UPSC Civil Services Main 1985 - Mathematics

Calculus
Sunder Lal
Retired Professor of Mathematics
Panjab University
Chandigarh

January 16, 2010

Question 1(a) If (
xy
x2 +y 2
, (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
f (x, y) =
0, (x, y) = (0, 0)
Show that both the partial derivatives fx , fy exist at (0, 0), but the function is not continuous
there.

Solution. See 2004, question 2(d).

Question 1(b) If for all values of the parameter and some constant n, F (x, y) =
F F
n F (x, y) identically, where F is assumed to be differentiable, prove that x +y =
x y
nF (x, y).

Solution. See 1996, question 2(a).

Question 1(c) Prove the relation between the beta and gamma functions

(m)(n)
(m, n) =
(m + n)

Solution. See 1991, question 2(c).

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Question 2(a) If a function f defined on [a, b] is continuous on [a, b] and differentiable on
(a, b), and f (a) = f (b), then prove that there exists at least one real number c, a < c < b
such that f 0 (c) = 0.

Solution. This is Rolles theorem. Since f is continuous on [a, b], it is bounded

and attains its maximum and minimum. Since f (a) = f (b) and we assume that f is not a
constant function, it follows that there exists a real number c such that f (c) = M , maximum
of f (without loss of generality) and a < c < b. Then the right hand derivative of f at c is
f (c + h) f (c)
lim+ and clearly it is 0, because f (c + h) f (c) 0 and h > 0. However
h0 h
f (c + h) f (c)
the left hand derivative of f at c is lim 0 because f (c + h) f (c) 0 and
h0 h
0
h < 0. Since f (c) exists, the right hand derivative of f at c equals the left hand derivative
of f at c, which is possible only when both are zero, i.e. f 0 (c) = 0.

Question 2(b) Use Maclaurins expansion to show that

x2 x3 x4
log(1 + x) = x + + ...
2 3 4
Hence find the value of log(1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 ).

Solution. Since log(1 + x) possesses continuous derivatives of all orders for every value of
x for which 1 + x > 0 i.e. x > 1, we have

x2 00 xn1 (n1)
f (x) = log(1 + x) = f (0) + xf 0 (0) + f (0) + . . . + f (0) + Rn
2! (n 1)!

where
xn (n) xn (n 1)!
Rn = f (x) = (1)n1 , 0<<1
n! n! (1 + x)n
(1)n1 (n 1)!
as f (n) (x) for f (x) = log(1 + x) is .
(x + 1)n
x 1
Let 0 < x 1, so that 0 < < 1, then |Rn | < n
and therefore Rn 0 as n .
1 + x
Let 1 < x 0, we consider the expansion

x2 00 xn1 (n1)
f (x) = log(1 + x) = f (0) + xf 0 (0) + f (0) + . . . + f (0) + Rn
2! (n 1)!

where
n1
xn

n1 (n) n n 1 1
Rn = (1 ) f (x) = (1) x , 0<<1
(n 1)! 1 + x 1 + x

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 this is Cauchys form of the remainder note that we consider Cauchys form of the
remainder as Lagranges form of the remainder does not enable us to prove that Rn 0 as
n . when 1 < x < 0.
1 1 1
Since 0 < < 1 and |x| < 1, 0 < < 1. Also, < . Now since xn 0
1 + x 1 + x 1 |x|
as n , we get Rn 0 as n .
Now using the fact that f (n) (0) = (1)n1 (n 1)!, we get the required result
x2 x3 x4
log(1 + x) = x + + ...
2 3 4

1 x5
log(1 + x + x2 + x3 + x4 ) = log( ) = log(1 x5 ) log(1 x)
1x
x10 x15 x2 x3 x4
= (x5 + + + . . .) + (x + + + + . . .)
2 3 2 3 4
x2 x3 x4 1  x6 x7 x8 x9 x10  1 
= x+ + + + x5 1 + + + + + 1 + ...
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 2 5
which is the required expansion.

Question 2(c) Find the volume generated by revolving y 2 = 4ax about the latus rectum.

Solution.

Let P be the point (x, y), M be the foot of

the perpendicular on the latus rectum x = a. P M
Then P M = a x. SM = y, where S is
the focus (a, 0). Because of symmetry we S (a, 0)
can confine ourselves to the first quadrant, x=a
0 y 2a.
y 2 = 4ax

Z Z 2a
2
V = 2 (P M ) d(SM ) = 2 (a2 2ax + x2 ) dy
0
2a 
y2 y4 
Z
= 2 + a2 dy
0 2 16a2
2a
y3 y5 8a3 32a5
  
2 3
= 2 a y + = 2 2a +
6 80a2 0 6 80a2
30 20 + 6 32a3
= 2a3 =
15 15

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 Paper II
Question 3(a) Show that for the function
( 2
x y2
x2 +y 2
, (x, y) 6= (0, 0)
f (x, y) =
0, x = 0, y = 0
1. fx is not differentable at (0, 0).
2. fyx is not continuous at (0, 0).
3. fxy (0, 0) = fyx (0, 0).
Solution.
1. For (x, y) 6= (0, 0),
(x2 + y 2 )2xy 2 x2 y 2 (2x) 2xy 4
fx (x, y) = = 2
(x2 + y 2 )2 (x + y 2 )2
2.
h2 y 2
f (h, y) f (0, y) h2 +y 2
0 hy 2
fx (0, y) = lim = lim = lim =0
h0 h h0 h h0 h2 + y 2

Thus fx (0, y) = 0 for y 6= 0.

3.
f (x + h, 0) f (x, 0)
fx (x, 0) = lim =0
h0 h
In particular, fx (0, 0) = 0.
fx (0,k)fx (0,0)
4. fyx (0, 0) = limk0 k
=0
f (x,k)f (x,0) x2 k
5. fy (x, 0) = limk0 k
= limk0 x2 +k2
= 0 when x 6= 0.
f (0,k)f (0,0)
6. fy (0, 0) = limk0 k
= 0.
fy (h,0)fy (0,0)
7. fxy (0, 0) = limh0 h
= 0.
Thus we have shown that fxy (0, 0) = fyx (0, 0) = 0.
8. For (x, y) 6= (0, 0),
2xy 4
fyx (x, y) = fx (x, y) =
y y (x2 + y 2 )2
8xy 3 (x2 + y 2 )2 2xy 4 2(x2 + y 2 ) 2y
=
(x2 + y 2 )4
3
8xy 3 (x2 + y 2 ) 8xy 5 8x3 y 3

xy
= = 2 =8 2
(x2 + y 2 )3 (x + y 2 )3 x + y2
Now from question 1(a) above, it follows that fyx is not continuous at (0, 0).

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9. If fx were differentiable at (0, 0), we would have

fx (h, k) = fx (0, 0) + hfxx (0, 0) + kfyx (0, 0) + h2 + k 2 (h, k)

where limh0,k0 (h, k) = 0. Substituting the known values, we get

2hk 4 1
(h, k) =
(h2 + k 2 )2 h2 + k 2
2m4
Now we can see that limh0,k0 (h, k) does not exist if k = mh, (h, mh) = 5 ,
(1+m2 ) 2
so limh0 (h, mh) is different for different values of m (say 0, 1).

Thus we have shown all the three results required.