Maclaurin Series

for DES II 2019/2020

By
MUJUNGU HERBERT

National Teachers’ College

Kabale
MUJUNGU HERBERT (National Teachers College Kabale) July 30, 2020 1/8
 Maclaurin Series

Competences
1 State and derive Maclaurin series
2 Obtain Maclaurin’s series for various functions

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 Maclaurin’s series
Question By comparing the Taylor’s series given by;

f(a) f 0 (a) f 00 (a) f 000 (a)

f(x) = + (x − a) + (x − a)2 + (x − a)3 +
0! 1! 2! 3!
f (4)
(x − a)4 + ...
4!

and Maclaurin’s series given by;

f(0) f 0 (0) f 00 (0) 2 f 000 (0) 3 f (4) (0) 4

f(x) = + x+ x + x + x + ... (1)
0! 1! 2! 3! 4!
State the conditions applied in the Taylor’s theorem to obtain the
Maclaurin’s theorem.

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 Example 1

Use Maclaurin’s theorem to expand ex in ascending powers of x as far as

the x5 term.

MUJUNGU HERBERT ( National Teachers College Kabale) July 30, 2020 4/8
 Example 1

Use Maclaurin’s theorem to expand ex in ascending powers of x as far as

the x5 term.
Solution

MUJUNGU HERBERT ( National Teachers College Kabale) July 30, 2020 4/8
 Example 1

Use Maclaurin’s theorem to expand ex in ascending powers of x as far as

the x5 term.
Solution

Let f(x) = ex ⇒ f(0) = e0 = 1

f 0 (x ) = e x ⇒ f 0 (0) = 1
f 00 (x) = ex ⇒ f 00 (0) = 1
f 000 (x) = ex ⇒ f 000 (0) = 1
0000 0000
f (x) = ex ⇒ f (0) = 1
00000 00000
f (x) = ex ⇒f (0) = 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
ex = + x + x2 + x3 + x4 + x5 + ...
0! 1! 2! 3! 4! 5!

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 Example 2 Use Maclaurin’s theorem to expand ln(1 + x) in ascending
powers of x as far as x5 .

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 Example 2 Use Maclaurin’s theorem to expand ln(1 + x) in ascending
powers of x as far as x5 . Solution

MUJUNGU HERBERT ( National Teachers College Kabale) July 30, 2020 5/8
 Example 2 Use Maclaurin’s theorem to expand ln(1 + x) in ascending
powers of x as far as x5 . Solution

Let f(x) = ln(1 + x) ⇒ f(0) = ln(1 + x) = 0

1
f 0 (x ) = ⇒ f 0 (0) = 1+0
1
=1
1+x
1
f 00 (x) = − ⇒ f 00 (0) = − (1+0)
1
2 = −1
(1 + x)2
2
f 000 (x) = ⇒ f 000 (0) = (1+0)
2
3 = 2
(1 + x)3
0000 6 0000 6
f (x) = − 4
⇒ f (0) = − (1+0) 4 = −6
(1 + x)
00000 24 00000 24
f (x) = 5
⇒ f (0) = (1+0) 5 = 24
(1 + x)
0 1 −1 2 2 −6 4 24 5
ln(1 + x) = + x+ x + x3 + x + x + ...
0! 1! 2! 3! 4! 5!

MUJUNGU HERBERT ( National Teachers College Kabale) July 30, 2020 5/8
 Example 3
Express 17o 110 in radians correcting to one significant figure. Use the
3 5
approximation; sin x ≈ x − x3! + x5! , to express sin(17o 110 ) to four
significant figures.

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 Example 3
Express 17o 110 in radians correcting to one significant figure. Use the
3 5
approximation; sin x ≈ x − x3! + x5! , to express sin(17o 110 ) to four
significant figures.
Solution

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 Example 3
Express 17o 110 in radians correcting to one significant figure. Use the
3 5
approximation; sin x ≈ x − x3! + x5! , to express sin(17o 110 ) to four
significant figures.
Solution
Recall that ;
1
 
0
1 = 1 arcmin = degrees
 60 
π 0.33 0.35
and 1 degree = radians sin 0.3 ≈ 0.3 − 3!
+ 5!
180
sin 0.3 ≈ 0.2955
o 0 o 1o
17 11 = 17 + 11 ∗ ≈ By comparison, from the calculator,
o
60
17.1833 I have 0.2954
17.1833o ≈ 0.3 radians

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 Trial Questions
1 Given that the functions f (x ) and co + c1 x + c2 x 2 + c3 x 3 + c4 x 4 + ...
have the same value when x = 0, and equal successive derivatives
when x = 0, deduce the first four terms of the Maclaurin expansion of
f (x ) in ascending powers of x .
2 By using Maclaurin’s expansions for e x , ln(1 + x ), cos x and sin x ,
write down the first four terms of the expansions of the following in
ascending powers of x :
(a). e 2x , (b). ln(1 − x ), (c). cos x 2 , (d) sin x2
3 the expansion of ln(1 − x ) from that of ln(1 + x )
By subtracting r
 
1+x x3 x5 x7
deduce that ln 1−x = x + 3 + 5 + 7 + ...
4 Find approximations of the following;
(a). e 0.4 , (b). ln(1.2), (c). cos 0.3, (d) sin 0.2
Use Maclaurin’s theorem 5
q to showothat if, x and higher powers of x
5
n
1
are neglected. ln x + (1 + x 2 ) = x − 6 x 3

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 Standard Expanssion of
Maclaurin’s series
𝑥2 𝑥3
• 𝑒𝑥 = 1 + 𝑥 + + +⋯
2! 3!
𝑥2 𝑥3
• 𝑒 −𝑥 = 1 − 𝑥 + − +⋯
2! 3!
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
• ln 1 + 𝑥 = 𝑥 − + − +⋯
2 3 4
𝑥2 𝑥3 𝑥4
• ln 1 − 𝑥 = −𝑥 − − − − ⋯
2 3 4
(1+𝑥) 2 2 5
• 𝑙𝑛 = 2𝑥 + 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 +⋯
(1−𝑥) 3 5
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
• 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 − + − +⋯
3! 5! 7!
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6
• 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 1 − + − +⋯
2! 4! 6!
𝑥3 2𝑥 5 17𝑥 7 62𝑥 9
• 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 𝑥 + + + + +⋯
3 15 315 2835
 𝑥2 5𝑥 4 61𝑥 6
• 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 = 1 + + + +⋯
2 24 720
𝑥3 3𝑥 5 5𝑥 7
• sin−1 𝑥 = 𝑥 + + + +⋯
6 40 112
𝜋 𝑥3 3𝑥 5 5𝑥 7
• cos −1 𝑥 = + 𝑥 + + + +⋯
2 6 40 112
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
• tan−1 𝑥 = 𝑥 − + − +⋯
3 5 7
𝑥3 𝑥5 𝑥7
• 𝑠𝑖𝑛ℎ𝑥 = 𝑥 + + + +⋯
3! 5! 7!
𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥6
• 𝑐𝑜𝑠ℎ𝑥 = 1 + + + +⋯
2! 4! 6!
 with God, Learning
Continues ⇒ Join our Calculus and Numerical
analysis class by clicking,
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Get supplementary slides at https://bit.ly/3eWEOoU

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