CHAPTER-3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

3.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

3.2 TITLE OF THE STUDY
3.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY
3.4 THE STUDY'S OBJECTIVES
3.5 HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY
3.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
3.7 POPULATION
3.8 RESEARCH DESIGN
3.9 STATISTICAL TOOLS USED
3.10 PRE-TESTING

3.11 BRIEF PROFILE OF RESPONDENT

ORGANIZATIONS
3.12 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY
3.13 CHAPTER SCHEME

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 CHAPTER-3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

Based on the preceding study and two chapters, provide a comprehensive

background of the study so the research problem could be seen in a context. In this
chapter which methodology was used in the context of research and study the problem
is presented. Research has no substance without an adequate and effective
methodology. The research methodology used for current research is highlighted in
chronological order in Chapter III. (i) problem statement, (ii) study goal; (iii) study
objectives; (iv) studies hypotheses; (v) study significance; (vi) population; (vii)
sample drawings; (viii) respondent organizations’ shorter profile; (ix) data collection
method; (x) data tabulation; (xi) data analysis; (xii) statistical tools used; and (xiii)
research boundaries; (xiv) study statement.
The methodology of research is the basis of all research and provides a
systemic framework for research. It gives a clear picture and design for the study for
the researcher. The quality of research support is crucial when researchers plan and
develop their research work. Different research methods can be adopted if a different
problem arises. In all research, however, the main approach is usually the same.
Research impact and efficiency also depend on the right methodology to be select
(Scandura and Williams, 2000).
For academic students research has always been and is applied technically, an
important enrichment activity. Research involves a systemic process that begins by
defining the problem, formulating hypotheses related to this problem, collecting
relevant data from various sources, establishing data requirements and evaluating data
via statistical tools, providing data, and arriving at relevant conclusions. All this is
done with the aims of the study in mind. Social sciences are connected with research
aimed at enhancing general knowledge via manipulation and developing theory
concepts and instruments or practices.
This investigation contributes to and leads to advances in the existing research
bank. The hidden truth is brought forward by a systematic study of experiments,
observations, etc. It consists of identifying, analyzing and concluding the problem,
formulating appropriate hypotheses for the study, and collecting facts or data. This

32
conclusion resolves the problem and provides an opportunity to formulate some
important theoretical concepts (Kothari, 2004).

3.1 STATEMENT OF PROBLEM

Corporate social responsibility is a traditional concept it is not mandatory for all the
organization but after under section 135 of the companies act 2013. It will be notified
and mandatory that act as on 1st April, 2014. After the act specific rules and
regulations for CSR. Net worth of INR 500 crore or more, OR Turnover of INR 1000
crore or more, OR net profit of INR 5 crore or more. If an organization fulfill their
three conditions into any single one then that time CSR is mandatory as per the act
and organization must be spent 2% of their profit into the society for welfare and
development of people. Form the previous researches it is found that there is no such
research is inducted in the area of effectiveness of CSR Activity at Gujarat and also
no one is going to insight into that. Some research papers are based on spending of
CSR, spending CSR by the private sector, spending CSR by public sector and
awareness in people related about CSR they are not going to measure the
effectiveness of CSR activities. So the researcher has chosen the present research
topic which included a Comparative study of the effectiveness of CSR activities of
Select public and private sector companies at Gujarat.

3.2 TITLE OF THE STUDY

“A Comparative Study of Effectiveness of CSR Activity of Select Public and Private

Sector Companies at Gujarat”.

3.3 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY

1. The objective of the study is to investigate the effectiveness of corporate social
responsibility in the State of Gujarat for select private and public companies.
2. The study is to investigate the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility
in Education and Skill sector in the State of Gujarat for select private and
public companies
3. The study is to investigate the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility
in Healthcare & Washing sector in the State of Gujarat for select private and
public companies

33
 4. The study is to investigate the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility
in Environment & Sustainability sector in the State of Gujarat for select
private and public companies
5. The study is to investigate the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility
in Rural Development sector in the State of Gujarat for select private and
public companies
6. The study is to investigate the effectiveness of corporate social responsibility
in Women Empowerment sector in the State of Gujarat for select private and
public companies

3.4 THE STUDY'S OBJECTIVES

The study is proposed according to goals,
1. To study evolution, literature, issues involved and strategies are undertaken till
the date related to the effectiveness of CSR actions undertaken by select public
and private sector companies in Gujarat.
2. Comparative analysis of the effectiveness of CSR actions between select
public and private sector companies in Gujarat.
3. Arrive at strategies and recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of CSR
actions for select public and private sector companies in Gujarat.

3.5 HYPOTHESES OF THE STUDY

The hypotheses were formulated based on the above objectives is to compare
the effectiveness of CSR activities between public and private sector, so
designed the hypothesis to know if any of the sector is doing better than
another sector.

1 H01: There is no significant difference between effectiveness of select public

and private sector companies’ CSR actions in Education & Skills sectors at
Gujarat.
Ha1: There is a significant difference between effectiveness of select public
and private sector companies’ CSR actions in Education & Skills sectors at
Gujarat.

34
2 H02: There is no significant difference between effectiveness of select public
and private sector companies’ CSR actions in Healthcare & WASH sector at
Gujarat.
Ha2: There is a significant difference between effectiveness of select public
and private sector companies’ CSR actions in Healthcare & WASH sector at
Gujarat.

3 H03: There is no significant difference between effectiveness of select public

and private sector companies’ CSR actions in Environment & sustainability
sectors at Gujarat.
Ha3: There is a significant difference between effectiveness of select public
and private sector companies’ CSR actions in Environment & sustainability
sectors at Gujarat.

4 H04: There is no significant difference between effectiveness of select public

and private sector companies’ CSR actions in Rural Development sectors at
Gujarat.
Ha4: There is a significant difference between effectiveness of select public
and private sector companies’ CSR actions in Rural Development sectors at
Gujarat.

5 H05: There is no significant difference between effectiveness of select public

and private sector companies’ CSR actions in Women Empowerment sectors
at Gujarat.
Ha5: There is a significant difference between effectiveness of select public
and private sector companies’ CSR actions in Women Empowerment sectors
at Gujarat.

6 H06: There is no significant difference between overall effectiveness of select

public and private sector companies’ CSR actions at Gujarat.
Ha6: There is a significant difference between overall effectiveness of select
public and private sector companies’ CSR actions at Gujarat.

35
3.6 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
For the following theoretical and practical questions, the study is
important:
3.6.1 Theoretical Concern
Following would be the theoretical concerns of the study:
1. The Theory considers the concept and scope of corporate social
responsibility in the Gujarat public and private sector selective
companies. It can form (address the doubts) the basis for
increasing doubts as to the effectiveness of the social
responsibility of corporations in selective public and private
sector companies.(rewrite this statement)
2. The conclusions of the study can act as an insight into the
efficiency, the efficiency and effectiveness (remove efficiency)
in the selective public or private sector of corporate social
responsibilities of the state of Gujarat. This may serve as a
basis for serious and critical thinking in the state of Gujarat in
particular and the country as a whole.
3. The study may enable the academicians to explore the concept
and make people aware of it.

3.6.2 Practical and social Concern

Following would be the practical concerns of the study:
1. The study would be very important to understand and to
implement the effectiveness of their corporate social
responsibility activities for the highest management of selective
public and private sector organizations. It forms part of the
mission and vision statement based on that study.
2. The study would be especially important for the strategy
makers of the select public and private sector companies as it
would enable them to understand its impact on long-run
stability.
3. The findings would especially reveal the attitude of
beneficiaries to the select public and private sector companies.

36
 4. It would also help them to evolve new ways to position
themselves in the market with an ethically responsive image.
5. For public and private sector enterprises, it is useful to the
government in the drafting of the rules and regulations on the
effectiveness of corporate social responsibility.
6. The study findings would shed light on the spending of social
responsibility in companies and what the effective efficiency of
those beneficiaries was following the money's implementation.
7. The findings of the study also reflecting the importance of
partnership between corporate, governments, and NGOs for
social responsibilities.
8. Last but not least this study could provide future scientists with
the adequacy of insight into the existing status of effectiveness
of corporate social responsibility in Gujarat and the country as
a whole, especially for selective public and private sector firms.

3.7 POPULATION
The study took place on the western coast of India, Gujarat state. 1 May
1960 formatted as Gujarat state. The total area of the country is 196,024 km and
is Indian fifth by region and ninth by population. Longest coastline of India is
1214 kilometer. Gandhinagar is Gujarat's capital and Ahmedabad is its largest
city. Fifteenth rank in the human development index among Indian all states.
Gujarat had a population of 60,383,628, the official language of which is
Gujarati. The Gujarat economy is Indian's 15th largest economy with 13.14 lakh
Cr (US$ 190 billion) per GDP, with 174,000 (US$ 2,500) per capita. The 182
members of Gujarat's assembly are governed. There are 13 national universities
and 4 farming universities in Gujarat. The CSR expenditure in various Gujarat
districts is shown in Figure 3.6.1.

37
 CSR SPENT MAP OF GUJARAT 2015-16

Source: website of CSR, Government of India.

Figure 3.6.1 CSR Spent Map of Gujarat.
It could be seen from figure 3.6.1 showing CSR spent of Gujarat. The map
reflecting the different districts of Gujarat are that divided into six different categories
as per the spent money wise like less than 0 lakh, 0 lakh to 50lakh, 50lakh to 100lakh,
100lakh to 150lakh, 150lakh to 200lakh and more than 200lakh.
The total number of CSR expenditure companies in the State of Gujarat for
2015-16 is 972. Gujarat State companies have a total CSR expenditure of 551 Cr. And
out of 33 districts of Gujarat 21districts were covered by the CSR projects and
programs undertaken by the companies which are mention in that table: 3.1
Table: 3.1 Financial Year 2015-16

Total no company Companies' overall CSR Districts of companies

spending on CSR expenditure undertaking CSR
projects/program No.
972 551 Cr. 21

Source: https://www.csr.gov.in/index16.php

38
3.8 RESEARCH DESIGN
The Present research is explorative in nature. To successfully fulfill the aims
and objective of the study explorative research method is used. Study is based on
primary data. Data Collection is done from the beneficiary of the CSR activity of
select public and private companies at Gujarat, for the measuring the effectiveness of
activity. The effectiveness of CSR activity described with the help of statistical tools.

3.8.1 Procedure for Data Collection

Primary as well as secondary sources were collected.

3.8.1.1 Collection of Primary Data

A Structure Questionnaire has been prepared for the collecting of the
data for the Research. Five areas have been select and each area has taken two
companies, one is Private Sector Company and the second is a public sector
company. From Each company-wise researcher select highest funded one
project and in every project 35 samples have been select. Out of Total 10
projects 35 from each samples is taken, so that 350 total samples were
collected for this research. The simple Random sampling method is chosen
for data collection to ensure that results obtained from sample should
approximate what would have been obtained if the entire population had been
measured (Shadish et al., 2002). The simple random sample allows all the
units in the population to have an equal chance of being select. Collection of
data mention in table 3.2

(35 is above the statistical minimum of 30)

Table: 3.2 Area wise public and private sector companies CSR effectiveness
Sample.
No Area Public Private Total
Sector Sector
1 Education & skill Development 35 35 70
2 Health Care & wash 35 35 70
3 Environment & Sustainability 35 35 70
4 Rural development 35 35 70
5 Women Empowerment 35 35 70

39
 Total 175 175 350

This research is divided into two sectors which is the public and
private sector in the state of Gujarat. So Company’s project will be decided on
the basis of the area so select top spending CSR areas in Gujarat. Different
five areas select for the research and that each area wise sample segment will
be different than the all area wise Sample segment which is mention in the
different table.
Table: 3.3 EDUCATIONS& SKILL DEVELOPMENT PUBLIC (Library)
NO of Age Group
5-15 16-25 26-35 36-50 More
No Sample
than 51
1 Students 27 1 26
2 Parents 6 5
3 Teacher 2 3
TOTAL 35 1 26 3 5 0

Table: 3.4 EDUCATIONS & SKILL DEVELOPMENT PRIVATE

(School)
NO of Age Group
No Sample 5-15 16-25 26-35 36-50 More
than 51
1 Students 23 22 1
2 Parents 11 4 7
3 Teacher 1 1
TOTAL 35 22 1 5 7

Table: 3.5 HEALTH CARE & WASH PUBLIC

(Medical Camp)
No No of Age Group
Sample Less than 26-35 36-50 More
25 than 51
1 Men 21 10 11
2 Women 14 7 7
TOTAL 35 17 18

40
 Table: 3.6 HEALTH CARE & WASH PRIVATE
(Pediatric Care)
No No of Age Group
Sample Less than 26-35 36-50 More
25 than 51
1 Men 17 2 15
2 Women 18 15 3
TOTAL 35 17 18

Table: 3.7 ENVIRONMENT & SUSTAINABILITY PUBLIC

(Seminar on Farming)
No No of Age Group
Sample Less than 26-35 36-50 More
25 than 51
1 Men 18 12 6
2 Women 19 14 3
TOTAL 35 26 9

.Table: 3.8 ENVIRONMENTS & SUSTAINABILITY PRIVATE

(Botanical Garden)
No No of Age Group
Sample Less than 26-35 36-50 More
25 than 51
1 Men 23 9 14
2 Women 12 6 6
TOTAL 35 15 20

Table: 3.9 RURAL DEVELOPMENTS PUBLIC

(LED light)
No No of Age Group
Sample Less than 26-35 36-50 More
25 than 51
1 Men 26 10 16
2 Women 9 2 7
TOTAL 35 12 23

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 Table: 3.10 RURAL DEVELOPMENTS PRIVATE
(Rural Transformation)
No No of Age Group
Sample Less than 26-35 36-50 More
25 than 51
1 Men 27 7 10 8 2
2 Women 8 1 7
TOTAL 35 8 17 8 2

Table: 3.11 WOMEN EMPOWERMENT PUBLIC

(Sewing Machines)
No No of Age Group
Sample Less than 26-35 36-50 More
25 than 51
1 Women 14 2 5 7
2 Men 21 2 12 7
TOTAL 35 4 17 14

Table: 3.12 WOMEN EMPOWERMENT PRIVATE

(SHG)
No No of Age Group
Sample Less than 26-35 36-50 More
25 than 51
1 Women 14 2 3 5 4
2 Men 21 5 8 3 5
TOTAL 35 7 11 8 9

In the study, five public sectors and five private sector companies are
select for the research. Total 10 companies will be select on the basis of 2015-
16. The Highest CSR spending project of each company is to be select for the
study. Comparing Area wise public sector and private sector project that all
the area, public sector, private sector, name of the project, no of a sample that
all are mention in that table

Table: 3.13 Area wise public and private sector companies, name of projects, and
a number of samples of each project.

No Area Public Sector Private Sector Name of project Beneficiar Total

42
 y
Fund Applicable
Oil And Natural to cabinet books
Gas in steel,
Education &   35 35
Corporation. librarians’ tables,
1 skill
(ONGC) table chairs for
  Development
reading.
 
Reliance
Reliance
  foundation 35 35
Industry Ltd
school
National
Thermal Power Medical camp in
Health Care &   35 35
2 Corporation villages
wash
  Ltd. (NTPC)
 
Torrent
  Pediatric Care 35 35
Pharmaceuticals
National
Environment Thermal Power Seminar on
  35 35
3 & Corporation Farming
  Sustainability Ltd. (NTPC)
  Sadbhav
  Botanical Garden 35 35
Engineering
Financial support
Oil And Natural for "solar street
Gas lights"
  35 35
Rural Corporation. installation in
4 (ONGC) various Mehsana
development
  district villages.
 
Reliance Rural
  35 35
Industry Ltd transformation
Hindustan Provision of
Petroleum sewing machines
Women   35 35
Corporation to needy widow
5 Empowermen
Limited.(HPCL) women
  t
Self-help Group
  TATA Power
  (SHGs) Saving 35 35
Corporation.
A/C
TOTAL 350 350

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3.8.1.2 Collection of Secondary Data
The secondary data provides the research conceptual framework. The
books include handbooks, reputable journals, government publications,
newspaper papers, select companies' annual reports, business sustainability
reports, CSR corporate reports, company official websites, private institution
survey reports, NGO's Box Reports on CSR, and CSR blogs.

3.8.2 Methods of Data Collection

Research methods are the strategies, processes or techniques utilized in the

collection of data or evidence for analysis in order to uncover new information or
create better understanding of a topic. The simple random sampling method is use
for data collection; many different tools for data collection are available Lick
interviews, Questionnaires and surveys, observations, documents and records,
focus groups, and oral histories. After a clear definition of the research problem
and a well-defined research project, the data collection begins with the help of
structured questionnaire. Questionnaire is one which helps directly achieve the
research objectives, provides complete and accurate information; is easy for both
Researcher and respondents to complete, and designed as to make sound analysis
and interpretation possible in brief. On the basis of the structured questionnaire
the primary data of the research were collected.

Survey method was used as suggested by experts in the given situation as

beneficiaries would be the most credible sources of data for the study.

Questionnaire
Questionnaire was prepared The Likert rating scale are used for
measuring satisfaction level of respondent, it is one type of survey scale,  a
question with a series of answers to choose from, ranging from one extreme
attitude to another, normally with a moderate or neutral option. It's sometimes
referred to as an ideal for measuring satisfaction. A type of psychometric
response scale in which responders specify their level of agreement to a
statement typically in five points: Strongly agree; agree; neutral: Disagree; and

44
 strongly disagree. Likert scale questions are choosing for the research because
survey respondents are selecting their level of agreement to the statement. 
The data was collected via questionnaires in accordance with the
purposes of the research study. In all cases, the researchers visited the
interviewees of select companies in the state of Gujarat in public and
private sector.

3.9 STATISTICAL TOOLS USED

The sampling for primary investigation is done with the help of IBS SPSS
software. Various statistical tools like mean, Standard Deviation, and two-Sample t-
test used for the investigation size, geographic location and age of investigation across
the public and private sector select companies in Gujarat. Two sample T-tests is use to
majoring the effectiveness among respondent of select public and private sector
Company’s in Gujarat.
*Mean

Mean is typical of the given numbers a decided central worth of a lot of

numbers. In fundamental words, it is the ordinary plan of characteristics. In
experiences, the mean is one of the Measures of central tendency, beside the mode
and center. Nevertheless, all around, every one of the three measures (mean, center,
and mode) portrays the central worth of given data or discernments. 1 The formula
used of Mean is presented below;

Mean Formula:

Mean = (Sum of all the observations/Total number of observations)

*Standard Deviation

Standard deviation is a factual estimation in account that, when applied to the

yearly pace of return of a venture, reveals insight into that speculation's authentic
instability. The more noteworthy the standard deviation of protections, the more
prominent the fluctuation between each cost and the mean, which shows a bigger
value range.2 the formula used of standard deviation is presented below;

Standard Deviation Formula:

45
*Two-Sample t-test

The two-Sample t-test takes test information from two gatherings and reduces
it down to the t-esteem. The interaction is fundamentally the same as the 1-example t-
test, and you can in any case utilize the relationship of the sign to-commotion
proportion. Dissimilar to the matched t-test, the 2-example t-test requires free
gatherings for each example. For the two-sample t-test, the numerator is again the
sign, which is the distinction between the methods for the two examples. For instance,
if the mean of gathering 1 is 10, and the mean of gathering 2 is 4, the thing that
matters is 6. The default invalid speculation for a two-sample t-test is that the two
gatherings are equivalent. That when the two gatherings are equivalent, the distinction
(and the whole proportion) likewise rises to nothing. As the contrast between the two
gatherings fills in either a positive or negative heading, the sign gets more grounded. 3
two sample t-test value as a form of critical ratio it is presented in Chapter-5 The
formula used of TWO sample t-test is presented below;
Two-Sample T-Test Formula:

Where, mA and mB are the means of two different samples

nA and nB are the sample sizes

S2 is an estimator of the common variance of the samples, such as:

46
Here, the degree of freedom is nA + nB - 2

nA and nB are the sample sizes

degree of freedom denoted by df

Follow the same logic saw in a one-sample t-test to check if the average of one group
is significantly different from another group. That’s right – compare the calculated t-
statistic with the t-critical value.

If a sample sizes is less than 30 than the value of result called ‘t’ Value, if sample size
is more than 30 than the value of result called Critical Ratio and it is denoted by CR.
In this research sample size is more than 30 so the result called Critical Ratio.

Critical Ratio
Basic proportion used to test the meaning of the distinction between a sample mean
and a hypothetical populace mean. Used to decide if an example might have come
from a population with a specific mean. Standard deviation of the examining
conveyance of differences between means corrected for sample size.

Critical Ratio is a dispatching rule that calculates a priority index number by dividing
the time to due date remaining by the expected elapsed time to finish the job.
Typically ratios of less than 1.0 are behind, ratios greater than 1.0 are ahead, and a
ratio of 1.0 is on schedule.

The Critical Value and the p-value Approach to Hypothesis Testing

To settle on a choice whether to dismiss the invalid theory a test measurement is

determined. The choice is made based on the mathematical worth of the test
measurement. There are two methodologies how to infer at that choice: The basic
worth methodology and the p- Value approach.

47
The Critical Value Hypothesis Testing

Applying the basic worth methodology not really set in stone, regardless of
whether the noticed test measurement is more limit than a characterized basic
worth. Subsequently the noticed test measurement (determined based on
example information) is compared to the critical value, some sort of cutoff
esteem. On the off chance that the test measurement is more limit than the
critical value, the null hypothesis is rejected. In the event that the test
measurement isn't just about as outrageous as the critical value, the null
hypothesis is not rejected. The critical value is figured dependent on the given
significance level α and the type of probability distribution of the admired
model. The critical value divides the area under the probability distribution
curve in rejection region(s) and in non-rejection region.

The accompanying three figures show a right followed test, a left

followed tests, and a two-sided test. The glorified model in the figures, and
hence H0, is described by a bell-shaped normal probability curve.

In a two-sided test the null hypothesis is rejected if the test

measurement is either too small or large. In this way the rejection area for
such a test comprises of two sections: one on the left and one on the right.

For a left-tailed test, the null hypothesis is rejected if the test statistic is too small.
Thus, the rejection region for such a test consists of one part, which is left from the
center.

48
The p-value approach

For the p-value approach, the probability (p- value) of the numerical value of the test
statistic is compared to the specified significance level (α) of the hypothesis test.

The p-value compares to the probability of noticing test information basically as

outrageous as the really gotten test measurement. Small p-values give proof against
the null hypothesis. The more smaller (closer to 0) the p-value, the stronger is the
evidence against the null hypothesis

In the event that the p-value is not exactly or equivalent to the predefined importance
level α, the null hypothesis is rejected; the null hypothesis is not rejected. In other
words, if p≤α, reject H0; otherwise, if p>α do not reject H0.

In outcome, by knowing the p-value any ideal degree of significance might be

evaluated. For instance, if the p-value of a speculation test is 0.01, the null hypothesis
can be rejected at any significance level larger than or equal to 0.01. It is not rejected
at any significance level smaller than 0.01. Along these lines, the p-value commonly
used to evaluate the strength of the evidence against the null hypothesis without
reference to significance level.

1
https://www.statisticshowto.com/probability-and-statistics/statistics-
definitions/mean-median-mode/
2
https://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/standarddeviation.asp
3https://www.isixsigma.com/tools-templates/hypotheses-testing/making-sense-two-
sample-t-test/

49
3.10 PRE-TESTING
The pre-testing of questionnaires is most important before the final collection
of data. The questionnaires were pre-tested to check the suitability of the questions in
the questionnaire. That will help to find out whether the questionnaire is able to meet
the objectives or not. Some of the changes were required because of pre-testing and
pre-testing findings. Some of modification is needed in original questionnaire then
modified the original questionnaire before final collection of data and then after
collecting a research data.

3.11 BRIEF PROFILE OF RESPONDENT ORGANIZATIONS

Select Gujarat companies in the public and private sectors were select for the
study. The Profiles of the companies are presented with the help of information
collected from organizations and also from their official websites. The select public
and private sector companies profile, manufactured products, vision, mission, and
their corporate social responsibility practices are covered in this section.
Table: 3.14 Area wise select companies and there sector.
S. NO AREAS NAME OF COMPANY SECTOR
1. Education & Oil And Natural Gas Public sector
Skill Corporation. (ONGC)
Reliance Industry Ltd Private sector
Development
2. Health Care & National Thermal Power Public sector
Wash Corporation Ltd. (NTPC)
Torrent Pharmaceuticals Private sector
3. Environment & National Thermal Power Public sector
Sustainability Corporation Ltd. (NTPC)
Sadbhav Engineering Private sector
4. Rural Oil And Natural Gas Public sector
Development Corporation. (ONGC)
Reliance Industry Ltd Private sector
5. Women Hindustan Petroleum Public sector
Empowerment Corporation Limited.(HPCL)
TATA Power Corporation. Private sector

3.11.1 Oil and Natural Gas Corporation. (ONGC)

Under Pandit JawaharLal Nehru's leadership, ONGC was set up. ONGC, as
the country's pioneer Oil and Gas Company, has been having a tremendous effect on

50
India's economy and society. Its commitment towards comprehensive and economic
development has had an effect on the existence of many. With the vision of affecting
and socially changing the existences of the oppressed, ONGC has made a trust,
ONGC Foundation with the goal to embrace, enlarge and encourage exercises,
activities, and undertakings identifying with corporate social duty. ONGC Foundation
and ONGC are working across numerous states in India, taking the advancement
space to its look by giving the greatness in altruism area through its program
execution in numerous social areas on schooling, wellbeing, expertise improvement
and job, climate and social establishment building and the sky is the limit from there.
ONGC Foundation is headed to fortify the relationship with the networks to help
focus on their requirements by killing the weaknesses to its ideal. ONGC Foundation
will keep on endeavoring to work intimately with its partners and networks in its
journey of supporting a capable future.

3.11.2 Reliance Industry Ltd

Reliance Industry establishes its own Foundation and it is Reliance
Foundation. At Reliance Foundation, our vision is to construct a comprehensive India
by spearheading an all-compassing model to address our country's diverse
improvement difficulties and add to its aggregate desires. Our thinking requires that
individuals' personal satisfaction from reduced and weak networks be enabled and
promoted by inventive and supportive arrangements. It is vital to our thinking. Our
unflinching undertaking is to make replicable and versatile models of improvement
through a coordinated methodology in the genuine Reliance soul of expanding
cultural incentive for all and making it a development.

3.11.3 National Thermal Power Corporation Ltd. (NTPC)

NTPC Foundation" was framed by NTPC Ltd. on December 10, 2004, as a
beneficent Trust, with a dream to serve and engage the actually tested and financially
more fragile areas of the general public. The Foundation attempts different
exercises/plans/programs/projects/activities as per the arrangements of Section 135 of
the organization’s Act, 2013, and any exercises in accordance with CSR and
Sustainability Policy of NTPC. As of now, the Foundation is completing different
leader projects of NTPC, principally in the territories of Health, Education, Girl
Empowerment, and so forth for comprehensive development and impartial

51
advancement of the people with handicaps and ladies. As of late, the Foundation has
been endowed with the execution of NTPC's Flagship "Young lady Empowerment
Mission" program at different NTPC Locations in Pan India as well as existing
exercises.

3.11.4 Torrent Pharmaceuticals

Deluge Pharma, Torrent Group leader is one of the country's largest
pharmaceutical organisations. In addition, the company has a strong presence in
dialectology, board torment, and gynecology. Deluge Pharm's top manufacturing is
the product of the a-list of producing offices, advanced R&D skills, a wide-ranging
home-grown organisation.

3.11.5 Sadbhav Engineering

Sadbhav Engineering Ltd is currently regarded as the best foundation
organisations in Gujarat, which was established in 1988 by Mr.Vishnubhai Patel.
Over the most recent few decades, organizations have genuinely transcended and past.
Sadbhav Engineering Limited has become intensively involved in Indian
Infrastructure. Each new organization's goal is to improve people's personal
satisfaction and open a new door without establishing quality. Sadbhav Engineering
Limited has undertaken initiatives including road and highway construction, bridge
construction, mining and irrigation support, and CSR.

3.11.6 Hindustan Petroleum Corporation Limited. (HPCL)

HPCL is CPSE, India's Maharatna. HPCL is also the largest Lube Refinery in
the country, with a limit of 428 TMT, which creates Lube Base Oils with international
standards. Over 40 percent of all Lube Base Oil production in India is in this Lube
refinery. HPCL in India has the second-largest share of pipes for the transport of oil-
based goods with a pipeline organization of over 3370 km. The deeply vigorous
workforce of more than 10,500 representatives working in their various refining and
showcasing areas throughout India made it predictable to achieve a large execution.
HPCL is committed to achieving its economic improvement objectives reliably
through a change in task and exercise with regard to currency, biological and social
obligations. The center regions of HPCL are children's, educational and health-care,
development of skills, and community development.

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3.11.7 TATA Power Corporation
TATA Power Corporation, established in the Indian province of Gujarat in
1939, is a global company that serves customers in over 40 countries in five major
countries. They bring their insight, ability, and ability to sharply affect companies,
shoppers, and farmers through three vertical businesses - basic chemistry, consumer
products, and specialty products - together.

3.12 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY

It is limited to five public and private companies each in Gujarat and therefore
no sample is examined or sampled in all sectors. The study hence has its limitation
and is a beginning that needs to be complemented by further research with horizontal
and vertical approaches.
1. Data have been collected by questionnaire for the current research. The
reliability and validity of these research findings depend on the questionnaire's
reliability and validity.
2. In the present research 10 select public and private sector companies in
Gujarat for the study. Since there are around 350 samples taken, therefore, it
cannot be the true representative of all.
3. In the present research while filling the questionnaire of 10 select projects of
select 10 public and private sector companies in Gujarat so a number of areas
are specific.
4. The present research was limited to the assessment by only five public and
private sector sectors of companies' social responsibility practices in Gujarat.
5. The present research more time-consuming for the collection of Primary
studies comparing to the secondary data.
6. The Present research researcher was handicapped by the time constraint.
7. In the present research know the implemented projects effectiveness measured
till the research but after that long term impact will not be covered in the
research
8. In the present research, a researcher has some of the limitation like
information’s and their ability
9. The present research cannot avoid the Personal biases of respondents.

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3.13 CHAPTER SCHEME
The Research work has been separated into five sections. The detail of every
part is given below;

Chapter 1: Introduction
The First Chapter Of Thesis Introduce The Subject And Research Topic. First
Chapter Covers Various Topics Like What Is CSR, Definition Of CSR In Different
Decades, Definition Of Key Terms, Evolution Of CSR, CSR In India, CSR In
Gujarat, CSR In Public & Private Sector In India In Gujarat, And Some Best CSR
Projects In Gujarat In Public And Private Sector, and so on. This section provides an
overview of research areas Select CSR Companies in the Public and Private Sector of
Gujarat.

Chapter 2: Review of Literature

The second chapter of the thesis is review the literature. Various studies on
CSR on that basis chapter has divided into different part like CSR in India, Outcomes
of CSR, measuring CSR variable and model of CSR measurement that covers
different review in this chapter. The books, newspapers, e-journals, and other sources
have been gathered. The literature review identifies the gap in research and
establishes the basis for current research.

Chapter 3: Research Methodology

The Third chapter of the thesis is presenting outlining the research
methodology used in the present research work. This chapter covers the details about
the problem of a statement, the purpose of the study, objectives, Hypotheses,
Significance of the Study, Theoretical Concern, Practical Concern, and Procedure for
data collection, Area of public and private companies, Methods of Data Collection,
Pre-Testing, Statistical Tools Used, and Limitations of the Study, etc…

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Chapter 4: Data Analysis
The fourth chapter is the main thesis chapter and the research work currently
underway. This chapter of the thesis is presented as an analysis of primary data
collected during the research work. Primary data collected from beneficiaries of All
10 projects which are select from different five sectors.

Chapter 5: Hypotheses testing and interpretation

The Fifth chapter is presenting Hypotheses testing and interpretation of results
of data analysis.

Chapter 6: Findings and Conclusion

The Final chapter of the thesis gives findings emerging from the research
study. Findings of the research during the research and literature review, Implications
of the Study, Recommendations for Future Researches, and Concussion are presented
in this chapter.

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