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2.1 Momentum
Momentum of a body is the product of its mass and velocity. It is a vector quantity and its
units are kgms −1 or newton second (Ns). The higher the velocity of the body, the more the
momentum.
Examples
1. If a particle of mass 2 kg moves velocity of 5 ms−1 along a straight road. Such a particle
has a momentum of
= 2 ∗ 5 Ns
= 10 Ns
Trial Questions
1. Determine the momentum of a
2. A car possesses 20 000 units of momentum. What would be the car’s new momentum if
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(c) its mass was doubled (by adding more passengers and a greater load)
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(d) both its velocity was doubled and its mass was doubled.
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Examples
1. For example, suppose a body of mass 2 kg changes its speed from 6 m/s to 15 m/s in the
same direction;
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Initial Final
5 m/s 3 m/s
2 kg 2 kg
2. If a body of mass 2 kg changes its speed from 5 m/s to 3 m/s in the opposite direction.
Initial momentum = 2 × 5 = 10 N s
Final momentum = 2 × −3 = −6 N s
Change in momentum = −6 − 10 = −16 N s
∴ Change in momentum = 16 N s
(17)
2.3 Impulse
Impulse is the change in momentum. i.e,
Impulse = Change in Momentum
Impulse = mv − mu = m(v − u) (18)
From Newton’s first equation of motion, v = u + at or v − u = at, then;
Impulse = m(v − u)
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Impulse = m(at) = mat
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Therefore, impulse can also be defined as the product of Force and the time in which it acts.
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If the Collision is inelastic, then there is loss of kinetic kinetic energy. This energy could be
lost to sound, heat or even light. Then the lost kinetic energy k.e can be calculated as follows;
Loss = Initail
k.e - Final k.e
1 1 1 1
Loss = 2
mA uA + mB uB − 2 2 2
mA vA + mB vB (21)
2 2 2 2
Note: The kinetic energy of a body of mass m moving with velocity u is; 21 mu2
1. A particle A of mass 300 g lies at rest on a smooth horizontal surface. A second particle
B of mass 200 g is projected along the surface with speed 6 m/s and collide directly with
A. If the collision reduces B to rest, find
rest rest
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mA uA + mB uB = mA vA + mB vB
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×0+ ×6 = ×v+ ×0
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v = 4 ms−2 (22)
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(b) The initial kinetic energy is determined using the formula k.e = 12 mu2 ;
1 1
Initail k.e = mA u2A + mB u2B
2 2
1 300 1 200
Initail k.e = × × 02 + × × 62
2 1000 2 1000
Initail k.e = 3.6 J
(c) The final kinetic energy is determined using the formula k.e = 21 mv2 ;
1 1
Initail k.e = mA vA2
+ mB vB2
2 2
1 300 1 200
Initail k.e = × × 42 + × × 02
2 1000 2 1000
Initail k.e = 2.4 J
2. A shell of mass 5 kg is fired from a gun of mass 2000 kg. The shell leaves the gun with a
speed of 400 m/s. Find the initial speed of recoil of the gun and the gain in the kinetic
energy of the system.
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Solution:
Let the speed of recoil of the gun be V
From the law of conservation of linear momentum,
Trial Questions
1. A ball of mass 0.2 kg is moving at 4 m/s when it collides directly with a stationary ball
B of mass 0.1 kg. After collision, A moves with a velocity 2.5 m/s in the same direction
as before. Calculate
2. A bullet is fired horizontally with speed of 600 m/s into a block of wood of mass 0.245 kg,
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resting on a smooth horizontal plane, and becomes embedded in the block. Given that
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the block begins to move with speed of 12 m/s , find , in kg , the mass of the bullet.
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3. Two trucks P and Q, of mass 150 g and 250 g respectively, are free to move on a straight
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horizontal track of a model railway. Initially Q is at rest and P is moving towards Q with
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a velocity of 40 cm/s. Immediately after the impact Q has a velocity of 8 cm/s relative
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to P. Calculate
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4. A particle of mass m moving with speed v strikes a particle of mass 3m at rest and
coalesces with it. Express the final kinetic energy as a fraction of the original kinetic
energy.
5. Two identical railway trucks are traveling in the same direction along the same straight
piece of track with constant speeds of 6 m/s and 2 m/s. The faster truck catches up with
the other one and on collision, the two trucks automatically couple together. Find the
common speed of the trucks after collision.
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