completely on demand and are pixel resolution. Passengers can also directly order food and drinks
accessed through the passengers 9" LCD touch screen monitor from the flight attendants from the menu section of the IFE. All
located in the seat back in front of each passenger. One of services, such as this direct food order, can be paid for by the credit
RED's unique characteristics is that it allows passengers to card reader located at the bottom of the IFE screen. RED also offers
create playlists of movies, and mp3's, save the play list, and passengers full broadband access to chat, and instant Message
either transfer it to their IPod, or to redirect it to another Virgin amongst passengers, along with having unrestricted access to the
America plane in order for the individual play list to transfer internet, and email.
planes with the passenger. RED contains a fully open source
Linux gaming network. There are potentially unlimited amounts One of RED's breakthrough concepts is the idea of altering the cabin
of games available on each aircraft, however the IFE comes environment. RED has light, soft, cabin music playing in the main
standard with only a few, the rest can be saved by those cabin while the new LED lights change the mood of the cabin through
passengers who have a great enough understanding of Linux to its lighting. Ranging from bright neon colors, to soft darks the IFE
create their own games. These games are open source and can controls the cabins mood according to the songs playing in the cabin
be shared on any Virgin America aircraft so once a passenger during the flight.
creates their own unique game, they can share and experience
it every flight thereafter.