MATH 100—Final Examination

Date: December 10, 2011 Time: 2 hours

Surname: Given name(s):

(Please, print!)

ID#: Signature:

Please, check your section/instructor!

Section Instructor X
EA1/SA1 V. Yaskin
EB1 D. Hrimiuc
EC1 D. Alonso
ED1 E. Leonard
EE1 H. Freedman
EF1 O. Marchal
EG1 V. Yaskin
EH1 T. Liko
EJ1 O. Rivasplata

Instructions

1. Place your U of A Student ID card on your table or desk.

2. The exam has 11 pages including this cover page and a back page for instructors’ use. Please
ensure that you have all pages, and write your name at the top of each page.
3. The exam will be marked out of 100 points. There are 8 questions. The points for each
question are indicated beside the question number, as well as on the last page.
4. Answers must be accompanied by adequate explanation. If you run out of space,
use the back of any page for answers as needed. Clearly direct the marker to answers that
you provide on the back of a page.
5. This is a closed book exam. No books, notes, calculators or other electronic aids
are allowed!
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1. (a) [6 pts] Find the second-degree Taylor polynomial of f (x) = ln(1 + sin x) centered at
x = 0.
Solution.
The second degree Taylor polynomial of a function f (x) centered at x = 0 is given by
00
0 f (0)
T2 (x) = f (0) + f (0)(x − 0) + (x − 0)2
2!
00
f (0) 2
f (0) + f 0 (0)x + x .
2
For the function f (x) = ln(1 + sin x), we have
cos x
f 0 (x) =
1 + sin x
00 − sin x(1 + sin x) − cos x(cos x)
f (x) =
(1 + sin x)2
from which it follows that
cos 0 sin 0(1 + sin 0) + cos2 0 2
T2 (x) = ln 1 + x− x
1 + sin 0 2(1 + sin 0)2
0+1 2
= 0+x− x
2
x2
= x− .
2

(b) [6 pts] Use a linearization of the function f (x) = (8 + x)4/3 to estimate the number
(8.03)4/3 .
Solution.
The first-degree Taylor polynomial of the function f (x) = (8 + x)4/3 , centered at x = 0, is
given by

T1 (x) = f (0) + f 0 (0)x

4
= 84/3 + (8)1/3 x
3
8
= 16 + x .
3
From this we find that
 4/3
4/3 3 8 3
(8.03) = 8+ ≈ 16 + ·
100 3 100
8
= 16 +
100
= 16.08 .
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2. (a) [6 pts] Evaluate the integral using the definition of the definite integral. No marks
will be given if the definition is not used.
Z 2
(x − 2)2 dx
0

Solution.
We have that ∆x = (b − a)/n = 2/n and xi = a + i∆x = 2i/n, and therefore
Z 2 n  2
2
X 2i 2
(x − 2) dx = lim −2 ·
0 n→∞
i=1
n n
n n n
1 X 2 1 X X
= 8 lim 3 i − 16 lim 2 i + 8 lim 1
n→∞ n n→∞ n n→∞
i=1 i=1 i=1
8 n(n + 1)(2n + 1) n(n + 1) n
= lim 3
− 8 lim 2
+ 8 lim
6 n→∞  n
  n→∞ n  n→∞ n
8 1 1 1
= lim 1 + 2+ − 8 lim 1 + +8
6 n→∞ n n n→∞ n
8
= .
3

(b) [3 pts] Evaluate the same integral using the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus.
Solution.
Method 1.
Z 2 Z 2 Z 2 Z 2
2 2
(x − 2) dx = x dx − 4 xdx + 4 dx
0 0 0 0
1
= (2 − 0)3 − 2(2 − 0)2 + 4(2 − 0)
3
8
= .
3
Method 2. Let z = x − 2 so that
Z 2 Z 0
2
(x − 2) dx = z 2 dz
0 −2
1
= 0 − (−2)3
3
8
= .
3
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3. (a) [6 pts] Prove the identity sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh x.

Solution.
x −x x −x
By definition: sinh x = e −e
2
and cosh x = e +e2
. Then

ex − e−x ex + e−x e2x − e−2x

2 sinh x cosh x = 2 · = = sinh(2x)
2 2 2

(b) [6 pts] A function y = y(x) is given implicitly by the equation

Z sinh(x−1)
2
1+ et dt = xy+3 .
y

Find y 0 at the point where x = 1 and y = 0.

Solution.
The right-hand side can be written as e(y+3) ln x . Then we take the derivative with respect
to x on both sides.
 
sinh2 (x−1) dy y2 (y+3) ln x dy 1
cosh(x − 1)e − e =e ln(x) + (y + 3)
dx dx x

Taking now x = 1 and y = 0 and the identities sinh(0) = 0 and cosh(0) = 1, we find:

dy dy
1− =3⇔ = −2
dx dx
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4. [6 pts] Show that the equation x + sin( x3 ) − 8 = 0 has exactly one real root. Justify your
answer.
Solution.
We define the function f (x) = x + sin( x3 ) − 8. Since it is a linear combination of a polynomial
and a trigonometric function, it is clearly continuous and differentiable on R and therefore
we can use the intermediate value theorem, Rolle’s theorem and the mean value theorem on
any interval. Now observe that f (0) = −8 < 0 and f (10) = 2 + sin( 23 ) > 0 (the last inequality
being obtained by the fact that sin x ≥ −1 for any x). Therefore by applying the intermediate
value theorem on [0, 10] we have that f has at least one zero on [0, 10].
Let’s now prove that there is no more than one zero. By contradiction, let’s assume that f
has at least two zeros x1 < x2 . Then by Rolle’s theorem there should be a number c ∈ [x1 , x2 ]
such that f 0 (c) = 0. But f 0 (x) = 1 + 13 sin( x3 ) ≥ 32 > 0 which shows that such a c cannot exist.
Therefore we have that f cannot have more than one zero and hence we conclude that it has
exactly one zero.

5. [6 pts] Find the absolute maximum and minimum values of f (x) = x1/3 (4 − x) on the interval
[−1, 8].
Solution.
Since f (x) = 4x1/3 − x4/3 , we have
4 4 4 1−x
f 0 (x) = x−2/3 − x1/3 = · 2/3
3 3 3 x

Critical numbers: x = 0 and x = 1.

f (0) = 0, f (1) = 3, f (−1) = −5, f (8) = −8.
So the absolute maximum value is 3 (occurs at x = 1) and the absolute minimum value is −8
(occurs at x = 8).
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6. Evaluate the limits.

 2x
3
(a) [5 pts] lim 1 +
x→∞ x
Solution.
We have  2x
3 3
lim 1 + = lim e2x ln(1+ x )
x→∞ x x→∞

Aside:
−3/x2
ln 1 + x3 L0 H
 

3 1+ x3
lim 2x ln 1 + = 2 lim = 2 lim
x→∞ x x→∞ 1/x x→∞ −1/x2
3
= 2 lim = 6.
x→∞ 1 + 3
x

So,  2x
3 3
lim 1+ = lim e2x ln(1+ x ) = e6 .
x→∞ x x→∞

 
1 1
(b) [5 pts] lim −
x→1 ln x x − 1
Solution.
 
1 1 x − 1 − ln x L0 H 1 − 1/x
lim − = lim = lim
x→1 ln x x − 1 x→1 (x − 1) ln x x→1 ln x + (x − 1)/x

L0 H 1/x2 1 1
= lim 2
= = .
x→1 1/x + 1/x 1+1 2

x
t2
Z
1
(c) [5 pts] lim dt
x→0 x sin(x2 ) 0 t4 + 1
Solution.
Rx t2 x 2 1
dt L0 H
0 t4 +1 x4 +1 x4 +1
lim = lim = lim sin(x2 )
x→0 x sin(x2 ) x→0 sin(x2 ) + 2x2 cos(x2 ) x→0 + 2 cos(x2 )
x2
1 1
= = .
1+2 3
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7. The function f is given by

ln x
f (x) = .
x
1 − ln x 2 ln x − 3
Its first and second derivatives are f 0 (x) = 2
and f 00 (x) = .
x x3
(a) [4 pts] Find the domain and intercepts of f .
Solution.
The domain is (0, ∞).
If y = 0, then ln x = 0 =⇒ x = 1. So the x-intercept is (1, 0)
There is no y-intercept since the domain is (0, ∞).

(b) [4 pts] Find all asymptotes of f .

Solution.

ln x
lim+ = −∞ since ln x → −∞ and x → 0 positively so f (x) becomes large negative.
x→0 x
∴ x = 0 is a vertical asymptote.
ln x l’H 1
lim = lim = 0
x→∞ x x→∞ x
∴ y = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.

(c) [4 pts] Find the intervals on which f increases and the intervals on which it decreases.
Find all local maximum and minimum values of f .
Solution.
The critical point is x = e (since ln x = 1)

intervals 1 − ln x f0 f
(0, e) + + increasing
(e, ∞) − − decreasing

So, f is increasing on (0, e) and decreasing on (e, ∞). There is a local maximum at
x = e, y = 1/e. There is no local minimum.
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(d) [4 pts] Find the intervals on which f is concave upward and concave downward. Find
the inflection points.
Solution.
3
There is a possible inflection point at x = e 2 (f 00 (x) = 0 iff 2 ln x − 3 = 0, i.e., ln x = 32 .)

intervals x3 2 ln x − 3 f 00 f
3
(0, e 2 ) + − − concave down
3
(e 2 , ∞) + + + concave up
3 3
f is concave downward on (0, e 2 ) and concave upward on (e 2 , ∞). Hence, the point of
3
inflection is (e 2 , 33 ).
2e 2

(e) [4 pts] Use the results of parts (a - d) to sketch the graph of f .

Solution.
y
6

loc max
(e, e−1 )
3 3
IP=(e 2 , 3 )
1 2e 2
-
3
e e 2 x
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8. Evaluate the integrals

(a) [5 pts] Z 4
x
√ dx
0 1 + 2x
Solution.
Substituting u = 1 + 2x we have that x = u−1
2
and dx = du 2
. Also, when x = 0 we have
u = 1 and when x = 4 we have u = 9. Thus, the integral equals

1 9 u−1 1 9 1
Z Z
1
√ du = (u 2 − u− 2 )du.
4 1 u 4 1

By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus, the value of this integral equals F (9) − F (1),
1 1
where F (u) is any antiderivative of f (u) = 41 (u 2 − u− 2 ). For instance
 
1 2 3 1
F (u) = u 2 − 2u 2 .
4 3

So the integral equals

     
1 2 3 1 1 2 3 1 1 2 10
(9) 2 − 2(9) 2 − (1) 2 − 2(1) 2 = 18 − 6 − + 2 =
4 3 4 3 4 3 3

(b) [5 pts] Z 3
|3x2 − 6x|dx
0

Solution.
Since 3x2 − 6x = 3x(x − 2) is greater than or equal to 0 for x ∈ (−∞, 0] ∪ [2, ∞) and is
negative for x ∈ (0, 2), we have that
 2
2 3x − 6x if x ∈ (−∞, 0] ∪ [2, ∞)
|3x − 6x| =
−3x2 + 6x if x ∈ (0, 2)

and so the integral equals

Z 2 Z 3
2
(−3x + 6x)dx + (3x2 − 6x)dx.
0 2

By the Fundamental Theorem of Calculus this integral equals

2
3
−x3 + 3x2 0 + x3 − 3x2 2 = −8 + 12 + 0 − 0 + 27 − 27 − 8 + 12 = 8.
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(c) [5 pts]
sin(ln x) sec3 (ln x)
Z
dx
x
Solution.
Substituting ln x = u we have x1 dx = du and so the indefinite integral equals
Z Z
sin u sec udu = tan u sec2 udu
3

Substituting tan u = t we have sec2 udu = dt and the indefinite integral equals
Z
1 1 1
tdt = t2 + C = tan2 u + C = tan2 (ln x) + C
2 2 2
where C is any real number.

(d) [5 pts] Z 1
x3 sinh2 x + 3e|x| dx


−1

Solution.
Let f be the function f (x) = x3 (sinh2 x +3e|x| ). f is continuous and f is an odd function
because for every real number x

f (−x) = (−x)3 (sinh2 (−x)+3e|−x| ) = (−x)3 ((− sinh x)2 +3e|x| ) = −x3 (sinh2 x+3e|x| ) = −f (x).

Since the interval of integration [−1, 1] is symmetric with respect to the origin and f is
continuous and odd the value of the integral is
Z 1
x3 (sinh2 x + 3e|x| )dx = 0
−1
Question Points Maximum

1 12

2 9

3 12

4 6

5 6

6 15

7 20

8 20

Total 100